PART TWO

-- -

MINOR PRlNClPAllTlES AND MAJOR KINGDOM

I t i s a l r e a d y made c l e a r t h a t t h e Nayakae

formed i n t o a c o n f e d e r a t i o n t o l i b e r a t e t h e mothe r -

l a n d f rom t h e yoke of t h e a t r o c i o u s r u l e of t h e

Muslims Who o c c u p i e d t h e t e r r i t o r y a f t e r t h e f a l l

o f t h e ~ a k a t I ~ a s . Though t h e y s u c c e e d e d i n t h e i r

a t t e m p t s t h e y c o u l d n o t r e s i s t t h e s e l f i s h t empta -

t i o n t o become i n d e p e n d e n t r u l e r s . As s u c h t h e r e

e x i s t e d s m a l l p r i n c i p a l i t i e s i n Andhra. Among

t h e s e who d e c l a r e d i n d e p e n d e n c e t h e Musunur i bro-

t h e r s , who o c c u p i e d t h e t e r r i t o r y on t h e n o r t h

of K r i s h n a w i t h O r u g a l a s t h e i r c a p i t a l , t h e Recarla

Velamas with t h e i r cap i t a l s i n Gcakovda and DevarakoEa,

were a l so important. Harihara and Bukka who o r ig ina l ly

served the Kikatiyas took about t en years time a f t e r t h i s

war of i n d e p e n d e n c e t o e s t a b l i s h t h e V i j a y a n a g a r a

kindom. The Redd i s on t h e S o u t h of K r i s h n a e s t a - . . b l i s h e d t h e i r kingdom. They a l s o g r a d u a l l y e x t e n -

ded t h e i r t e r r i t o r y u p t o Simhachalam.

The R e d d i s . , o c c u p i e d a p r o m i n e n t p l a c e i n s p i r -

i n g p a t r i o t i s m and t h e l i t e r a r y c u l t u r e i n t h e

p e o p l e o f t h e d a y . They g a v e p rominence t o t h e

Ved ic c u l t u r e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e f i e l d of r e l i g i o n .

They e n c o u r a g e d Te lugu l i t e r a t u r e a l o n g w i t h San-

s k r i t . They seemed t o have i n c r e a s e d t h e number

of s c h o o l s f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e p u b l i c a a i t

i s n o t p o s s i b l e f o r eve ryone t o l e a v e t h e p a r e n t s

and s t a y i n Guruku las . By e s t a b l i s h i n g s c h o o l s

i n a l m o s t e v e r y v i l l a g e t h e y made Government r e s p o n -

s i b l e f o r t h e s p r e a d of e d u c a t i o n . T h i s we c a n

p r o v e on t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e d e s i g n a t i o c ' V i d y a d h i -

k a r i n ' g i v e n t o t h e p o e t S r i n a t h a i n t h e i r c o u r t .

T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e a r e two p r i m a r y d u t i e s

of the - V i d y a d h i k a r i n - 1 ) to examine tha+ fitness

of a s c h o l a r who comes t o t h e k i n g , and 2 ) t o

p l a c e e d u c a t i o n w i t h i n t h e r e a c h of a common man

and t o s e e t h a t i l l i t e r a c y was i r r a d i c a t e d .

These s c h o o l s a s we c o n j e c t u r e m a i n l y s e r v e t h e

c a u s e of Telugu l i t e r a t u r e .

A s t h e kingdoms l i k e t h e V i j a y a n a g a r a r e

a l s o came i n t o e x i s t e n c e w i t h t h e same i d e a l of

p r o t e c t i n g and r e v i v i n g Vedic-Dharma, t h e y a l s o

seemed t o have e m u l a t e d t h e R e < < i k i n g s i n t h e

f i e l d of c u l t u r e . The o t h e r p r i n c i p a l i t i e s t h a t

came i n t o e x i s t e n c e a f t e r t h e war * ~ f i nde i )endence

a l s o d i d n o t f o r g e t t h e o r i g i n a l i d e a l f o r which

t h e y a l l u n i f i e d . Among them t h e R e c h a r l a Padma-

nayakas were a l s o i m p o r t a n t . R e c h a r l a i s t h e

name of t h e v i l l a g e i n which t h e y o r i g i n a l l y s e t t l e d

down. As u s u a l t h e p o p u l a t i o n of t h i s v t . l l a g e

migh t have c o n s i s t e d of Reddi Nayakas a l s o , i n 3 .

a d d i t i o n t o some o t h e r communi t i e s . These p e o p l e

a d a p t e d t h e name of t h e v i l l a g e a s t h e surname

of :lv?ir f a m i l i e s . Tha t i s how we n o t e ' R e c h a r l a '

a s t h e surname of t h e Reddi commanders o f t h e

P i l l a l a m a r r i f rom Bammana s e n a n i t o K a t r e d d i .

Same is the case w i t h t h e padmaiayaka ' s o f t h e v i l lage .

They a l s o a d a p t e d t h e name of t h i s v i l l a g e a s

t h e i r f a m i l y surname. But i n c o u r s e of t i m e we

u n d e r s t a n d from I y y a n a v o l a i n s c r i p t i o n t h a t w h i l e

t h e Redd i s r e t a i n e d R e c h a r l a a s t:heir f a m i l y name

t h e Padmanayakas made t h i s a s t h e name of t h e i r

~ 0 t r a . l These Padmanayakas seemed t o have been i n

e x i s t e n c e even d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d of P a l a n a d u ,

I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e f a m i l i e s of R e c h a r l a Bhe-

t a l a n a y a d u , who i s s a i d t o be t h e f i r s t known

p e r s o n of t h e velamas o r Padmanaynkas and t h a t

of t h e f a m i l y of Brahmanayaka of P a l a n a d u w e r e

r e l a t e d t o e a c h o t h e r . 2

K s k a t i G a n a p a t i d e v a was much p l e a s e d w i t h

t h e Va lour of B a t t a l a n a y u d u and a p p o i n t e d him

a s t h e k i n g of Amanaganti p r o b a b l y t o c h e c k t h e

power of Gangaya S a h a n i who e x t e n d e d h i s t e r r i t o r y

UPto C h i t y a l a i n t h e Nalgonda d i s t r i c t . T h i s

B h e t a l a n a y a k a whose s t a t u s was r a i s e d by ~ i k a t i

h n a p a t i d e v a was t h e f i r s t known m i l i t a r y g e n e r a l D

of t h e Velamas i n t h i s p e r i o d . I t i s n o t o u t

of p l a c e h e r e t o s e e t h a t a s e c t i o n of t h e h i s t o -

r i a n s f e e l t h a t Velamas j o i n e d t h e c o u r t of t h e

~ g k a t l ' y a s e i t h e r i n t h e younger d a y s of G a n a p a t i -

deva o r even e a r l i e r .) Singamanedu i s c o n s i d e r e d

a n i m p o r t a n t p e r s o n i n t.he f a m i l y of het tala nayudu.

He i s a l s o t h e l a s t memberof t h i s f a m i l y who s e r v e d -

t h e ~ a k a t i i a s on t h e i r m i l i t a r y . Singama f q r

somet ime s e r v e d a s t h e commander of t h e K a k a t i y a

m i l i t a r y and f o r sometime a s a n i n d e p e n d e n t r u l e r .

T h i s shows t h a t he was b o t h a s u b o r d i n a t e and

a n i n d e p e n d e n t r u l e r . I n b o t h t h e s e c a p a c i t i e s ,

he won t h e a p p r o b a t i o n of a l l . A s he i s v a l a r o u s

he won many a b a t t l e f o r t h e K a k a t i y a s . I t i s

i n h i s t ime t h a t 1.11- ~ a k a t i ~ a kingdom f e l l on

e v i l d a y s and ~ r a t a p a r u d r a was t a k e n c a p t i v e by

t h e D h c l h i S u l t a n i n A.D.1321-22.

Unable t o b e a r any l o n g e r t h e a t r o c i t i e s

p e r p e t u a t e d by t h e Musl ims, w i t h a n i n t e n t i o n

of s a f e g u a r d i n g t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h e m o t h e r l a n d

a l l t h e Telugu Nayakas of t h e day i n a c o n f e r e n c e

round a b o u t A.D.1335 r e s o l v e d t o d r i v e away t h e

Muslims and e s t a b l i s h Hindu Dharma a g a i n i n t h e

l a n d which t.b-by accompl i shed hy A.D.1336. I n

t h i s t a s k , ~ g ~ a ~ a n i ~ a k a and h i s b r o t h e r a l s o t o o k

a n a c t i v e p a r t . A f t e r t h e Muslims were d r i v e n -

away Kapayanayaka who c l a i m e d t h e t i t l e s "Andhra

- /- - d e s a d h i s / v a r a U and "Andhra ___ _ s u r a t r a n a " __.I_- r u l e d o v e r

t h e Te langana p a r t of t h e An~lhra c o u n t r y w i t h

Warangal a s t h e c a p i t a l . Soon a f t e r t h i s ~ a p a y a

~ a ~ a k a p r o b a b l y w i t h a n i n t e n t i o n of a t t a i n i n g

o v e r l o r d s h i p of t h e Andhra c o u n t r y o c c u p i e d P i l l a l a -

m n r r i t h e c a p i t a l of Singamanedu. But Singamanedu 8 e

w i t h o u t minding t h i s annexed t h e l a n d be tween

K r i s h n a and Thungabhadra t o h i s kingdom. A f t e r

t h i s he waged a war a g a i n s t ~ a ~ a ~ a i n a b o u t A.D.

1357-60 and r e o c c u p i e d P i l l a l a m a r r i .

Anapotanedu . t h e s o n o f Singama who c o n q u e r r e d

many !3111aller p r i n c i p a l i t i e s began t o e x t e n d t h e

d u r g a a t Racakonda. The i . !~ l ; c r ip t ions i s s u e d by . . :r

him between A.D.1365 and 1380 s p e a k of t h % ~ ,

Rgcakonda, t h e c a p i t a l of t h e Padmanayakas . . - i s known a s R z j n d r i , R a j a g i r l o r ~ a j G a l a . But

i t i s u s u a l l y known a s Rzcakonda. It- 1.13 s i t u a t e d

a b o u t t h i r t y m i l e s o f f Hyderabad i n i t ' s V i j a y a -

wada r o a d . T h i s mounta in r e g i o n i s s t r e t c h e d

o v e r t h i r t y m i l e s .

As a l r e a d y o b s e r v e d t h e Velamas d i d n o t

l a g b e h i n d i n s p r e a d i n g t h e Hindu Dharma and i t s

c u l t u r e . L ike t h e R e d d i ' s of ~ o n d a v i d u , e t c . , . . . . t h e Velamas a l s o s p r e a d e d u c a t i o n , p a t r o n i s e d

msn o f l e t t e r s , a r t i s t s and a r t i s a n s and e n t h u -

s i a s t i c a l l y g o t c o n s t r u c t e d t e m p l e s , e t c .

The f o r t h e r e was b u i l t on two m o u n t a i n s - - -

c a l l e d Riicakonda , , and Naganayanikonda. The mans ions

o f t h e k i n g s , t h e c o u r t h a l l s , and t h e town of

t h e k i n g s e t c . , were a l l i n r u i n s w h e r e a s t h e

compound w a l l s on t h e h i l l s a r e n o t much d i l a p i -

t a t e d . I n a l l t h e r e a r e some t h i n g l i k e t h i r t y

f i v e k i n g s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e s e Vzlamas who e n j o y e d

t h e k i n g s h ! ~ f o r a b o u t one hundred and f i f t y s e v e n

y e a r s s t a r t i n g w i t h het ti la FlZy:ldu i11 ? b o u t A.D.

1 2 2 5 and e n d i n g w i t h Lingamanedu t i l l A.D.1482.

As L i n g ~ m a n e d u was a p o w e r f u l w a r r i o r a n d

annexed o t h e r new t e r r i t o r i e s l i k e ~ i m h a c a l a m ,

e t c . , h i s f a m i l y members g o t s e t t l e d i n t h o s e

p a r t s e s t a b l i s h i n g s m a l l p r i n c i p a l i t i e s l i k e Velu-

gorir;jyamu5 and ~ 0 b b i l i r ; ~ y a . u . ~ I n a d d i t i o n t o

t h e s e p r i n c i p a l i t i e s t h e r e r o s e up g r a d c i a l l y t h e

Velamirra jyas l i k e ~ a i l a v a r a r a j ~ a r n , ~ e n k a t a g i r i ,

J e t a p r o l u , Ko l l apuram and ~ T t h g p u r a m , e t c .

Madhava Rao Lakshmi Rao was t h e l a s t i n

t he l i n e of Madaneni t o occupy t h e t h r o n e a t Devara-

konda . He c o u l d s u c c e s s f u l l y r e s i s t t h e Nawab 4 ,

of Golkonda f rom occupy ing t h e Devarakonda f o r t . . Eor a b o u t 1 2 y e a r s a f t e r w a r d s h a n d i n g i t o v e r

t o t h e Nawab he made V e n k a t a g i r i h i s s e a t . On

t h e p o l i t i c a l s c e n e no ~ a y a k a who j o i n e d t h e I n d i a n

l e a d e r s t o p u t a n e n d t o t h e Muslim r u l e i n Andhra

d i d seem t o have p o s s e s s e d p a t r i a t i c s p i r i t .

