Part Matchings

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Part V

Matchings

EADS

Ernst Mayr, Harald Rcke 540/604


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Matching Input: undirected graph G = (V,E).

M E is a matching if each node appears in at most one

edge in M. Maximum Matching: find a matching of maximum

cardinality


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Bipartite Matching

Input: undirected, bipartite graph G = (L R,E).


edge in M.

Maximum Matching: find a matching of maximum

cardinality

EADS 16 Definition



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Bipartite Matching

Input: undirected, bipartite graph G = (L R,E).


edge in M.

Maximum Matching: find a matching of maximum

cardinality

EADS 16 Definition



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Bipartite Matching

A matching M is perfect if it is of cardinality |M| = |V|/2.

For a bipartite graph G = (L R,E) this means

|M| = |L| = |R| = n.

EADS 16 Definition



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17 Bipartite Matching via Flows Input: undirected, bipartite graph G = (L R {s, t}, E).

Direct all edges from L to R.

Add source s and connect it to all nodes on the left.

Add t and connect all nodes on the right to t.

All edges have unit capacity.


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Proof

Max cardinality matching in G value of maxflow in G

Given a maximum matching M of cardinality k.

Consider flow f that sends one unit along each of k paths.

f is a flow and has cardinality k.

EADS 17 Bipartite Matching via Flows



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Proof








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Proof








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Proof








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Proof


Let f be a maxflow in G of value k

Integrality theorem k integral; we can assume f is 0/1.

Consider M= set of edges from L to R with f(e) = 1.

Each node in L and R participates in at most one edge in M.

|M| = k, as the flow must use at least k middle edges.




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Proof










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Proof







EADS 17 Bipartite Matching via Flows Ernst Mayr, Harald Rcke 547/604


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17 Bipartite Matching via Flows

Which flow algorithm to use?

Generic augmenting path: O(m val(f)) = O(mn).

Capacity scaling: O(m2 logC) = O(m2).

EADS 17 Bipartite Matching via Flows Ernst Mayr, Harald Rcke 548/604


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18 Augmenting Paths for Matchings

Definitions.

Given a matching M in a graph G, a vertex that is not

incident to any edge of M is called a free vertex w.r..t. M.

For a matching M a path P in G is called an alternating path

if edges in M alternate with edges not in M.

An alternating path is called an augmenting path for

matching M if it ends at distinct free vertices.

Theorem 1

A matching M is a maximum matching if and only if there is no

augmenting path w. r. t. M.

EADS 18 Augmenting Paths for Matchings Ernst Mayr, Harald Rcke 549/604


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Definitions.







Theorem 1

A matching M is a maximum matching if and only if there is noaugmenting path w. r. t. M.



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Definitions.







Theorem 1




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Definitions.







Theorem 1




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Augmenting Paths in Action


i h i i


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A i P h i A i


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A ti P th i A ti


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A ti P th i A ti


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Proof.

If M is maximum there is no augmenting path P, because

we could switch matching and non-matching edges along P.This gives matching M = M P with larger cardinality.

Suppose there is a matching M with larger cardinality.

Consider the graph H with edge-set M M (i.e., only edges

that are in either M or M

but not in both).

Each vertex can be incident to at most two edges (one from

M and one from M). Hence, the connected components are

alternating cycles or alternating path.

As |M| > |M| there is one connected component that is apath P for which both endpoints are incident to edges from

M. P is an alternating path.




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Proof.






but not in both).









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Proof.






but not in both).









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Proof.






but not in both).









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Algorithmic idea:

As long as you find an augmenting path augment your matchingusing this path. When you arrive at a matching for which no

augmenting path exists you have a maximum matching.

Theorem 2

Let G be a graph, M a matching in G, and let u be a free vertex

w.r.t. M. Further letP denote an augmenting path w.r.t. M and

let M = M P denote the matching resulting from augmenting

M with P. If there was no augmenting path starting at u in M

then there is no augmenting path starting at u in M.

The above theorem allows for an easier implementation of an augment-ing path algorithm. Once we checked for augmenting paths startingfrom u we dont have to check for such paths in future rounds.




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Algorithmic idea:

As long as you find an augmenting path augment your matchingusing this path. When you arrive at a matching for which no

augmenting path exists you have a maximum matching.

Theorem 2

Let G be a graph, M a matching in G, and let u be a free vertex

w.r.t. M. Further letP denote an augmenting path w.r.t. M and

let M = M P denote the matching resulting from augmenting

M with P. If there was no augmenting path starting at u in M

then there is no augmenting path starting at u in M.