T h e i r s e l f i s h a m b i t i o n s we izhed more t h a n p a t r i a -

tism. As s u c h t o a c h i e v e t h e i r e n d s and l o n g

c h e r i s h e d d e s i r e s t h e y made f r i e n d s w i t h t h e Mtls'lims

and w i t h t h e i r s u p p o r t t r i e d t o p u t down h i s n e i g h -

Kapaya Nay3ka and Anavo tanen i were a t l o g g e r -

h e a d s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h a n n e x i n g P i l l a l a m a r r i

of t h e Padma I4iyaka t o h i s t e r r i t o r y by Kapaya

Nayaka. So a f t e r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e f o r t

a t R e c h a r l a Anavo tanen i marched a g a i n s t ~ a p a Nayaka

when Kzpanhyaka s o u g h t t h e h e l p o f t h e Musl ims.

T h i s a c t of ~ i ~ a n i i ~ a k a 11ig11t have g i v e n an advan-

t a g e t o t h e Muslims t o e s t a b l i s h t h e m s e l v e s i n

t h e Deccan. A f t s r c o m p l e t i n g h i s c o n q u e s t s a g a i n s t

~ a l i i g a e t c . , Anavo tanen i v e s t e d t h e a u t h o r i t y

o v e r Devaraknnda i n t h e hands of h i s b r o t h e r Mada-

n e n i . T h i s p ~ l i c y a d a p t e d by t h e Hindu k i n g s

of t h e Deccan c l e a r l y p r o v e s t h a t t h e y a l w a y s

t r i e d t o a t t a i n t h e o v e r l o r d s h i p of t h e e n t i r e

Andlira which was n o t h i n g b u t a s e l f i s h a c t .

Of a l l t h e r u l e r s , b e l o n g i n g t o t h e R e c h a r l a

f a m i l y the brothers Anavo t a n e n i and ~ g d a n e n i became

f a ~ n o n s f o r t h e i r c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s . By t h a t

t i m e i t s e l f t h e ~ e d d i ' s . , of ~ o n d a v F d u began t g

d e v e l o p Te lugu l i t e r a t u r e c l o s e on t h e h e a l s o f

t h e S a n s k r i t l i t e r a t u r e . So t h i s gave a n i m p e t u s

t o t h e R e c h a r l a f a m i l y which e s t a b l i s h e d i t s e l f

a s a n i n d e p e n d e n t klngdom, t o t h i n k of T e l u g u

s c h o l a r s on Pa r w i t h S a n s k r i t s c h o l a r s . They

a l s o P a t r o n i z e d men of l e t t e r s . The k i n g s them-

s e L v e s were w 2 l l e d u c a t e d i n a l m o s t a l l t h e branches.

t h e i m p o r t a n t p o e t s - 1) ~ i d v e s ' v a r a K a v i c h a n d r a ,

and ( 2 ) ~ a s ' u p a t i ~ i ~ a n a d h a Kav i , were p a t r o n i z e d

and i n t r o d u c e d t o t h e Telugu wor ld by t h e s e bro-

t h e r s , Anavota and Madaniyakas . These two p o e t s

e n t e r e d t h e c o u r t of Anavota . The I y y a n a v o l u

i n s c r i p t i o n r e f e r s t o ~ i g a n i d h a k a v i . ' I t i s a l s o

s a i d t h a t he w r o t e a ~ h a n a ( o n e of t h e I:en varie-

t i e s of d ramas ) i n S a n s k r i t by name ~ a d a n a v i l i s a

i n t h e p r o l o g u e of which he men t ioned h i s p a t r o n

a113 ; \ i s Guru. a

From t h i s p r o l o g u e i t s e l f we i n f e r t h a t

t h i s p l a y was i n t e n d e d t o be e n a c t e d a t t h e s p r i n g

f e s t i v a l of Kalyana N i r i y a n a worsh ipped a t Riica-

konda. We do n o t know w h e t h e r he was t h e f a m i . 1 ~

d i e t y of t h e R e c h a r l a s .

From a r e f e r e n c e i n t h e ~ a s i r n a v a s u d h a k a r a

of s t i g a b h G p i l a , we ' l o t i c e t h a t h i s f a t h e r Ana -

p o t a h i m s e l f das t h e a u t h o r o f a S n a s k r i t drama

( ~ a t a k a ) c a l l e d A b h i r i m a r a g h a v a . E x c e p t i n g i n r e - - f s r e n c e t h e work i s n o t a v a i l a b l e .

~ a y i b h a t t o ~ a d h ~ a ~ a was a n o t h e r s c h o l a r of . . -

t h e d a y . He was p r o f i c i e n t i n ~ ~ a k a r a n a , Mimirnsa,

and ~ f a y a . He was i n t h e c o u r t o f Madaya Nayaka

t h e b r o t h e r of Anapota and c o r ~ p n s e d t h i s Umamahe-

dvaram s t o n e r e c o r d . l o From t h i s we n o t e t h a t

a miniii:?r by name P o t a r g j a o f Mida, was a l s o

a sol.\cld s c h o l a r and a p o e t . Except t h i s uc do

n o t know t h e works w r i t t e n by P o t a r i j . 3 .

s i i g a b h u p a i a - I I who o c c u p i e d t h e t h r o n e

f rom A.n.1386 t o 1 4 1 2 was c o n s i d e r e d a g r e a t r u l a r .

He was a l s o a g r e a t s c h o l a r and p r l ~ d u c e d works

l i k e !:he -- 8asarnav:i. ,; ,e~,dhakara, t h e - ~ u v a l ? ~ ~ a s --

and t h e ~ s i l g i t a s u d h a k a r a . - - Whi le t h e f i r s t two

a r e i n d e p e n d e n t works , t h e t h i r d one t h e s a h g i t a -

s u d h a k a r a i s a commentary on t h e s a n g i t a - r a t n a k a r a , -- His works r e v e a l hi .c n a s t e r i n g o v e r l i t e r a t u r e ,

mus ic and d r a m a t u r g y .

- His ' , a sa rnavasudhaka ra i s a n p o f

t h e d r a m : ~ t i c t h e o r y . The e x a m p l e s g i v e n i n t h i s

work were t a k e n f rom t h e m a s t e r p i e c e s o f S a n s k r i t

l i t e r a t u r e . T h i s i o i n t h r e e c h a p t e r s - 1 ) -- RsGja- -

k o l ~ a s a , 2 ) Rasikol l&. atsnrl 3 ) ~ G p a k o l l a s a .

I n t h e p r e f a t o r y p o r t i o n of t h e f i r s t c h a p t e r

sings g i v e s h i s g e n e a l o g y . A f t e r t h i s he t r a c e s

t h e h i s t o r y of Natya and i t a d i v i s i o n s . R a s a s

t h e i r accessori.31 were a l s o discussed.

I n t h e c o u r s e of h i s work h e c r i t i c i s e s

v e h i m e n t l y t h e v iews of ~ i d y a d h a r a wbo had a l l

p r a i s e f o r h i s p a t r o n Naras imha- 11 of O r i s s a .

P r o b a b l y b e c a u s e of h i s p o l i t i c a l r i v a l r y w i t h

Nrs imha , sings was s o h a r s h i n h i s c r i t i c i s m . I

The ~ u v a l a ~ a v a l r i s a l s o known a s ~ a t n a ~ a n " -

c a l i k i . T h i s i s a drama ( N a t a k a ) i n f o u r A c t s ,

d e s c r i b i n g t h e m a r r i a g e of S r i k r i s h n a w i t h Kuvalaya-

v a l i . T h i s was i n t e n d e d t o be e n a c t e d on t h e

o c c a s i o n of s p r i n g f e s t i v a l b e f o r e P r a s a n n a g o p a l a

a d e i t y of ~ g c a k o n d a . ,

~ i & a bhGpT1a a l s o w r o t e a commentary on

t h e s a w ' l t a r a t n a k a r a of S a r a n g a d e v a , c a l l e d s a n g i t a -

s u d h a k a r a . Here i n t h e i n t r o d u c t o r y p o r t i o n of

t h e t e x t we n o t o n l y f i r id t h e g e n e a l o g y of t h e

a u t h o r b u t a l a o n o t e t h e p r a c t i c e he made f o r

a l o n g t i m e i n t h e f i e l d of mus ic .

r V i s v e s v a r a was one o f t h e c h i e f p o e t s of

t h e c o u r t of ~ i i ~ a b h i i p i l a . He was a l s o p a t r o n i z e d

by h i s f a t h e r Anapota . He was t h e t e a c h e r of

Nagana tha . He w r o t e a work on p o e t i c s c a l l e d

C a m a t k a r a c a n d r i k a i n 8 c h a p t e r s . T h i s i s on t h e

/ l i n e s of t h e P r a t a p a r u d r a ~ a s o b h u s a n a m and t h e

E k a v a l i , s p e c i a l l y i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e examples

meant t o e u l o g i s e h i s p a t r o n ~ i n ~ a b h u p a l a . He

d o e s n o t t o u c h upon d ramatu rgy . A s s u c h t o p i c s

l i k e t h e Bhavas and Nayakas do n o t f i g u r e i n t h e - t e x t . On t h e s e t o p i c s t h e r e a d e r s a r e r e f e r r e d

t o t h e R a s i r n a ~ a s u d h a k a r a . Accord ing t o him Camat-

k a r a i s t h e p o e t i c b e a u t y .

We a l s o u n d e r s t a n d f rom t h e ~ a s a r n a v a sudha-

k a r a t h a t V i s v e s v a r a w r o t e a drama c a l l e d t h e

~ i r a b h a d r a v i j rmbhana b e l o n g i n g t o t h e t y p e of

Dima. His ~ a m a t k a r a c a n d r i k a i n f o r m s u s t h a t .- /

he s t u d i e d under one ~ e s ' a v a m i s r a who was t h e a u t h o r

of a work c a l l e d t h e ~asami rnamsa . N e i t h e r t h i s

work n o r h i s ~ i r a b h a d r a V i j r m b h a n a i s a v a i l a b l e ,

a t p r e s e n t .

Bommakanti Appayarya a n o t h e r s c h o l a r a d o r n e d

t h e c o u r t of ~ i n g a b h u p a l a . He w r o t e a commentary

a 11 o n Amarakosa. He, i n h i s commentary q u o t e s

a number of works and a u t h o r s . Appayarya seemed

t o have h e l d t h e view t h a t t h e p a s s a g e s l e f t uncom-

m e n t a t a l by t h e e a r l i e r commenta tor i n d i c a t e t h a t

t h e y were i n t e r p o l a t i o n s . 1 2

Ano the r s c h o l a r by name H a r i h a r a was a student

of Appayarya . He m a s t e r e d t h e two s y s t e m s of

Mimamsa, Pramana s a s t r a and Vyakarana . He w r o t e

13 Anargha raghava Vyakhya ( a commentary on Anar-

g h a r a g h a v a ) and a commentary on t h e T a r k i k a r a k s a

S a n g r a h a . 1 4

Madanayaka-11, t h e s i x t h s o n of ~ i n ~ a b h u p a l a -

11, w r o t e a commentary o n t h e R i m a y g a c a l l e d

t h e Raghav iya . T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s known f rom

t h e Nagara i n s c r i p t i o n of h i s w i f e ~ a g a m b i k a . 15

Gaurana t h e nephew of ~ o t a r ' a j a t h e m i n i s t e r

of S i n g a y a Madhava, was a p o e t i n S a n s k r i t and

T e l u g u . He w r o t e two works i n S a n s k r i t . They

b o t h go by t h e common t i t l e ~ a k s a n a d i p i k a . Pada r - - .. t h a d i p i k a o r P rabandha d i p i k a i s one of t h e two.

These two works , g o i n g by t h e common a p p e l a t i o n ,

i . e . , L a k s a n a d i p i k a d e a l w i t h p o e t i c s . 16

. I

We have a l r e a d y n o t i c e d t h a t P a s u p a t i Naga-

n a t h a Kav i f l o u r i s h e d w i t h t h e p a t r o n a g e of t h e

k i n g A n a p o t a n e n i . He was t h e f i r s t s c h o l a r who

j o i n e d t h e c o u r t of Anapo ta .

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e M a d a n a v i l a s a b h a n a i n

S a n s k r i t he i s a l s o b e l i e v e d t o h a v e w r i t t e n Vi snu- I )

p u r a n a i n T e l u g u . From t h e v e r s e s q u o t e d by o t h e r P

p o e t s we f e e l t h a t he was a p o e t of t a l e n t . But

u n f o r t u n a t e l y no work i s a v a i l a b l e s o f d r .

Gaurane t h e a u t h o r of t h e T e l u g u works l i k e

t h e ~ a r i i c a n d r a C a r i t a and Navana tha C a r i t a i n

Dvipada seemed ts have had h i s d a y d u r i n g t h e

p e r i o d of Madaneni (A.D. 1 3 6 1 - 8 4 ) of Devarakonda . , 8

I The ~ a k s a n a d i ~ i k a , a s i s t r a g r a n t h a i n Te lugu a l s o . . b e l o n g s t o him. ~ a u r a n a ' s f a t h e r A y y a l a m a n t r i

and P o t a r a j u t h e e l d e r b r o t h e r of h i s f a t h e r w e r e

m i n i s t e r s unde r Madaneni . Gaurana p o r t r a y e d c e r -

t a i n h i s t o r i c a l e v e n t s i n h i s works .

The o r i g i n a l i t y of Gaurana i s e x h i b i t e d

i n c r e a t i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r of N a k s h a t r a k a i n h i s

H a r i ' s c a n d r a C a r i t a . We have n o t e d above t h a t

~ ~ y a l a r a y a was a m i n i s t e r u n d e r ~ z d a n e n i . He

was a l s o p a t r o n i z e d by V e d a g i r i n a y a d u , t h e s o n

o f Madaneni . I t seems t h a t A y y a l a r z y a was encou-

r a g e d by ~ e d a g i r i n i y a d u t o c o m p l e t e the B h a s k a r a

R j m a y a g . His work start:$ from ~ u d d h a k 2 n d a . 1 7

Another famous Telugu p o e t P o t ~ n n b e l o n g s

t o t h e c o u r t of Velama k i n g s . He seemed t o have

f l o u r i s h e d i n t h y ? e r i o d of ~ a r v a j?na S lnga -I LI,

who ascended t h e t h r o n e i n A.D.1425, He - ' 3 t h e

a u t h o r of ( i ) t h e Bh-lgavatam - -. - ( T e l u g u ) , ( i i ) t h e

Bh:)rinidandakam, -L and ( i l l ) t h e G r a b h a d l a V i jayam. --

His Telugu Rl1;igavatam c a p t u r e d t h e h e a r t ~ of t h e

e n t i r e Andh~-3 p o p u l a t i o n on a c c o u n t o f t h e UnLver-

s a l i t y o f i t s t e x t , t h e s i m p l e s t y l e and t h e devo-

t t o n a l s e n r l m e n t .

REEIGIOU

- The Volamas who qerved t l l ~ ~ i k y . i j ~ s b o n t i -

I nued t h e SaCva r e l i g i o n o f t h e i r -nac: ters . T h i s

i s i n e r r i t a b l e a s t h e Hindu ~ c ? ~ a k s vowed t o r e s t o r e

t h e Hindu Dharma which was u p p r e s s e d by t h e Musl ims

a f t e r t h e f a l l o f t h e K a k a t i y a s who were S a i v a s .

So a s a n i n t e l l i g e n t measu re t h e Velamas a l s o I

f a v o u r e d " S a i v i s m ' . From t h e i n s c r i p t i o n f o u n d

i n t h e f o r t of Racakonda i s s u e d i n t h e y e a r A.D.1380, I

i t i s c l e a r t h a t Anapotanedu was a s t a u n c h S a i v i t e

I t i s a l s o c l e a r t h a t he was famous f o r h i s c h a r i -

t i e s t o t h e ~ r a h m i n s , ' ~ e t c . T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n

f u r t h e r s t a t e s t h a t i t was l a i d a t t h e t i m e of

B h a i r a v a P r a t i s t h a c a u s e d by Karanam C i l u m a r a j u

T i p p a r a j u f o r t h e p r o s p e r i t y o f Anapo ta . From

t h i s we n o t e t h a t ~ a i v i s m was i n f u l l s w i n g d u r i n g

t h i s p e r i o d . But t h i s d o e s n o t mean t h a t t h e r e

was S a i v i s m o n l y i n h i s kingdom. Dur ing t h e t i m e

o f S ingabhupa la -11 ( A . D . 1384-1400) t h e s o n o f

A n a p o t a n e n i , Va i shnav i sm seemed t.o have b e e n p r e -

v a l e n t i n t h e c o u n t r y . The i n f l u e n c e o f Va i shna -

v l sm which v i e d w i t h t h a t of t h e S a i v i s m i n t h e

t i m e of H a i h a j a s o f P a l a n a d u must have g r a d u a l l y

g a i n e d g round and s p r e a d t o t h e o t h e r q u a r t e r s

a l s o . As s u c h S i n g a b h u p a l a - I 1 must have w i t n e s s e d

t h e h o l d o f Va i shnav i sm on t h e p u b l i c . T h i s c a n

be u n d e r s t o o d f rom t h e i n s c r i p t i o n of ~ a g a m b i k a

i n wh ich i t i s s a i d t h a t s h e g o t c o n s t r u c t e d a

p a r k f o r t h e s a k e of t h e V a i s h n a v a s . l g I t i s a l s o

s a i d t h a t ~ i i g a - I 1 i n v i t e d ~ e d i n t a d e i i k a a famous

Va i shnava t e a c h e r o f t h e d a y t o g e t some d o u b t s

c l e a r e d i n t h e f i e l d of r e l i g i o n . The T a t t v a s a n - I

d e s a s l o k a f o u n d i n t h e S u b h a s i t a n i v i j u s t i f i e s

t h i s . Here i n t h e v e r s e s t a r t i n g ' t r i v i d h a c i d a c i -

d e k a t a n t r a . . . . e n d s w i t h t h e word ~ v a t m a i a s y a .

T e r a l a S a t y a n a r a y a n a Sarma i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n

f e e l s t h a t Madhavas a r e t h e b r o t h e r s o f t h e f a t h e r s

o f t h e s e c o n d and t h i r d s i n g a s and t h a t t h e r e

i s no s o n of Madhava Kumara a s S i n g a i n t h e p e d i -

gree of t h e s e Velamas of Racakonda. But a c c o r d i n g

t o S a n s k r i t Grammar t h e word a t m a j a may a p p l y

19B t o t h e g r a n d s o n a l s o . A s s u c h t a k i n g r e c o u r s e

t o t h i s r u l e ~ e d a n t a d e i i k a migh t have u s e d t h e

word a t m a j a i n t h e c a s e of ~ i n g a - 1 1 .

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h i s t h e Rama t e m p l e g o t

c o n s t r u c t e d by Anapo tanen i and t h e ~ e l l a m k o n d a . ,

i n s c r i p t i o n of ~ i i g a - 1 1 1 , 'O t h e K a n j e e v a r a - i n s c r i p -

t i o n of v a s a n t a n a y u d u S 2 ' t h e Say impe ta i n s c r i p -

t i o n of ~ h a m m a n ~ y u d u , 2 2 r e v e a l t h e c h a r i t i e s ,

e t c . , made t o t h e ~ i r a v a i s h n a v a s of t h e p e r i o d ,

wh ich i n d i c a t e s t h e p o p u l a r i t y g a i n e d by Va i shna-

v i sm a f t e r A .D . 1380. Though t h e k i n g s e n c o u r a g e d

Va i shnav i sm a l s o w i t h t h e i r endowments, t h e y d i d

n o t g i v e up t h e i r f a i t h i n q ~ a i v i s n ' T ~ They s t a r t e d

a l l t h e i r i n s c r i p t i o n s w i t h a n i n v o c a t i o n t o one

of t h e d e i t i e s . The t e m p l e i n Devarakonda f o r t I ,

s t i l l c o n t a i n s a f i i d o l of S a r a d a . Thus i t becomes

c l e a r t h a t t h e y e n c o u r a g e d r e l i g i o u s t o l e r a n c e .

ART M D ARCIIIIBC-

They c o n s t r u c t e d two f o r t s - 1 ) ~&ako?d,a-

f o r t and 2 ) Devarako94a f o r t . The Devarakonda

f o r t seemed t o be one of t h e g r e a t e s t f o r t s o f

t h e d a y i n i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n and s t r o n g e r t h a n

~ i c a k o n d a f o r t . I t j o i n s s e v e n l o f t y h i l l s . . ,

S t o n e was used f o r i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n . There a r e

360 b u r u j u s round t h e f o r t w i t h 9 s p a c i o u s door ways

and 3 2 s m a l l door ways. There a r e 31: b i g w e l l s ,

3 w e l l s w i t h s t e p s t o r e a c h w a t e r , 6 b i g k o n e s ,

and 5 s m a l l kones .

While c o n e t r u c t i n g t h e s e f o r t s , t h e y c o n s t r u -

c t e d many t e m p l e s which a r e c o m p l e t e l y d i l a p i t a t e d

a t p r e s e n t .

They c a r r i e d on t h e ~ i k a t i ~ a a r c h i t e c t u r e .

T h i s means t h a t t h i s a r c h i t e c t u r e d i d n o t show

any o r i g i n a l i t y . As t h e y had t o a l w a y s f a c e one

o r t h e o t h e r i n v a s i o n s f rom t h e i r n e i g h b o u r s ,

t h e y migh t no t have found t i m e to t h i n k of i n n o v a -

t i o n s e t c . , i n a r t and a r c h i t e c t u r e . A l l t h e

t e m p l e s c o n s t r u c t e d by t h e k i n g s of ~ s c a k o n d a . . and Devarakonda, a r e a t p r e s e n t s u r r o u n d e d and ,

c o v e r e d by t h i c k f o r e s t s and c a n n o t e a s i l y be

r e a c h e d .

B) TBE W O S W I ~ I PAHILY

To c h e c k t h e a t r o c i t i e s p r e p e t u a t e d by t h e

Muslim r u l e a f t e r t h e f a l l of Warangal i n A . D . 1 3 2 3

a l l t h e NZyakas who s e r v e d t h e K i k a t T y a s , u n i t i n g

t h e m s e l v e s i n one g roup w i t h a r e s o l u t i o n t o r e -

e s t a b l i s h Hindu Dharma d r o v e away t h e Muslims

and e s t a b l i s h e d t h e H i n d u r a j . But u n f o r t u n a t e l y

t h i s u n i t y d i d ?ac l a s t l o n g e r a s s e l f i s h m o t i v e s

t o become t h e o v e r l o r d s of t h e e n t i r e Andhra r e g i o n

c r o p p e d up. Among them P r o l a y a Nayaka who was

c h o s e n a s t h e l e a d e r of t h e c o n f e d e r a c y was one

o f t h e l e a d e r s who wanted a u t h o r i t y o v e r t h e e n t i r e

Andhra. He made R e k a p a l l i h i s c a p i t a l . His ambi-

t i o n was t o b r i n g t h e e n t i r e Andhra under one

u m b r e l l a , Though he c o u l d s u c c e e d i n e x t e n d i n g

h i s sway o v e r t h e c o a s t a l r e g i o n of t h e Andhra,

he d i d n o t a c h i e v e h i s e n t i r e a m b i t i o n , p r o b a b l y

he might have been t h w a r t e d by Somadevara'ja of

t h e kavZti f a m i l y under whose l e a d e r s h i p t h e

p r e s e n t RrYalaseema r e g i o n of t h e Andhra was l i b e -

r a t e d f rom t h e Muslim yoke c a p t u r i n g f o r t s l i k e

~ ~ ~ ~ l i m a d u g u , s i t t i n i k o t a , K a n d a r a v o l ( K u r n o o l ) ,

Ka lavako lanu , ~ & u ? u , E t a g i r i and ~ ~ y i n e n i k o n d a . . .

A f t e r P r o l a y a Ngyaka, h i s c o u s i n , 2 4 Kapaya

~ i y a k a o c c u p i e d t h e t h r o n e . With h i s p o l i t i c a l

s a g a c i t y he r e c a p t u r e d Warangal f rom t h e Musl ims,

making f r i e n d s w i t h ~ a l l a l a 111 of Dvara Samudram,

when t h e Warangal kingdom i n T e l a n g a n n , once a g a i n

e n j o y e d t h e Hindu independence .

~ i p a y a Nayaka was a shrewd p o l i t i c i a n .

Though he gal l -ed a l a r g e r p a r t of t h e K a k a t i y a

kingdom and t h e c o a s t a l Andhra and assumed t h e

t i t l e s l i k e Kndhra s u a r t r a n a , e t c . , he was c o n s c i -

o u s of t h e f a c t t h a t h i s m i l i t a r y f a l l s s h o r t

b e f o r e t h a t o f t h e D e l h i S u l t a n a t e . So t o answer

any t h r e a t from D e l h i he made a common c a u s e w i t h

t h e Amirani S a d a h of Deccan and a l s o d e s p a t c h e d

h i s m i l i t a r y f o r c e i n a i d of Z a f a r k h a n , a g a i n s t

t h e D e l h i where t h e s e combined f o r c e s p u t a n end

t o a u t h o r i t y of t h e D e l h i i n Deccan and Z a f a r

Khan assuming t h e t i t l e o f A l u ' d - d i n Hasan- Baha-

man - Shah a s k i n g w i t h h i s c a p i t a l a t G u l b a r g a .

T h i s i s t h e s t a r t i n g p o i n t of t h e Bahaman1 kingdom

i n t h e Deccan.