The above theorem allows for an easier implementation of an augment-ing path algorithm. Once we checked for augmenting paths startingfrom u we dont have to check for such paths in future rounds.




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Proof




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Proof

Assume there is an augmenting

path P w.r.t. M starting at u.




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Proof



If P and P are node-disjoint, P is

also augmenting path w.r.t. M ().




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g g g

Proof








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g g g

Proof





Let u be the first node on P that

is in P, and let e be the matchingedge from M incident to u.




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g g g

Proof










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Proof







EADS 18 Augmenting Paths for Matchings




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Proof







u splits P into two parts one of

which does not contain e. Call this

part P1. Denote the sub-path of P

from u to u with P1.





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Proof















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Proof











P1 P1 is augmenting path in M ().



How to find an augmenting path?


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Construct an alternating tree.





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Algorithm 50 BiMatch(G, match)


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1: for x V do mate[x] 0;

2: r 0; free n;

3: while free 1 and r < n do

4: r r + 1

5: ifmate[r ] = 0 then

6: for i = 1 to m do parent[i] 0

7: Q ; Q. append(r ); aug false;

8: while aug= false and Q do

9: x Q.dequeue();10: for y Ax do

11: ifmate[y] = 0 then

12: augm(mate,parent, y);

13: aug true;

14: free free 1;15: else

16: ifparent[y] = 0 then

17: parent[y] x;

18: Q. enqueue(mate[y]);

graph G = (S S, E)

S = {1, . . . , n}

S = {1, . . . , n}



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2: r 0; free n;


4: r r + 1








13: aug true;



17: parent[y] x;


start with an

empty matching



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2: r 0; free n;


4: r r + 1








13: aug true;



17: parent[y] x;


free: number of

unmatched nodes in

S

r: root of current tree



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2: r 0; free n;


4: r r + 1








13: aug true;



17: parent[y] x;


as long as there are

unmatched nodes andwe did not yet try to

grow from all nodes we

continue



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2: r 0; free n;


4: r r + 1








13: aug true;



17: parent[y] x;


r is the new node thatwe grow from.



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2: r 0; free n;


4: r r + 1








13: aug true;



17: parent[y] x;


If r is free start treeconstruction


f d [ ] 0


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2: r 0; free n;


4: r r + 15: ifmate[r ] = 0 then







13: aug true;



17: parent[y] x;


Initialize an empty tree.Note that only nodes i

have parent pointers.


1 f V d [ ] 0


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2: r 0; free n;









13: aug true;



17: parent[y] x;


Q is a queue (BFS!!!).

aug is a Boolean that

stores whether we

already found an

augmenting path.


1 f V d t [ ] 0


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2: r 0; free n;









13: aug true;



17: parent[y] x;


as long as we did not

augment and there arestill unexamined leaves

continue...


1 for x V do mate[x] 0;


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2: r 0; free n;









13: aug true;



17: parent[y] x;


take next unexaminedleaf




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2: r 0; free n;









13: aug true;



17: parent[y] x;


if x has unmatched

neighbour we found an

augmenting path (note

that y r because we

are in a bipartite graph)




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2: r 0; free n;









13: aug true;



17: parent[y] x;


do an augmentation...




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2: r 0; free n;









13: aug true;



17: parent[y] x;


setting aug= true

ensures that the treeconstruction will not

continue




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2: r 0; free n;









13: aug true;



17: parent[y] x;


reduce number of freenodes




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2: r 0; free n;









13: aug true;



17: parent[y] x;


if y is not in the tree yet




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2: r 0; free n;









13: aug true;



17: parent[y] x;


...put it into the tree




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[ ] ;

2: r 0; free n;









13: aug true;



17: parent[y] x;


add its buddy to the setof unexamined leaves

19 Weighted Bipartite Matching


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Weighted Bipartite Matching/Assignment

Input: undirected, bipartite graph G = L R, E. an edge e = (,r) has weight we 0

find a matching of maximum weight, where the weight of a

matching is the sum of the weights of its edges

Simplifying Assumptions (wlog [why?]):

assume that |L| = |R| = n

assume that there is an edge between every pair of nodes

(,r) V V

EADS 19 Weighted Bipartite Matching


Weighted Bipartite Matching


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Theorem 3 (Halls Theorem)

A bipartite graph G = (L R,E) has a perfect matching if and

only if for all sets S L, |(S)| |S|, where (S) denotes the set

of nodes in R that have a neighbour in S.



19 Weighted Bipartite Matching


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s t

1

2

3

4

5L R

1

2

3

4

5

S

Halls Theorem


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Proof:

Of course, the condition is necessary as otherwise not allnodes in S could be matched to different neigbhours.