I t d i d n o t t a k e much t i m e f o r ~ i p a y a ~ z ~ a k a

t o r e a l i s e t h a t what he d i d was a m i s t a k e i n s p i t e

of h i s p o l i t i c a l s e g a c i t y and t h a t he o u g h t n o t

have a s s i s t e d Zafa r -khan a s he became a p e r p e t u a l

menace t o t h e Hindu kingdom a round him. Kapaya

~ G a k a and l a t e P r o l a y a ~ a ~ a k a who c o n s o l i d a t e d

t h e Hindu ~ i y a k a t o d r i v e away t h e Muslims f i n a l l y

gave t h e w a l l t o Muslims. A l l t h i s i s because

of t h e s e l f i s h n e s s of t h e Nayakatl who wanted t o

e x c e l 1 t h e o t h e r s i n e x t e n d i n g t h e a u t h o r i t y o v e r

t h e Andhra.

Ala-ud-Din Hasan Gangu repea ted ly a t t a c k e d

t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g Hindu kingdoms t o r e d u c e them

t o s u b m i s s i o n and d i d n o t l e a v e Krpaya NZyaka a l s o .

Knowing t h e i n t e n s i o n s of Ala-ud-Din, Kgpaya Nzyaka,

t o check t h e power of M u s l i m s a p p o i n t e d h i s c o u s i n

T o y y e t i Anavota ~ a y a k a a s h i s Vice roy o v e r t h e *

c o a s t a l r e g i o n . With r e d o u b l e d c o u r a g e g a i n e d

on t h e d e a t h of Mohammad Bin Tughlak a t D e l h i ,

Ala-ud-Din marched a g a i n s t ~ i ~ a ~ a ~ f i a k a who was

compe l l ed t o s i g n a t r e a t y c e d e i n g t h e f o r t r e s s

of Kau las t o Ala-ud-Din. Though iCzpaya ~ Z y a k a

made a b i d t o r e c o v e r t h e l o s t t e r r i t o r i e s f rom

t h e Muslims a f t e r t h e d e a t h of Ala-ud-Din i n A.D.

1359, w i t h t h e h e l p of V i j a y a n a g a r , he c o u l d n o t

do s o , a8 h i s s o n Viniiyak-Dev was c a p t u r e d and

b u r n t a l i v e by Muhammad Shah-I , t h e s o n of Ala-ud-

Din. I n t h e l a t e r p e r i o d of h i s l i f e Kapaya Nayaka

met w i t h many h u m i l i a t i n g d e f e a t s i n t h e hands

o f Muslims. He ceded t h e Golkonda f o r t t o Muhammad

Shah-I . F i n a l l y i n a b o u t A.D.1361 when K;paya

nayaka was engaged i n a war w i t h t h e Bhahamani

S u l t a n , Anavota Nayaka of t h e R e c h a r l a f a m i l y

was on t h e o t h e r f r o n t when a f i e r c e b a t t l e t o o k

p l a c e a t Bhimavaram i n which Kapaya Nayaka was

d e f e a t e d and s l a i n . With t h e d e a t h of Kapaya

Niyaka t h u s t h e Musunuri f a m i l y i n Te langana came

t o a n end .

The ~ u s u n u r i r u l e r s c o n t r i b u t e d t h e i r m i t e

t o t h e ' deve lopment of Hindu c u l t u r e a s f a r a s

p o s s i b l e . They c o u l d n o t d e v o t e t h e i r maximum

t i m e t o dwell i n c u l t u r a l f i e l d s a s t h e y had t o be

busy i n t h e b a t t l e f i e l d s f i g h t i n g b o t h i n t e r n a l

2 5 and e x t e r n a l enemies . Yasoda Devi summing U P

t h e i r c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s s a g s t h a t t h e s e R e c a r l a

Velamas c o n s t r u c t e d t h e i r f o r t s on t h e t o p of

t h e h i l l s . i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e a n c i e n t cus toms .

T h i s means t h a t t h e y f o l l o w e d t h e a n c i e n t p r a c t i c e

which s t o o d on t h e h e a l t h y g round of e x p e r i e n c e ,

e tc . . The a n c i e n t s gave t h r e e t y p e s of f o r t s ,

v i z . , 1) S t h a l a d u r g a , J a l a d u r g a and G i r i d u r g a .

K ings were a d v i s e d t o c o n s t r u c t the:r f o r t s , k e e p i n g

in , v i ew t h e i r s a f e t y and p r o t e c t i o n . We g e n e r a l l y

come a c r o s s i n h i s t o r y t h e S t h a l a duy-gas and

d u r g a s o n l y . I n t h e p e r i o d u n d e r s t u d y i t i s

i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t Korukonda of Mzcikonda I. .

Reddi s i s on a h i l l n o r t h - e a s t t o Rajahmahendra- ' b I

varam; RZmagir i t h e c a p i t a l of S a b b i n a t i r a j a i s

on a h i l l - t o p , ~ a c a k o n d a and Devarakonda a r e on t

,

t h e h i l l s . P r o l a y a N i y a k a ' s c a p i t a l i s on t h e

bank of G o d a v a r i . Mummadi Vidu , a p r o v i n c i a l c a p i -

t a l i s on t h e banks of t h e r i v e r Pampa. A l l t h i s

shows t h a t t h e r u l e r s of t h e d a y k e p t i n t h e i r

minds d e f e n c e and economic g r o w t h of t h e i r kingdom,

b e f o r e s e l e c t i n g a s i t e f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f

t h e c e n t r a l c a p i t a l o r t h e p r o v i n c i a l c a p i t a l ,

A f t e r t h e L i b e r a t i o n of Andhra r e g i o n f rom

t h e yokes o f t h e Musl ims, some of t h e f a m i l i e s

who d i s t i n g u i s h e d t h e m s e l v e s u n d e r t h e ~ a k a t i y a s

p r o c l a i m e d i n d e p e n d e n c e and began f i g h t i n g among

t h e m s e l v e s f o r t h e supremacy of power.

R e g a r d i n g r e l i g i o n p e o p l e had t o embrace

I s l a m under t h e Muslims a s t h e i r f a i t h i n Hinduism

was s h a t t e r e d i n many ways. But a f t e r t h e Muslims

w e r e d r i v e n away t h e y s l o w l y r e g a i n e d t h e i r f a i t h

i n Hinduism and began r e a d i n g S a n s k r i t t h e ianguage

i n which t h e Hindu Dharma l o r e e t , c . , was w r i t t e n .

K ings s t u d i e d S a n s k r i t and became famous p o e t s

i n t h a t l a n g u a g e composing works . They a l s o p a t r o -

n i z e d men of l e t t e r s . O f c o u r s e Te lugu was g i v e n

e q u a l s t a t u s a l o n g w i t h S a n s k r i t . s i t i g a ~ h u ~ a l a

was a famous s c h o l a r . { < i n i t h a who v i s i t e d t h e

c o u r t of s i i g a and P o t a n a who was a c .ontemporary

of Siriga s t a n d a s two monumental e x a m p l e s of t h e

l e a r n i n g and p a t r o n a g e of t h e s c h o l a r s .

The r u l e r s d e v o t e d t h e i r t i m e i n b u i l d i n g

new s h r i n e s , Mantapas and p o r t i c o s e t c . , i n e x i s t -

i n g t e m p l e s . They d i d n o t seem t o have t a k e n

much i n t e r e s t i n b u i l d i n g new t e m p l e s l i k e t h e i r

p r e d e c e s s o r s . As s u c h t h e a r t a n d a r c h i t e c t u r e

d e v e l o p e d by t h e ~ B k a t r y a s was c a r r i e d i n t a c t

t o t h e new g e n e r a t i o n .

Some of t h e f e s t i v a l s l i k e V a s a n t h o t s a v a m

a r e made t h e n a t i o n a l f e s t i v a l s by t h e Velamas

a l s o .

P r i o r t o K o n d a v i t i r a j y a t h e f e s t i v a l s w e r e

c o n d u c t e d o n l y i n t e m p l e s . But t h e k i n g s of Konda-

v i d u s t a r t e d c e l e b r a t i n g them o u t s i d e t h e t e m p l e s

which p r a c t i c e was e m u l a t e d by t h e K a c h a r l a f a m i l y

a l s o .

R e g a r d i n g Music , Dance, P a i n t i n g , e t c . ,

t h e ve lamas d i d n o t d e v i a t e from t h e i r contemporary

Redd i k i n g s . The d r e s s and f u r n i t u r e t h e y u s e d

a l s o was t h e same a s Fn t h a t of Kondavidu.

There a r e two o t h e r s m a l l p r i n c i p a l i t i e s

formed a f t e r t h e f a l l of Warangal and c o n t i n u e d

f o r some t i m e a f t e r t h e M u s l i m - a t r o c i t i e s were

p u t a n end t o w i t h t h e u n i t e d e f f o r t s of t h e kndhra

~ a y a k a s . Between them t h e Koppula f a m i l y i a one

and t h e o t h e r i s t h e Korukonda f a m i l y . For t h e

f i r s t t i m e t h e Donepudi grani: 25B o f t h e Namaya

~ i y a k a A.D.1337 r e v e a l s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e c h i e f s

r u l e d o v e r t h e r e g i o n t o t h e n o r t h o f t h e r i v e r

G o d a v a r i u p t o K a l i n g a w i t h t h e modern P i t h a p u r a m

a s t h e i r c a p i t a l . Some i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e 1 I-

f l a i l y i s g i v e n i n some o t h e r r e c o r d s b e l o n g i n g

t o Simhacalam, Vizag D i s t r i c t .

~ a ~ a ~ a Nayaka i s t h e f i r s t member of t h e

f a m i l y who was s u c c e e d e d by h i s s o n P o r a l a - I .

A f t e r P r o l a h i s s o n Koppula N,ayaka o r Koppulayya

came t o power and t h e n h i s s o n P r o l a y a NCyaka-

11 a s c e n d e d t h e t h r o n e . 2 6 I n t h e c a s e of the t h i r d

King L e e . , Koppula Nayaka t h e s o n of P r . ~ l a - I i t C

i s d o u b t e d w h e t h e r h i s name was Namaya Nayaka

who a s c e n d e d t h e t h r o n e . But h i s b r o t h e r Koppu-

l a y y a came t o power a c c o r d i n g ,.a a r e c o r d which

r e g i s t e r t h e g r a n t of A d u t a p a l l i . The p r e s e n t - ~ ~ ~ d a l a ~ a l l i o n t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e word 'Kappu la

b h u ~ a l e ' was g r a n t e d t o God S i m h a d r i n a t h a

a c c o r d i n g t o h i s w i f e Muppamadevi who m e n t i o n s

t h e t i t l e ~ r a g a r n e c c h u g a n d a b h o g a ~ ~ a c q u i r e d by h e r

husband . The t i t l e i t s e l f s u g g e s t s t h a t he was

v a l a r o u s and a good m i l i t a r y commander. He i s

a l s o s a i d t o be a n a b l e a d m i n i s t r a t o r and a famous

r u l e r of t h e f a m i l y . Here a d o u b t a r i s e s a s t o

why t i t l e s were c o n f e r r e d on a b r o t h e r who i s

s e c o n d a r y i n t h e l i n e . For t h i s we may s a f e l y

c o n j e c t u r e t h a t t h e Koppula c h i e f s moved f u r t h e r

n o r t h e x p a n d i n g t h e i r t e r r i t o r y and Namaya Nayaka

migh t have made h i s b r o t h e r Koppula ~ a y a k a t h e

c h i e f of t h e newly o c c u p i e d t e r r i t o r y , w i t h Kotham

a s t h e second c a p i t a l , which t i l l v e r y r e c e n t l y

i s known a s ~ o ~ ~ u l a v ~ r i Kottham.

These c h i e f s came i n t o c o n f l i c t wLt.h Gaja-

p a t h i s of O r i s s a when t h e y were h e l p e d by B h a k t i -

r a j a a Te lugu Coda p r i n c e . But f i n a l l y t h e y were

o v e r powered by ~ o n d a v i d u i n A.D.1388.

As t h i s p r i n c i p a l i t y i s minor and s h o r t

l i v e d we c a n n o t e x p e c t i n n c ~ v a t i o n s i n t h e f i e l d

of c u l t u r e . When t h e y o r i g i n a l l y b e l o n g t o t h e

s t a l k and f o l k o f t h e ~ a k a t i ~ a s we e x p e c t t h e

~ a k a t i y a c u l t u r e t o have b e e n adaptt5d. The t i m e

a t t h e i r d i s p o s a l . f o r c ~ ~ l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s was

n e g l i g i b l e i n t h e I t z h t of t h e s t r u g g l e t h e y made

f o r s u r v i v a l . They d i d n o t seem t o have p a i d

g r e a t e r a t t e n t i o n on e d u c a t i o n , and t t m p l e b u i l d -

i n g e t c . As t h e i r m a t t o i n j o i n i n g t h e u n i o n

of Nayakss was t o r a i s e t h e Hindu Dharma f rom

t h e u p p r a e s i o n s o f t h e Mu'llim r u l e , t h e y p a i d

a t t e n t i o n t o t h e Hindu Dharma o n l y . I n t h i s t a s k ,

t h o u g h we do n o t have e x a c t r e c o r d s , we pcesume

t h a t t h e Hindu r e l i g i o ~ ~ was g i v e n a f a c e l i f t

l i k e t h e i r o t h e r c o n t e m p o r a r i e s v i * < . , Kondavidu

and ~ u s u n c r i bra1 h e r s .

We have a l r e a d y n o t e d t h a t t h e R e d d i s o f /

~ o n d a v i d u e n c o u r a g e d S a i v i s m of t h e Vedic r e l i g i o n

r a t h e r t h a n t h e V a i s h n a v i s m , propounded and p ro -

p a g a t e d by Basaveswara and o t h e r s . The sam.3 r e l i -

g i o u s s t r e a m must have f l o w e d i n tha? r e g i o n o f

t h e Koppula C h i e f s . The h a n d i c r a f t 3 .i11d the t e x t i l e

i n d u s t r i e s m r l s t have f l o u r i s h e d w e l l . A l l t h L s

LIZ b e c a u s e o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e Redd1.3 of t h e

~ o n d a v i r l u and t h e Rochnr l a Velamds t h e e l d e r s

of t h e Kappu las e s t a b l i s h e d a n o r d e r i n t h e f i e l d s

of r e l i g i o n a n d a r t t h a t was agreebLc2 to a l l and

w i t h i n t h e r e a c h of t h e common man. A s a r e s u l t

of t h i s we n o t i c e t h a t t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f YaJ"na

became more and t h e pe r fo rmance of v r a t a s became

a b u n d a n t , i . e . , t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e P u r a n a s was

more f e l t t h a n t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e Vedas. They

g l f t e d p r o p e r t i e s - movable o r immc~vable - t o

t h e Hindu Gods f o r t h e m e r i t o f t h e i r p e o p l e .

For example , f o r t h e m e r i t of Koppoma r e d d i , f a the r

Naraboyudu, and mother ~ o m m a s a n i and b r o t h e r s

Y e r a p o t i n a y u d u , Donkena m a r n e n i , Koppula p r o l a y a ,

h i s s i s t e r Muppasani and b r o t h e r Dodda Dsvara

and Nagana Boyindu - g i f t e d a p e r p e t u a l lamp (akhanda

dipamu) t o t h e God M a l l e s v a r a of Bezwada. 28 ~ r o m

two o t h e r i n s r i p t i o n s i s s u e d by Koppula P r o l a y a

and h i s w i f e Muppama i n S.1310 we u , ? d e r s t a n d t h a t

t h e V i l l a g e A n d a l a p a l l i i n t h e T q . S a r v a s i d d h i

was g i f t e d t o t h e God s l m h i d r i n z t h a . 2 9

The Koppula f a m i l y a l s o seemed t o have p a t r o -

n i z e d men of l e t t e r s . They a l s o l i k e t h e i r o t h e r

c o n t e m p o r a r i e s encouraged Te lugu . I n t h e s e d a y s

Te lugu l a n g u a g e was f u l l of S a n s k r i t words and

compounds. T h i s s t u d y shows t h a t a s c h o l a r i n

Te lugu was a s c h o l a r i n S a n s k r i t a l s o . From t h i s

t r e n d we deduce t h a t S a n s k r i t was n o t n e g l e c t e d

i . e . , e d u c a t i o n i n b o t h S a n s k r i t and Te lugu was

g i v e n w i t h e q u a l f o r c e . Angara Naras imha Kavi

t h e a u t h o r of R a j a r a j a b h i s e k a m seemed t o h a v e

b e e n p a t r o n i z e d by V a l l a B h u p a t h i of Ko t thapuram. 30

Though h e i s s a i d t o have b e l o n g e d t o t h e Koppul-a

f a m i l y no c o n c r e t e e v i d e n c e h a s s o f a r c o r e t o

l i g h t . The d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e town Ka: thapuram by

Naras imha Kavi i n h i s work g i v e s e x a g g e r a t e d s t a t e -

3 1 rnents r e g a r d i n g t h e w z l a t h and v a l u e s o f t h e k i n g .

I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , h i s t o r i a n s a r e n o t d e f i n i t e

a b o u t t h e c o n n e c t i o n s of t h e k i n g V a l l a ~ h G p a t h i

w i t h t h e e a r l y members of t h i s Koppula f a m i l y . 3 2

(D) KORU UIIIDA

So f a r we have s e e n t h a t a f t e r t h e f a l l

o f t h e ~ g k a t i y a s i n a b o u t A.D.1326, t h a t Musunur i

P r o l a y a N;yaka o c c u p i e d a l m o s t a l l t h e Te langana

r e g i o n . 33 P r o l a y a Vema Reddi o c c u p i e d t h e Konda- . . v i d u and Vinukonda r e g i o n on t h e s o u t h e r n bank . . of t h e r i v e r K r i s h n a , w i t h Addanki a s h i s Capital. 34

R e c a r l a Singama nayudu t h e s o u t h e r n s i d e of t h e

c i t y E k a s i l a 11pt.o S r i s a i l a w i t h Kacakonda and

Devarakonda a s h i s c a p i t a l s , 3 5 an14 t h e b r o t h e r s . . H a r i h a r a and Bulcka e s t a b l i s h e d i n d e p e n d e n t kingdom

l i k e Gand iko ta and penugonda. 3 6 Dur ing t h i s period . A

i t s e l f Koppula nayaka i n £ l ic1: tng a d e f e a t on Sharip

S a l a r U l v i t h e Governor of Janakhan of t h e Tugluq

f a m i l y a t Rajamahendra Varam o c c u p i e d t h e r e g i o n

be tween Godavar i and K a l i n g a and became i n d e p e n -

d e n t . ~ x t h a ~ u r a m was h i s c a p i t a l .

T h i s i s a l s o a n o t h e r minor p r i n c i p a l i t y

f l o u r i s h e d f o r some t i m e i n t h i s a g e . The $&

r a n g a a p l a t e s of Mummadi Nbyaka3' and t h e Akkala

Pund l g r a n t 3 8 o f S ingaya Nayaka and two o t h e r

1 i t h i . c i n s c r i p t i o n s , s o f a r d i s c o v e r e d h e l p u s

t o know t h e h i s t o r y of t h i s f a m i l y .

From t h e s e r e c o r d s we f e e l t h a t P a l l a v a

Mukkan t i b r o u g h t them t o t h e Andhra and founded

a kingdom i n t h e T e l a n g a n a r e g i o n . K e s a r n i a n d

Kesava Nayaka o f t h i s f a m i l y founded t h e town

Mawcikonda and became v e r y famous i n t h e f a m i l y . I I

G a n a p a t i s u c c e e d e d him who was i n t u r n s u c c e e d e d

by h i s s o n K G a y a Ngyaka. He had t h r e e s o n s Mum-

madi ~ a y a k a , S i n g a y a Niyaka and Gannaya Nayaka.

Mummadi Nayaka t h e e l d e s t s o n assumed t h e r e i g n s

o f t h e Kingdom a f t e r h i s f a t h e r and m a r r i e d t h e

n i e c e of Kapaya Nayaka and e s t a b l i s h e d r e l a t i o n s

w i t h t h e ~ u s u n u r i Eamilg. Mummadi had t h r e e s o n s ,

Kuna, Anna and ~ a k a m a . Kuna was men t ioned i n

a damaged i n s c r i p t i o n founded i n Penukonda a n d

n o t h i n g more a b o u t t h i s f a m i l y h a s s o f a r come

t o l i g h t . F i n a l l y t h i s p r i n c i p a l i t y was a b s o r b e d

i n t h e Redd i kingdom of Kondavidu.

Though t h e Korukonda . - Nayakas a l s o s e r v e d

t h e K;katFyas i n t h e b e g i n n i n g , t h e y do n o t seemed

t o h a v e j o i n e d t h e c o n f e d e r a c y of t he Nayakas

o r g a n i s e d by t h e ~ u s u n u r i f a m i l y t o d r i v e away

t h e Musl ims. But l i k e any o t h e r f l m i l y t h i s a l s o

d e c l a r e d i n d e p e n d e n c e and t r i e d t o e x t e n d t h e

t e r r i t o r y of i t s kingdom. With t h i s v i ew p r o b a b l y

Mummadi ~ a ~ a k a s h o u l d have m a r r i e d t h e n i e c e o f

~ a p a y a n l a ~ a k a t o s u r r e n d e r t h e c h i e f of P a n a r a

k o n a , e t c .

I n t h i s p e r i o d Va i snav i sm a l s o seemed t o

, h a v e become p o p u l a r a l o n g w i t h Vedik S a i v i s m f a v o u -

r e d by most of t h e Redd i k i n g s . Dur ing t h i s t i m e

many ~ r a v i d i C a r y a s of Va i s?av i sm t o u r e d t h e Andhra

c o u n t r y , g a i n e d t h e f a v o u r of some of t h e k i n g s

a n d e s t a b l i s h e d Va ianav i sm. Pa rSara B h a t t u t h e . - s e v e n t h i n d e s c e n t f rom ~ a i - a s a r a b h a t t u - I who was

/ - made t h e p o n t i f of t h e s e c t a t S r i r a n g a m by ~amc- n u j a t h e f o u n d e r of V a i s n a v i s m v i s i t e d niany p l a c e s . . i n Andhra i n t h e p e r i o d u n d e r r e v i e w and a t t r a c t e d

marly d i s c i p l e s e v e n f rom t h e r o y a l h o u s e s . Mum-

madi Nayaka of t h e Korukonda was one s u c h r o y a l

p a t r o n . He g r a n t e d a v i l l a g e K o t t a l l a p a r r u 39 t o

~ a r i s a r a B h a t t u who was a c c e p t e d a s a r e v e r e d

t e a c h e r by t h e k i n g Mummadi Nayaka.

Even a f t e r t h e d e a t h of P a r a s a r a B h a t t u . . Mummadi ~ g ~ a k a s t r o n g l y h e l d t o V a i s n a v i s m . . o n l y .

The Kandada f a m i l y seemed t o have o c c u p i e d t h e

p l a c e of P a r L a r a B h a t t u i n t h e r o y a l f a a i l y .

Accord ing t o a n i n s c r i p t i o n a t Simhi1cha1.a Mummadi 4 0

Nayaka was t h e d i s c i p l e of Kandada Ayyangar .

Though t h e y embraced Va i snav i sm t h e y e x h i b i - . . t e d t o l e r a n c e i n m a t t e r s of r e l i g i o n . hey d i d

n o t seem t o have d i s t u r b e d t h e e x i s t i n g p a t t e r n

of r e l i g i o u s l i f e of t h e p e o p l e . They a l s o r e s t o -

r e d t h e Agraharams g r a n t e d t o Brahmin-: t h a t were

d i e t u r b e d d u r i n g t h e r u l e of Xusl ims. A s a l r e a d y

n o t e d V r a t a s became more and more a b u n d a n t . They

a l s o o b s e r v e d t h e Sar6ekZra8, e t c . , a s l a i d down

i n t h e Vedic t e x t s . The s y s t e m of e d u c a t i o n w i t h

a p o l i c y of e n c ~ u r a g i n g Te lugu a s s t a r t e d by t h e

~ o n d a v r c d u k i n g s was c a r r i e d o n by a l m o s t a l l t h e . . minor p r i n c i p a l i t i e s i n c l u d i n g Korukonda. A s

t h e - k i n g s d i d n o t f i n d much t i m e t o bes tow a t t e n -

t i o n on t e m p l e c o n s t r u c t i o n and f r e s h a r c h i t e c t u r e ,

t h e y d i d n o t u n d e r t a k e any m a s s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n s .

But we c a n presume a s u s u a l t h a t t h e y made small .

r e p a i r s and r e n o v a t i o n s . A l l t h e s e k i n g s p a t r o n i -

s e d men of l e t t e r s and h e l p e d t h e g rowth of l i t e -

r a t u r e which began d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d of R e d d i s - o f Kondavidu. i t r e a c h e d i t s h e i g h t s d u r i n g t h e . - t i m e o f K r i s h n a ~ s ~ a of V i j a y a n a g a r . I t i s n o t

e x a g g e r a t i o n i f we s a y h e r e t h a t t h i s e n c o u r a g e - / - ...

ment was due t o t h e e f f o r t s of S r i n a t h a , t h e famous

p o e t of t h e p e r i o d , who l i v e s i n t h e memory of

t h e Andhras e v e n t o d a y .

The ornaments , t a s t e s , s p o r t s and amusements

e t c . , were a l l t h e same wherever we go i n Andhra.

Unless t h e s e were c u l t i v a t e d on a p l a i n p l ank

by a l l i t i s no t p o s s i b l e f o r t h e Andhras t o con-

t i n u e them even today .

Thus we n o t e t h a t a l l t h e minor p r l n c i p a l i -

t i e s i n t h i s pe r iod a l s o emulated t h e major king-

doms i n r e s p e c t of f o s t e r i n g c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s .