For the other direction we need to argue that the minimum

cut in the graph G is at least |L|. Let S denote a minimum cut and let LS L S and

RS R S denote the portion of S inside L and R,respectively.

Clearly, all neighbours of nodes in LS have to be in S, as

otherwise we would cut an edge of infinite capacity. This gives RS |(LS)|.

The size of the cut is |L| |LS| + |RS|. Using the fact that |(LS)| LS gives that this is at least |L|.



Halls Theorem

f


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Proof:

Of course, the condition is necessary as otherwise not allnodes in S could be matched to different neigbhours.









Halls Theorem

P f


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Proof:

Of course, the condition is necessary as otherwise not all

nodes in S could be matched to different neigbhours.









Halls Theorem

P f


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Proof:











Halls Theorem

P f


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Proof:











Halls Theorem

Proof:


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Proof:











Halls Theorem

Proof:


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Proof:











Algorithm Outline

Idea:


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We introduce a node weighting x. Let for a node v V, xv 0

denote the weight of node v. Suppose that the node weights dominate the edge-weights

in the following sense:

xu + xv we for every edge e = (u,v).

Let H( x) denote the subgraph of G that only contains

edges that are tight w.r.t. the node weighting x, i.e. edges

e = (u,v) for which we = xu + xv .

Try to compute a perfect matching in the subgraph H( x). Ifyou are successful you found an optimal matching.



Algorithm Outline

Idea:


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Algorithm Outline

Idea:


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Algorithm Outline

Idea:


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Algorithm Outline


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Reason:

The weight of your matching M is

(u,v)Mw(u,v) =

(u,v)M(xu + xv ) =

v

xv .

Any other matching M has

(u,v)M

w(u,v)

(u,v)M

(xu + xv )

v

xv .



Algorithm Outline

Wh t if d t fi d f t t hi ?


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What if you dont find a perfect matching?

Then, Halls theorem guarantees you that there is a set S L,with |(S)| < |S|, where denotes the neighbourhood w.r.t. the

subgraph H(x).

Idea: reweight such that:

the total weight assigned to nodes decreases

the weight function still dominates the edge-weights

If we can do this we have an algorithm that terminates with an

optimal solution (we analyze the running time later).



Algorithm Outline



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subgraph H(x).








Algorithm Outline



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subgraph H(x).








Changing Node Weights

Increase node-weights in (S) by +, and decrease the

d i ht i S b


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node-weights in S by .

Total node-weight decreases.

Only edges from S to R (S)

decrease in their weight.

Since, none of these edges is

tight (otw. the edge would becontained in H(x), and hence

would go between S and (S))

we can do this decrement for

small enough > 0 until a new

edge gets tight.





node weights in S by


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edge gets tight.







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edge gets tight.







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edge gets tight.




Edges not drawn have weight 0.


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Ernst Mayr Harald Rcke 567/604




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= 1






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= 1






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Analysis

How many iterations do we need?

One reweighting step increases the number of edges out of


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S by at least one. Assume that we have a maximum matching that saturates

the set (S), in the sense that every node in (S) is matched

to a node in S (we will show that we can always find S and a

matching such that this holds). This matching is still contained in the new graph, because

all its edges either go between (S) and S or between L S

and R (S).

Hence, reweighting does not decrease the size of a

maximum matching in the tight sub-graph.



Analysis




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and R (S).





Analysis




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and R (S).





Analysis




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and R (S).





Analysis


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We will show that after at most n reweighting steps the size

of the maximum matching can be increased by finding an

augmenting path.

This gives a polynomial running time.






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Analysis

How do we find S?

Start on the left and compute an alternating tree, starting at

f d


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any free node u.

If this construction stops, there is no perfect matching in

the tight subgraph (because for a perfect matching we need

to find an augmenting path starting at u).

The set of even vertices is on the left and the set of odd

vertices is on the right and contains all neighbours of even

nodes.

All odd vertices are matched to even vertices. Furthermore,

the even vertices additionally contain the free vertex u.

Hence, |Vodd| = |(Veven)| < |Veven|, and all odd vertices aresaturated in the current matching.



Analysis

How do we find S?


f d


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any free node u.






nodes.






Analysis

How do we find S?


f d


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any free node u.






nodes.






Analysis

How do we find S?


any free node u


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any free node u.






nodes.






Analysis

The current matching does not have any edges from Vodd to

outside of L \ Veven (edges that may possibly be deleted by


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changing weights). After changing weights, there is at least one more edge

connecting Veven to a node outside ofVodd. After at most n

reweights we can do an augmentation.