H a r i h a r a and Bukka, t h e two b r o t h e r s who

founded t h e V i j a y a n a g a r empi re a l s o s e r v e d t h e

~ g k a t i y a army. A f t e r t h e f a l l of t h e ~ i k a t i ~ a s

t o p u t a n end t o t h e m i s r u l e of t h e Muslims, a t

t h e t i m e of t h e n a t i o n a l awakening H a r i h a r a and

Bukka a l s o j o i n e d t h e u n i t e d f r o n t o r g a n i s e d by the

Musunur i b r o t h e r s . When t h e Vic1:orious Hindu Naya-

k a s became i n d e p e n d e n t r u l e r s H a r i h a r a and Bukka

w i t h t h e b l e s s i n g s of t h e i r guru ~ i d y a r a n y a l a i d

t h e f o u n d a t i o n s t o n e f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of

a Hindu kingdom i n t h e ceded d i s t r i c t s , which cham-

p i o n e d t h e c a u s e of Hindu c i v i l i z a t i o n and c u l t u r e

i n S o u t h - I n d i a f o r a p e r i o d of t h r e e c e n t u r i e s .

Of a l l t h e e m p i r e s t h a t were e s t a b l i s h e d -

a f t e r t h e f a l l of t h e ~ a k a t i ~ a s V i j a y a n a g a r empi re

p l a y e d a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n a l l f i e l d s of l i f e .

T h i s e m p i r e was r u l e d o v e r by f o u r d y n a s t i e s .

, 1 ) The Snagam d y n a s t y from A.D.1336-1485; 2 ) The

S a l u v a d y n a s t y from A.D.1486-1505; 3 ) The Tuluva

d y n a s t y f rom A.D.1491-1576; and 4 ) The Arav idu

d y n a s t y f rom A. D. 1572-1675.

boclETY

S o c i e t y i n t h i s p e r i o d , a s usual, was d i v i d e d /

i n t o four sections viz. , Brahmin, K e a t r i y a , Va i sya and

S u d r a c l a s s e s . Brahmins were g i v e n t h e f i r s t p l a c e .

The e d u c a t i o n s y s t e m w a s ' l o o k e d a f t e r by t h e Brah-

m i n s , w h i l e t h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e c o u n t r y by t h e

K s a t r i y a s o r t h e r u l i n g c l a s s , t h e t r a d e by t h e

I f V a i s y a s and t h e c u l t i v a t i o n by t h e S u d r a s . By

t h i s t i m e i t seems t h a t t h e v a i s ' y a ! s c l a s s was

d i v i d e d i n t o two s e c t i o n s - a ) t h e m e r c a n t i l e

s e c t i o n , and b ) t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t i o n . F o r e i g n

t r a d e was q u i t e e n c o u r a g i n g and p r o g r e s s i v e .

But t h e r e was a n o c c a s i o n when t h e s e two s e c t i o n s

came i n t o c o n f l i c t w i t h e a c h o t h e r . ~ a l l i n z t h a ,

t h e famous S a n s k r i t s c h o l a r o f t h e ~ o n d a v ' i d u was 1 .

i n v i t e d by P raudha ~ a y a t o p r o b e i n t o t h e i r con-

f l i c t and s e t t l e t h e m a t t e r . His v a i h a vad$a

s u d h i k a r a m was t h e f u l l t e x t of t h e judgement

g i v e n by him. S i m i l a r l y we know, t h a t Avac i T ip -

paya S e t t i was t o s u p p l y a l l p e r f u m e s , e t c . , t o . ' t h e ~ o n d a v i d u c o u r t .

I I

Here we c a n s a f e l y s a y on t h e s t r e n g t h o f

l i t e r a t u r e and o t h e r r e c o r d s t h a t t h e h a b i t s o f

p e o p l e and t h e i r s o c i a l c u s t o m s a r e n o t d i f f e r e n t

f r o m t h a t of t h e ~on!avydu, e t c . The g o l d o r n a -

m e n t s , and t h e o r n a m e n t s e t u d e d w i t h p r e c i o u s s tones

u s e d by b o t h men and women a r e t h e same a s i n

t h e ~ o n d a v i d u p e r i o d . The d r e s s worn by t h e women . ,

was a s a r e e and a b l o u s e , and by men d h o v a t i w i t h

a n u p p e r c l o t h u s u a l l y , The s a r e e s a r e o f d i f f e -

r e n t c o l o u r s and w i t h o r w i t h o u t J a r i g a . I n t h e

same f a s h i o n t h e d h o v a t i s a l s o a r e of d i f f e r e n t

t y p e s . Though t h e p a p e r come i n t o e x i s t e n c e ,

pa lm l e a f m a t e r i a l was w i d e l y i n vogue. The cha i r s ,

t a b l e s and b e n c h e s e t c . , were made of wood. The

w e a l t h y had b e a u t i f u l c a r v i n g s on t h e wood w h i l e

o t h e r u s e d t h i n g s s i m p l y made of wood w i t h o u t

c a r v i n g s . M e t a l , c l o t h , p o t , e t c . , i n d u s t r i e s

w e r e w e l l d e v e l o p e d . T h e r e was a gun i n d u s t r y

a l s o . The p r a c t i c e o f sati h a s r a r e l y met w i t h .

p e o p l e b e l i e v e d i n w i c h c r a f t , b l a c k magic e t c .

Hence, Bhu ta vaidyam was a l s o i n p r a c t i c e . As

f a r a s e a t i n g h a b i t s a r e c o n c e r n e d we n o t e t h a t

~ a l a n z d u p e o p l e e x t e n s i v e l y u s e d ma ize a s a s tapple . f o o d w h i l e the ( d t h e r p a r t s u s e d r i c e o f f i n e var ie ty .

We f e e l t h a t pound ing t h e r i c e w i t h p i s t l e i n

e v e r y h o u s e , f o r day t o d a y c o n s u m p t i o n was a

common p r a c t i c e . Temple g o i n g and t a k i n g p a r t

i n t h e t e m p l e f e s t i v a l s a l s o was a p a r t and p a r c e l

of r o u t i n e l i f e . M i l i t a r y was n o t n e g l e c t e d .

Of a l l t h e e m p e r o r s of V i j a y a n a g a r S r i K r i -

s h n a d e v a Raya i s c o n s i d e r e d t h e g r e a t e s t He i s

c o m p l e t e l y a c c o m p l i s h e d i n e v e r y wa lk o f l i f e .

I n p r o t e c t i n g t h e Hindu Dharma, i n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ,

w e l f a r e , m a i n t a i n i n g l aw and o r d e r , p a t r o n i z i n g

men o f l e t t e r s , d e v e l o p i n g a r t and a r c h i t e c t u r e ,

e n c o u r a g i n g f i n e a r t s , e t c . , h e h a s no p a r a l l e l

i n t h e medeava l p e r i o d of S o u t h I n d i a n H i s t o r y .

He h i m s e l f i s a g r e a t s c h o l a r b o t h i n S a n s k r i t

a n d T e l u g u . He composed works . He g a t h e r e d r o u n d

him t h e r e p u t e d s c h o l a r s s p e c i a l l y i n l i t e r a t u r e

and named t h e a s s o c i a t i o n Bhuvana Vi j ayam, w h i c h

was p r e s i d e d o v e r by him and d i s c u s s i o n s on p o e t r y

went on i n a p l e a s a n t way.

A s t h i s kingdom a l s o gave f i r s t p r i o r i t y

t o u p h o l d dharma w h i c h i s b a s e d on r e l i g i o n .

V i j a y a n a g a r t r i e d t o f o s t e r Hindu r e l i g i o n . By

t h e t i m e t h i s e m p i r e came i n t o e x i s t e n c e t h e r e

was S a i v i s m p r e v a l e n t i n t h e l a n d .

The ~ i r a s a i v i s m which t o o k h o l d of t h e l a n d

d u r i n g t h e H a i h a y a s of P a l a n a d u c o u l d n o t m a i n t a i n

i t s a c t i v i t y d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d of ~ a k a t i y a s a s

t h e y d i d n o t seem t o have g i v e n encouragement

t o i t . But t h e Reddi kingdom which s p r a n g up 1 .

a s a r e s u l t of t h e i n d e p e n d e n c e movement a f t e r

t h e f a l l o f Waranga l , went back t o t h e Vedic ~ a i -

v i sm a s i t r e p r e s e n t e d t h e o r i g i n a l Hindu c u l t u r e ,

The n e i g h b o u r i n g p r i n c i p a l i t i e s a l s o a d a p t e d t h e

same p o l i c y . A s s u c h t h e V i j a y a n a g a r which cham-

p i o n e d t h e same c a u s e a l s o c o u l d n o t b u t e m u l a t e

t h e R e d d i s . Added t o t h i s t h e f o u n d e r of t h i s . . kingdom and t h e e a r l i e r r u l e r s of t h e l i n e favoured

I S a i v i s m . By t h a t t i m e i t s e l f Va i snav i sm propounded . I

by ~ a r n a n u j a e n t e r e d t h e Andhra r e g i o n . I t v i e d

I w i t h S a i v i s m t o c a p t u r e power and s l o w l y g a i n e d

g round i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n . F i n a l l y t h e s e V a i s n a v a s - . headed by ~ a t a c h a r ~ a e s t a b l i s h e d t h e m s e l v e s i n

t h e p e r i o d of K r i s h n a r a y a who seemed t o have e l e -

v a t e d i t t o t h e h i g h t s p o s s i b l e , w i t h t h e i d e a

t h a t Va i shnav i sm b r i n g s f o r t h s a l v a t i o n . 41 Though

he showed h i s l e a n i n g t o w a r d s Va i shnav i sm he showed

t o l e r a n c e t o w a r d s o t h e r r e l i g i o n s . They a l s o

found encouragement under t h e V i j a y a n a g a r k i n g s .

T h e r e were many r e l i g i o n s . Buddhism and J a i n i s m

t h o u g h s t r u g g l i n g f o r b r e a t h , r e c e i v e d t h e r o y a l

a t t e n t i o n . We n o t e t h a t t h e J a i n s c o m p l a i n e d

t o Bukkaraya , of p e r s e c u t i o n by t h e V i s h n a v a s

when t h e k i n g d e c l a r e d t h a t e v e r y o n e was a t l i b e r t y

t o p r a c t i c e h i s own r e l i g i o n i n c l u d i n g Musl ims.

The v i j a y a n a g a r members d i d n o t c o n s t r u c t

m a s s i v e t e m p l e s t r u c t u r e s . A s t h e i r a im i s t o

r e v i v e Hindu dharma, t h e y were engaged i n t h e

work of r e n o v a t i o n and e n l a r g e m e n t of t h e e x i s t i n g

t e m p l e s t o a g r e a t e r e x t e n t . They added l a r g e

gopurams , c o r r i d o r s , mandapas and KalyZinamandapas. . . P 1 '

A l l t h e t e m p l e s were r i c h l y endowed and b r o u g h t

a l l c l a s s e s of p e o p l e t o g e t h e r , s p e c i a l l y a t t h e 4 2

t i m e of f e s t i v a l s l i k e 'Mahgnavami , e t c . A s t h e

t e m p l e s a r e t h e symbols of r e l i g i o n t h e y p a i d

more a t t e n t i o n t o t h e improvement . The v e r y f a c t

t h a t t h e f e s t i v a l s l i k e V a s a n t h o t s a v a m , Mahanavami,

e t c . , were m u l t i p l i e d shows t h a t t h e V r a t a s a s

m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p u r a n i c l i t e r a t u r e w e r e g i v e n

n o r e i m p o r t a n c e t h a n t h e Vedic r i t u a l of the ancient

d a y s . The t o l e r a n c e of r e l i g i o u s c r e e d s paved . way t o a ha rmonious l i f e , t h o u g h t h e r e were t h e

o c c a s i o n a l p i n p r i c k s from t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g Muslim

S t a t e s and became one of t h e c a u s e s f o r t h e alround

p r o s p e r i t y of t h e kingdom.

As u s u a l t h e s y s t e m of e d u c a t i o n d i d n o t

d i f f e r much f rom t h e p r e v i o u s one . The t e m p l e s

a n d Mathas c o n t i n u e d t o i m p a r t e d u c a t i o n t o t h e

I n t e r e s t e d . A s Buddhism a l m o s t became o u t o f

p i c t u r e Hindu e d u c a t i o n o n l y domina ted t h e d a y .

The k i n g s r i c h l y endowed t h e t e m p l e s and Mathas

f o r t h i s p u r p o s e . S a n s k r i t s t u d i e s i n c l u d i n g

Vedas w e r e t a u g h t . I n some of t h e Mathas m e d i c i n e

a l s o was i m p a r t e d . The n o t a b l e f e a t u r e i n t h i s

p e r i o d i s t h e encouragement g i v e n t o t h e Te lugu

l a n g u a g e . Te lugu p o e t s a l s o were e q u a l l y honoured

by t h e r o y a l h o n o u r s a l o n g w i t h S n a s k r i t s c h o l a r s .

T h i s p r a c t i c e was f i r s t s t a r t e d by t h e k i n g s of

~ o n d a v T d u , and a l l o t h e r s w e r e i n s p i r e d i n t h a t . . d i r e c t i o n . T h e r e were two t y p e s of Mathas -1) The

I S a i v a Matha , and 2 ) The Va i snava Matha. E x c e p t i n g . . i n m a t t e r s of r e l i g i o u s p r a c t i c e s and p h i l o s o p h y ,

t h e y d o n o t d i f f e r i n m a t t e r s of d ~ t r a i c s t u d i e s .

As b o t h t h e s e s e c t s were v e r y e a g e r t o s p r e a d

t h e i r philos-ophy t h e y t r i e d t h e i r l e v e l b e s t ,

t o t e a c h t h e i r p h i l o s o p h y i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e - I - M a t h a s , I n t h i s p e r i o d t h e V i r a Saivam and V i r a

1

V.aisilavism . went t o t h e background g i v i n g p l a c e /

t o V e d i c S a i v i s m and Va i snav i sm. -.

T h e r e i s a n o t h e r n o t e w o r t h y f e a t u r e i n

t h e f i e l d o f e d u c a t i o n i n t h i s p e r i o d , The R e d d i s . . - o f Ko?davidu e s t a b l i s h e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e i r r e g i o n s

what a r e c a l l e d P i a l s c h o o l s 4 3 which t a u g h t m a i n l y

T e l u g u l a m w a g e and l i t e r a t u r e . We do n o t h a v e

a n y i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e payment oE t h e t e a -

c h e r s i n t h e s c h o o l s w h e t h e r t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y

o f p a y i n g t h e t e a c h e r s was s h o u l d e r e d by t h e cent re

o r v i l l a g e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e b o d i e s . The same p o l i c y

was a d a p t e d by t h e o t h e r c o n t e m p o r a r y k ingdoms

and even V i j a y a n a g a r seemed t o h a v e f o l l o w e d t h e

same p a t t e r n . L i k e t h e ~ o n d a v i d u k i n g s t h e k i n g s 1

of V i j a y a n a g a r a l s o were w e l l v e r s e d i n b o t h San-

s k r i t & Telugu and composed works i n t h e s e l a n g u a g e s .

They a l s o p a t r o n i z e d men o f l e t t e r s and e n j o y e d

t h e i r company i n d i s c u s s i n g l i t e r a t u r e and o t h e r

m a t t e r s . ~ r i s h n a d e v a r a y a ' s Bhuvanav i j ayam a g a t h e -

r i n g of p o e t s c a l l e d A s t a - d i g g a j a s was a f i n e - . exmaple of h i s i n t e r e s t i n e n c o u r a g i n g s c h o l a r s .

r e s p e c t f o r them knows no bounds . A l L s a n i

Peddana was ' t h e l e a d e r of t h e c o n g r e g a t i o n of

t h e s e p o e t s . K r i s h n a d e v a r a y a ' s l o v e and r e s p e c t

f o r Peddana was of t h e h i g h e s t o r d e r wh ich s p e a k s

vo lumes of h i s c u l t u r e . Peddana a l s o n e v e r l a g g e d

b e h i n d i n e n t e r t a i n i n g r e s p e c t and l o v e f o r Krishna-

d e v a r a ~ a - Whenever t h e k i n g e n c o u n t e r e d Peddana

i n a s t r e e t he u s e d t o s t o p h i s r u t - s h e d d i n g e l e -

p h a n t and l i f t e d Peddana on t o t h e e l e p h a n t . 4 4

When K r i s h n a d e v a r a y a p a s s e d away Peddana l a m e n t -

i n g o v e r t h e s i t u a t i o n s a y s t h a t he l i v e s L i k e

a l i v i n g c o r p s e , w i t h o u t f o l l o w i n g h i s p a t t e r n

t o t h e h e v e n S h 5 These p o e t s w e r e g i v e n a g r a h a r a m s - and t h e y a l s o u n d e r t o o k t o i m p a r t e d u c a t i o n t o

t h e i n t e r e s t e d . The c u r r i c u l a m i n t h o s e d a y s

s e n d t o h a v e s t r e s s e d on l i t e r a t u r e and i t s b e a u t y

b o t h i n S a n s k r i t and Te lugu . As t h e p e r f o r m a n c e

of y g g a s was r e l e g a t e d t o t h e background by t h e - V r a t a s l e s s e m p h a s i s was p a i d on B r a h m i n i c l i t e r a -

t u r e .

As o b s e r v e d a l r e a d y t h e r e was a l l - r o u n d

deve lopment i n b o t h S a n s k r i t and Te lugu l i t e r a -

t u r e s . A l l t h e s c h o l a r s p a t r o n i s e d by t h e k i n g s

w e r e w e l l up i n b o t h t h e l i t e r a t u r e s . T h i s i s

the r e a s o n why s o many t r a n s l a t i o n s of S a n s k r i t

t e x t s came i n t o Te lugu l i t e r a t u r e . The s a y i n g

that a ' s c h o l a r 1 c a n u n d e r s t a n d and a p p r e c i a t e

s c h o l a r i s j u s t i f i a b l y a p p l i c a b l e i n t h i s

p e r i o d . L ike Kondavy t i k i n g s t h e Vi j a y a n a g a r * * .

k i n g s a l s o were good s c h o l a r s . K r i s h n a d e v a r a y a

e x c e l l e d a l l o t h e r s i n V i j a y a n a g a r . He a t t a i n e d

p r o f i c i e n c y i n b o t h S a n s k r i t and Tell lgu. His

' X m u k t a m ~ l y a d a ' o r V l s h n u c i t t i y a work i n Te lugu

i s one of t h e g r e a t e s t ~ g v ~ a s . The work propagates

Va i snav i sm i n T e l u g u , d e a l i n g w i t h t h e l i f e of . ' A l v a r V i s n u c i t t a . I t i s s a i d t h a t t h e s t y l e of . , h i s l a n g u a g e i s i n v o l v e d and complex, t h e s i m i l i e s

a r e somet imes f a r - f e t c h e d , b u t a l l t h e same t h e

e f f e c t a c h i e v e d i s m a j e s t i c and s u b l i m e . The

work d e a l s w i t h t h e l o v e between t h e f o s t e r - d a u -

g h t e r Goda of V i s h n u c i t t a and God ~ a n g a n x t h a ,

On t h e whole i t i s t o be s a i d t h a t ' t h e r e i s hardly

a book i n Telugu where t h e r e i s s u c h a c o n t i n u e d

f l o w of i d e a s , s e e k i n g a n impe tuous o u t l e t I n

l a n g u a g e which though r i c h , i s y e t s c a r c e l y e q u a l

to t h e t a s k of f u l l and a d e q u a t e e x p r e s s i o n .

For i n s i g h t i n t o human n a t u r e , and f o r f a c i l i t y

i n d e p i c t i n g a l l u r i n g moods by Some s t r i k i n g p h r a -

Kr i shnadevaraYa h a s no s u p e r i o r and s c a r c e l y

a n e q u a l .

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h i s he i s s a i d t o have w r i t -

t e n many S a n s k r i t works . His ~ a m b a v a t r Pa r inayam ,

i s f u l l of P r a k r i t .

As he h i m s e l f happened t o be a p o e t of t h e

f i r s t o r d e r he c o u l d a p p r e c i a t e p o e t r y o f t h e

same o r d e r and e n c o u r a g e s c h o l a r s . T n t h i s p e r i o d

t h e p o e t s i n s t e a d of t r a n s l a t i n g S a n s k r i t works

i n t o T e l u g u , used t o t a k e up a n i n t e r e s t i n g e p i -

s o d e f rom a P u r i n a and d e v e l o p e d i t t o t h e Hima- --- l a y a n h i g h t s making t h e work a P rabandha . I n

t h i s t a s k a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e t h e y n e v e r o v e r l o o k e d

o r v i o l a t e d t h e p r i n c i p l e s of r h e t o r i c . The f o l -

l o w i n g a r e t h e famous p o e t s of t h e p e r i o d .

He w r o t e t h e Te lugu prabandham S v i i r o c i s a ,

m a n u c a r i t r a a n e p i s o d e t a k e n f rom t h e Mirkandeya

p u r G a m . T h i s Manu i s s a i d t o be t h e f o r e - f a t h e r ,

of t h e humani ty . The f i r s t t h r e e c h a p t e r s o f

t h i s work is more i n t e r e s t i n g a s i t s s t y l e i s grace-

f u l and t h e f l o w i s c o n t i n u o u s . The l a n g u a g e

uaed i n the other c h a p t a r s ie a b i t t o u g h . B u t

m y way t h i s work r a n k s h i g h e s t i n t h e Te lugu

l i t e r a t u r e , Peddana was c o n f i r m e d t h e t i t l e i n d h r a

k a v i t a p i t a m a h a by K r i s h n a d e v a r a y a who became - t h e p o l e - b e a r e r of t h e p a l a n d q u i n e of Peddana

a t t h e t i m e of d e d i c a t i n g t h i s work Lo t h e K r i s h n a -

d e v a r d y a . 4 6

He w r o t e t h e work t h e ~ a r i j a t a ~ a h a r a n a m .

T h i s d e a l s w i t h t h e e p i s o d e of Lord K r i s h n a who

t r i e d t o a p p e a s e h i s w i f e ~ a t y a b h a m a by g e t t i n g ."

p a r i j a t a f l o w e r . I t i s u s u a l l y s a i d i n t h e scho-

l a r d o m t h a t he w r o t e t h i s work t o s e e t h a t K r i s h n a -

d e v a r a y a g o t r e c o n c i l e d t o one of h i s q u e e n s who

was i n l o v e ' s - a n g e r

He i s a l s o known a s ~ a m a r z j a b h ~ s a n a . He

w r o t e many w o r k s , b u t h i s V a s u c a r i t r a was c o n s i -

d e r e d t h e b e s t . T h i s d e a l s w i t h t h e m a r r i a g e

of p r i n c e Vasu w i t h p r i n c e s s G i r i k a , t h e d a u g h t e r

o f t h e r i v e r S u k t i m a t i and t h e m o u n t a i n K o l a h a l a .

T h i s e p i s o d e i s t a k e n f rom t h e MahZbhZrata. T h i s

poem which i s h i g h l y e s t e e m e d by t h e c r i t i c s f o r

t h e m u s i c a l c a d e n c e of t h e v e r s e s and t h e r i c h

i m a g i n a t i o n and e l a b o r a t e d e s c r i p t i o n s was w r i t t e n

d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f T i r u m a l a - I . ~ a r a s a b h z p i l l j r a m

and ~ a r i i c a n d r a - ~ a l o ~ i k h y i n a m a r e t h e o t h e r works .

, He was a n a t i v e o f S r i k a l a h a s t i , a S a i v a

p i l g r i m c e n t r e . He w r o t e ~ a l a h a s t i - ~ ~ h ~ t m m y a m

and a s a t a k a on t h e same s h r i n e .

He i s t h e g r a n d s o n of ~ h i r j a t i and w r o t e

t h e work K r i s h n a d e v a r a y a - v i j a y a c h r o n i c l i n g h i s

c o n q u e s t s .

/ He w r o t e R a j a s e k h a r a c a r i t a which was d e d i -

c a t e d t o Nadendla Appa a nephew of S a l u v a Timma.

I t d e a l s w i t h t h e wars and l o v e s of ~ a j a ~ e k h a r a ,

k i n g of A v a n t i .

7) dyya1ara.I~ ~imabhadra

He w r o t e t h e S a k a l a ath ha S a r a Sangraha .

This i s a n e p i t o m e o f p u r a n i c s t o r i e s . Ramabhuda-

yam a n o t h e r work a l s o b e l o n g s t o him.

He w r o t e t h e ~ i ~ h a v a pandavTyam a work s i m u l - . . t a n e o u s l y d e a l s w i t h t h e s t o r i e s of t h e ~ i m a y a n a

and t h e Mahzbha'rata. His KalzpGrnodayam became --- more famous. I t s theme i s a comedy and t h e work

g i v e s u s a g l i m s e of t h e c u s t o m s manners , and

b e l i e f s of t h e p e o p l e o f t h e t i m e . He f e e l s t h a t

h i s ~ r a b h a v a t r Pradyumnam was h i s b e s t work.

T h i s d e a l s w i t h a p u r a n i c theme.

He i s famous t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y f o r

h i s p r a c t i c a l j o k e s . He i s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d a

good p o e t , H i s ~ a n d u r a i ~ a ~ a h i t m y a r n i s a work . d

of h i g h m e r i t which p r o p a g a t e s t h e Va i snava . . p h i l o -

sophy . UdJbba<acarya c a r i t a i s a n o t h e r work of

10) Sankusala Ilarasimhakavi

He w r o t e K a v i k a r n a @ r a sxyanam, t r e a t i n g of

t h e l i f e of t h e m y t h i c a l emperor Mandhata.

11 ) Chintalapudi Ellaya

The Radh'amadhava v i l a s a m and t h e Visnumaya- . .

v i l a s a a r e h i s works .

A p o e t e s s of t h e t i m e w r o t e t h e Ra'miiyana, - --

u s u a l l y known a s Mol la Ramayana.

13) Dlauali Rndraya

He w r o t e ~ i r a n k u i o p i k h ~ i n a m d e a l i n g w i t h

t h e s t o r y of a g i f t e d gamble r who d e f e a t e d Lord I

S i v a .

I n t h i s p e r i o d , t h e r e w e r e many o t h e r p o e t s

a n d s c h o l a r s who c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e g r o w t h o f

I n d i a n c u l t u r e . S c i e n t i f i c l i t e r a t u r e , L i k e Haya- I

l a k s h a n a S d s t r a e t c . , a l s o came o u t i n t h i s p e r i o d

o n l y .