A reweighting can be trivially performed in timeO

(n

2

)(keeping track of the tight edges).

An augmentation takes at most O(n) time.

In total we otain a running time of O(n4).

A more careful implementation of the algorithm obtains arunning time of O(n3).



Analysis




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A reweighting can be trivially performed in timeO

(n

2

)(keeping track of the tight edges).






Analysis




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A reweighting can be trivially performed in time O(n2)

(keeping track of the tight edges).






Analysis




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Analysis




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Analysis




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A Fast Matching Algorithm

Algorithm 50 Bimatch-Hopcroft-Karp(G)


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1: M 2: repeat

3: let P = {P1, . . . , P k} be maximal set of

4: vertex-disjoint, shortest augmenting path w.r.t. M.

5:M

M

(P1

Pk)

6: until P =

7: return M

We call one iteration of the repeat-loop a phase of the algorithm.

EADS 20 The Hopcroft-Karp Algorithm


AnalysisLemma 4

Given a matching M and a maximal matching M there exist

|M| |M| vertex-disjoint augmenting path w.r.t. M.


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Proof:

Similar to the proof that a matching is optimal iff it does not

contain an augmenting paths.

Consider the graph G = (V,M M), and mark edges in

this graph blue if they are in M and red if they are in M.

The connected components of G are cycles and paths.

The graph contains k |M| |M| more red edges than

blue edges.

Hence, there are at least k components that form a pathstarting and ending with a blue edge. These are

augmenting paths w.r.t. M.



AnalysisLemma 4




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Proof:







blue edges.





AnalysisLemma 4




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Proof:







blue edges.





AnalysisLemma 4




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Proof:







blue edges.





AnalysisLemma 4




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Proof:







blue edges.





AnalysisLemma 4




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Proof:







blue edges.





Analysis

Let P1, . . . , P k be a maximal collection of vertex-disjoint,


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shortest augmenting paths w.r.t. M (let = |Pi|).

M M (P1 Pk) = M P1 Pk.

Let P be an augmenting path in M.

Lemma 5

The set A M (M P ) = (P1 Pk) P contains at least

(k + 1) edges.



Analysis



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Lemma 5


(k + 1) edges.



Analysis



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Lemma 5


(k + 1) edges.



Analysis


| |


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Lemma 5


(k + 1) edges.



Analysis

P f


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Proof. The set describes exactly the symmetric difference between

matchings M and M P.

Hence, the set contains at least k + 1 vertex-disjoint

augmenting paths w.r.t. M as |M

| = |M| + k + 1. Each of these paths is of length at least .



Analysis

P f


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Analysis

P f


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AnalysisLemma 6

P is of length at least + 1. This shows that the length of a

shortest augmenting path increases between two phases of the

H ft K l ith


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Hopcroft-Karp algorithm.

Proof.

If P does not intersect any of the P1, . . . , P k, this follows

from the maximality of the set {P1, . . . , P k}.

Otherwise, at least one edge from P coincides with an edge

from paths {P1, . . . , P k}.

This edge is not contained in A.

Hence, |A| k + |P| 1.

The lower bound on |A| gives (k + 1) |A| k + |P| 1,

and hence |P| + 1.



AnalysisLemma 6



Hopcroft Karp algorithm


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Proof.






Hence, |A| k + |P| 1.


and hence |P| + 1.



AnalysisLemma 6





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Proof.






Hence, |A| k + |P| 1.


and hence |P| + 1.



AnalysisLemma 6





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Proof.






Hence, |A| k + |P| 1.


and hence |P| + 1.



AnalysisLemma 6





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Proof.






Hence, |A| k + |P| 1.


and hence |P| + 1.



AnalysisLemma 6



Hopcroft-Karp algorithm


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Proof.






Hence, |A| k + |P| 1.


and hence |P| + 1.



Analysis

If the shortest augmenting path w.r.t. a matching M has edges

then the cardinality of the maximum matching is of size at most


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then the cardinality of the maximum matching is of size at most|M| + |V|

+1.

Proof.

The symmetric difference between M and M contains

|M| |M| vertex-disjoint augmenting paths. Each of these

paths contains at least + 1 vertices. Hence, there can be at

most|V|

+1of them.



Analysis

If the shortest augmenting path w.r.t. a matching M has edges

then the cardinality of the maximum matching is of size at most


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then the cardinality of the maximum matching is of size at most|M| + |V|

+1.

Proof.

The symmetric difference between M and M contains

|M| |M| vertex-disjoint augmenting paths. Each of these

paths contains at least + 1 vertices. Hence, there can be at

most|V|

+1of them.



Analysis

Lemma 7

The Hopcroft-Karp algorithm requires at most 2

|V | phases


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The Hopcroft Karp algorithm requires at most2

|V| phases.

Proof.

After iteration

|V| the length of a shortest augmenting

path must be at least

|V| + 1

|V|. Hence, there can be at most |V|/(

|V| + 1)

|V|

additional augmentations.



Analysis

Lemma 7

The Hopcroft-Karp algorithm requires at most 2

|V | phases.


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The Hopcroft Karp algorithm requires at most2

|V| phases.

Proof.

After iteration

|V| the length of a shortest augmenting

path must be at least

|V| + 1

|V|. Hence, there can be at most |V|/(

|V| + 1)

|V|

additional augmentations.



Analysis

Lemma 8

One phase of the Hopcroft-Karp algorithm can be implemented

in time O(m).


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in time O(m).

Do a breadth first search starting at all free vertices in the

left side L.

(alternatively add a super-startnode; connect it to all free vertices

in L and start breadth first search from there)

The search stops when reaching a free vertex. However, the

current level of the BFS tree is still finished in order to find a

set F of free vertices (on the right side) that can be reached

via shortest augmenting paths.



Analysis Then a maximal set of shortest path from the leftmost layer

of the tree construction to nodes in F needs to be

computed.

Any such path must visit the layers of the BFS-tree from left

to right


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to right.

To go from an odd layer to an even layer it must use a

matching edge.

To go from an even layer to an odd layer edge it can use

edges in the BFS-tree or edges that have been ignoredduring BFS-tree construction.

We direct all edges btw. an even node in some layer to an

odd node in layer + 1 from left to right.

A DFS search in the resulting graph gives us a maximal set

of vertex disjoint path from left to right in the resulting

graph.




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s


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s


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s


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s

How to find an augmenting path?Construct an alternating tree.


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EADS 21 Maximum Matching in General Graphs




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Flowers and Blossoms

Definition 9

A flower in a graph G = (V,E) w.r.t. a matching M and a (free)

root node r, is a subgraph with two components:


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A stem is an even length alternating path that starts at the

root node r and terminates at some node w. We permit the

possibility that r = w (empty stem).

A blossom is an odd length alternating cycle that starts and

terminates at the terminal node w of a stem and has no

other node in common with the stem. w is called the base

of the blossom.




Definition 9




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of the blossom.




Definition 9




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of the blossom.




1

2 4 6 8


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3 5 7 9

1 2 3 4 5

6

7

8

9

10

11




Properties:

1. A stem spans 2 + 1 nodes and contains matched edgesfor some integer 0


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for some integer 0.

2. A blossom spans 2k + 1 nodes and contains k matched

edges for some integer k 1. The matched edges match all

nodes of the blossom except the base.3. The base of a blossom is an even node (if the stem is part of

an alternating tree starting at r).




Properties:



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for some integer 0.








Properties:



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for some integer 0.








Properties:

4. Every node x in the blossom (except its base) is reachable


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from the root (or from the base of the blossom) through two

distinct alternating paths; one with even and one with odd

length.

5. The even alternating path to x terminates with a matchededge and the odd path with an unmatched edge.




Properties:

4. Every node x in the blossom (except its base) is reachable


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from the root (or from the base of the blossom) through two

distinct alternating paths; one with even and one with odd

length.

5. The even alternating path to x terminates with a matchededge and the odd path with an unmatched edge.




6 8 10


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1 2 3 4 5

7 9 11



When during the alternating tree construction we discover a

blossom B we replace the graph G by G = G/B, which is

obtained from G by contracting the blossom B.


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Delete all vertices in B (and its incident edges) from G.

Add a new (pseudo-)vertex b. The new vertex b is

connected to all vertices in V \ B that had at least one edge

to a vertex from B.






f


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to a vertex from B.






D l ll i i B ( d i i id d ) f G


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to a vertex from B.



Shrinking Blossoms

Edges of T that connect a node u

not in B to a node in B become

tree edges in T connecting u tob.

w


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Matching edges (there is at most

one) that connect a node u not in

B to a node in B becomematching edges in M.

Nodes that are connected in G to

at least one node in B become

connected to b in G.

x y



Shrinking Blossoms

Edges of T that connect a node u

not in B to a node in B become

tree edges in T connecting u tob.


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Matching edges (there is at most

one) that connect a node u not in

B to a node in B becomematching edges in M.

Nodes that are connected in G to

at least one node in B become

connected to b in G.



Example: Blossom Algorithm


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EADS 21

Part Matchings

Documents

Transcript of Part Matchings