The g e n i o u s of t h e l a n d i s d i r e c t l y p r o p o r -

t i o n a l t o i t s p r o s p e r i t y . Dur ing t h e V i j a y a n a g a r

p e r i o d t h e c o u n t r y w i t n e s s e d a l r o u n d p r o s p e r i t y

g i v i n g a c h a n c e f o r a g r e a t e r p l a y t o i t s g e n i a u s .

The o t h e r kingdoms l i k e Redd i kingdom had t o s t r u - t .

g g l e h a r d t o b r i n g l aw and o r d e r and t~ a c h i e v e

i t s P u r p o s e . Whi le d o i n g s o i t had t o f a c e p o l i -

t i c a l s t r u g g l e s f rom o t h e r n e i g h b o u r i n g S t a t e s

w h i c h a l s o had s t r o n g d e s i r e t o c a p t u r e t h e e n t i r e

Andhra and become i t s o v e r l o r d s . Because o f t h e s e

c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h e y c o u l d n o t c o c t r i b u t e much t o

t h e g r o w t h o f a r t and a r c h i t e c t u r e which e x p r e s s

t h e m s e l v e s s p e c i a l l y t h r o u g h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n

o f t e m p l e s e t c . But t h e y c o u l d c o n t r i b u t e much

t o t h e g r o w t h of f i n e a r t s l i k e mus ic and d a n c i n g .

I n s p i t e o f t h e busy t i m e s p e n t by t h e Redd i . . k i n g s

i n c o n s o l i d a t i n g t h e m s e l v e s on a f i r m g round t h e y

c o u l d s n a t c h some t i m e t o d e n o t e t h e m s e l v e s f o r

t h e new c o n s t r u c t i o n of t e m p l e s . The G r h a r a j a -

s a u d h a c o n s t r u c t e d by t h e R e d d i s i s a f i n e example

which s p e a k s of t h e i r r e f i n e d t a s t e and t h e i r

i n t e r e s t i n f o s t e r i n g Hindu r e l i g i o n . I n t h e

same f a s h i o n t h e Rayas o f V i j a y a n a g a r a l s o con-

s t r u c t e d v e r y few new t e m p l e s l i k e t h e V i t h a l a

t e m p l e , t h e Haza ra ~ i m a t e m p l e , e t c . , s p e c i a l l y

i n t h e i r c a p i t a l b u t r e n o v a t e d and e n l a r g e d many

o t h e r t e m p l e s .

~ i y a Gopuram of t h e p r e s e n t S o u t h I n d i a n

t m e p l e s s p e a k of t h e i r a r c h i t e c t u r a l t a s t e . The

o r n a t e p i l l a r s of t h e V i j a y a n a g a r a a r e a c l a s s

by t h e m s e l v e s and many f o r e i g n t r a v e l l e r s bes towed

encomiums on t h e a r c h i t e c t u r e of t h e c i t y . Accord-

i n g t o F e r g u s o n , t h e c a r v i n g s a r e i n b e t t e r t a s t e ,

t h a n a n y t h i n g e l s e i n t h i s s t y l e . The h o r s e

I c o u r t o r Seshag i r imandapam a t rangam am a c c o r d i n g . . t o Brown c o n t a i n s a 'Co lonnade of f u r i o u s l y f i g h t -

i n g s t e e d s e a c h r e a r i n g up t o a h i g h t of n e a r l y

n i n e f e e t , t h e whole e x e c u t e d i n a t e c h n i q u e s o

e m p h a t i c , a s t o be n o t l i k e s t o n e b u t h a r d e n e d

s t e e l ' . The l a t t e r t u r n e d p i l l a r s of s i n g l e s t o n e

a l s o a r e s a i d t o be a s p e c i a l l y o f t h e V i j a Y a n a g a r

s t y l e . Because o f t h e a l r o u n d p r o s p e r i t y , t h e

genius of t h e a g e b lossemed i n a ca lm and p e a c e f u l

a t m o s p h e r e . Us ing h a r d s t o n e f o r s c u l p t u r e , a

l e g a c y f rom t h e R e d d i s i s a s p e c i a l i t y w i t h them.

L i k e w i s e p a i n t i n g a l s o was e n c o u r a g e d by

t h e ~ s y a s . R u r a l p a i n t i n g was w i d e l y i n vogue.

A s t h i s happened t o be a w o r t h y a c c o u n t $ w e a l t h y

p e o p l e seemed t o have i n d u l g e d i n t h i s . Music

a n d d a n c i n g a r e t h e t w i n a r t s wh ich go hand i n

hand. Music c a n s u r v i v e w i t h o u t d a n c i n g b u t danc -

i n g c a n n o t s t a n d i n d e p e n d e n t l y w i t h o u t m u s i c .

The f a c t t h a t ~ e v a d a s i s y s t e m was i n vogue a t

t h a t t i m e shows t h a t t h e y e n c o u r a g e d d a n c i n g and

m u s i c . The f i r s t Vaggeyakara A n n a m z c c y a who

w r o t e a b o u t t h i r t y two t h o u s a n d s o n g s i n p r a i s e

o f Lord Venka teswara of T i r u p a t i was p a t r o n i z e d

by t h e Roya l h o u s e . Lakuma who was c o n n e c t e d

w i t h Vasan ta rHya of t h e Kondavidu ~ e d d i s s a i d . . t o be a D e v a d a s i o r a c o u r t d a n c e r f o r whom t h e

~ a s a n t a r a j i ~ a m was w r i t t e n , T h i s p r a c t i c e was

e m u l a t e d by t h e R i y a s of V i j a y a n a g a r a a l s o . F i n a -

l l y w h a t e v e r t h e Rayas of V i j a y a n a g a r a d i d t h e y

couched i t w i t h t h e i r g e n i u s s o a s t o make i t

t h e i r own.

Thus we o b s e r v e t h a t a l l t h e s e p r i n c i p a l i -

t i e s and kingdoms e x h i b i t e d common c u l t u r e i n s p i t e

of t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y q u a r a l l e d w i t h e a c h o t h e r

a n d t r i e d t o e s t a b l i s h i n d i v i d u a l s u p e r i o r i t y

o v e r t h e o t h e r . I t was t h e f o r c e of I n d i a n c u l t u r e

t h a t p r o p e l l e d them t o p r e s e r v e t h e i r n a t i o n a l i t y

a n d t o m a i n t a i n t h e p r e s t i g e of t h e c o u n t r y without

puccumbing t o a n y o t h e r f o r e i g n c u l t u r e , w h i c h

t h e y w i t n e s s e d i n t h e p e r i o d .

Tasya go t r anyanekZni p r a s ~ d d h a n a ~ a n d h r a mandal ' I * Recer l ago t r am tesvekam k a k a t ~ y a n r p a r c i t a m p / /

Ayyanavol i ~ n s c r i p t i o n A . D . 1369 '

H.A.S.19 Wgl P119

T c r a l a Sa tyana rayana Sarma : Racak(.nda C a r i -

tramu ( T e l l , p.15.

I n s c r i p t i o n on t h e bend of Tungacerv A.D.1365

I n s c r i p t i o n i n t h e V i c i n i t y of Bhairava a t

Gnnner la A . D . 1380

Kurnool D i s t r i c t Manual pp. 104-5 r

Visakha D i s t r i c t Yanual, p . 2 6 1

- I t i dri Kausika brahrnars i gotrh-janu?a p a s i p a t i

P a n d i t a . . p u t r e n a ~ a g a n a d h a Kavina l i k h i t a m i d a m s a s v a t a

p r a t i s t a mes tu . . . R.1876 ( b ) t h e i n f o r m a t i o n g i v e n i n T.C.11-2619

t h a t t h e work i s comple t e i s i n c o r r e c t .

I t b r e a k s of i n t h e midd le .

1 - ~ e c e r l a v a d s l a r a t n > k a r e n a , ~ r i l i i ~ a b h i ~ i l a purva--

c a l a p r a b h s k a r e n a k e ~ a m ' i m b i k ~ k a l ~ a pras i ina

gucchena AnapotabhUpIlena s a t a t s a n n i d h i - 6

k r t a k a l y i n a n g r i y a q a s y a v a s a n t o t s a v a . . . . bia ' radvi j l fhvaya parip'Iir?a r a t n k c a r y a gu ru v idve -

d v a r a k a v i ~ a n d r a s ~ a p r i y a d i s y o nhganandha . . . V e l u g o t i v a r l v a h d d v a l i Appendix No. 4 ,

pp.20 f f .

~ e s x r n a v a ~ u d h a k a r a T . S. S .No. 50, pp. 50 . 119

e t c .

4 /. ~ e l u g o t i v F r i v a m s a v a l i , Appendix-X. I

R.1170, R.1401, R.4557 T a n j . DC XXVII 4976

1,H.Q. X I X . P.75.

Adyar XXXIII, G.10 !.

V e l u g o t i v ~ r i v a n i k v a l i , ~ p p e n d i x . X I I , V . 17 . *

~ r . D . ~ a r a s v a t h i ' s a r t i c l e on Gaurana g i v e s

a l l i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e p o e t . Annals

of O r i e n t a l R e s e a r c h , U n i v e r s i t y of Madras,

1965, Vol .1 , p .7 .

17 . Madras Government O r i e n t a l L i b r a r y 10-1-12

l e a f 229 b and T/416 Leaf 119.

1 8 . I n s c r i p t i o n of Anapotaneni A.D.1380 I .,,,...,,.,....... n i r a n t r a s i v a d e v a t a pa rayana

Anavara t a hemzdr i dgna S a n t o s i t a v i p r a s a k h a 6

e t c .

1 9 , Nirmitoham tvaykrama Vaisnavar thya , o kavalem"

Nagambika I n s c r i p t i o n V 1 5 and 16 Nagaram

19B The ~ s t a d h y c ~ i IV-1-162

20. T e r a l a Sa tyana rayana Sarma: ~ a c a k o n d a C a r i t r a m u ,

p .123. 1 0

21. I b i d . , p .123.

22. I b i d . , p.123.

23 . See Appendix 111

2 4 . ~ r p a y a ~ c y a k a was t h e son of P r o l a y a ~ z y a k a

H i s t o r y of Medevia l Deccan, V o l . 1 Ed. by P r o f .

H.K.Sherwani k e d d i Kingdoms and Minor S t a t e s ,

p. 535.

25. Yasoda d e v i V . A f t e r t h e ~ i k a G ~ a s , p .68 .

258. Ep. Ind IV, p.356 f f .

26. S I I , Vol.VI, No.822.

27. S l l V o l . V T N o . 8 2 3

28. S l l , Vol.IV, No.765.

29 . I b i d . , Vol .VI , Nos.822 and 823.

30. Somasekhara Sarma f e e l s t h a t t h e t i t l e s p a t t u -

t a t a l a ~ e l i d i r i y a goye g o - v i l a and Jaganobha-

ganda h e l d by V a l l a b h i p i l a a r e t h e t i t l e s usua-

l l y borne by Reddis and Velamas H i s t o r y of . , t h e Reddi Kingdoms, p . 3 0 . When t h e some t i t l e s

were bo rne by t h e two communi'ties Redd i s I I and

Velama8 we do n o t f i n d any i n c o n s i s t a n c y when

t h e y were a d a p t e d by Koppula r u l e r s a l s o .

K.Veeresalingam : xndhra Kavula Caritralu, --

Vol.11, pp.49-50 ff.

M.Somasekhara Sarma : History of the Reddi

Kingdoms, p.31.

J.B. O.R.S. XX, p.260.

~ i l ulh- i . V i r a h h n d r a Rno : ir!dl!ccl~ C a r l t r a m ~ ,

111, p.5.

Ibid., p . 6 .

Ibid., p.6.

Ep. Ind Vol.XIV, p p . 8 3 ff (dt.S.1280)

Ibid, Vol.XIIT, pp.259 ff (dt.S.1290)

Ep. Ind: Vol.XIV, pp.85-88.

It seems that ParXsara Bhatta l i . v e d and finally

died at Korukonda. This view may be con£ irmed I (

by the Piller Inscription of Mummadi Nayaka

at Korukonda. t .

50. Sll. Vol.Vi. No.841, 1084 and 1090 (JAHRS.

Vol.XI, pp.212-13)

41. Vadunu rosina Vaisnavega , , nonarimpuma .... Krishnadevaraya, ~muktam2lyada.

42. Robert Sewell : A Forgotten Empire, p . 8 5 .

4 3 . In Palnadu there are many schools of this type

and the news that they were started by Srinatha

the poet is current. If this were to be correct, we can say that the Reddis took special interest ". in spreading education in r2gion31. language

also.

-.

44. Edurainaco tana madfia karindra mud i g g i ge ylu-

tamosagi ekkinchi koniye

Manucaritra- Pithika, p.2. u

45. ~rishnadevara~alato divi kegaleka

bratikiyunnadajivaccavambanagucu

Catupadya manimanjari ,p.l62

46. Manucaritrambandu konuvela

.... tanaceta pallakinetti patte Manucaritramu pithiks, p.2