PART IX: EMERGENCY EXPOSURE SITUATIONS Module IX.1: Generic requirements for emergency exposure...

PART IX: EMERGENCY EXPOSURE SITUATIONS

Module IX.1: Generic requirements for emergency exposure situations

Lesson IX.1-2: General RequirementsLecture

IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources

Module IX.1 Generic requirements for emergency exposure situations

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Objective

To become familiar with the generic requirements for protection against emergency exposure situations .


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Scope

These requirements are applied to activities undertaken :

1. in preparedness for and

2. in response to

a nuclear or radiation emergency.

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Content

1- Establishment of the Emergency management system

2- The content of the Emergency management system

3- Public exposure: Preparedness and response to an emergency

4- Arrangements for controlling the exposure of emergency workers

5- Transition from an Emergency Exposure Situation to an Existing Exposure Situation


GENERIC REQUIREMENTS

Requirement - 1

Emergency management system

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Establishment of the Emergency management system

1- The government shall ensure that an emergency management system is established and maintained on the territories and within the jurisdiction of the State for emergency response to protect: human life, health and the environment

in the event of a nuclear or radiation emergency.


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Emergency Management System

1- shall be based on hazard assessment and enable an effective emergency response to foreseeable events in connection with facilities or activities.

2- shall be integrated into all-hazards.

3- shall provide for essential elements at the scene, and at the local, national and international level, as appropriate, including the following:

Module IX.1 Generic requirements for emergency

exposure situations

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Essential Elements

a) Hazard assessment;

b) Development and exercising of emergency plans and emergency procedures;

c) Clear allocation of responsibilities of persons and organizations having roles in the arrangements for emergency preparedness and response;

d) Arrangements for efficient and effective cooperation and coordination among organizations;



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Essential Elements (cont.)

e) Reliable communication, including public information;

f) Optimized protection strategies for the implementation and the termination of measures for the protection of members of the public and the environment.

g) Arrangements for the protection of emergency workers;

h) Education and training, all persons involved in emergency response.


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Essential Elements (cont.)

i) Preparations for the transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure situation;

j) Arrangements for the medical response;

k) Provision for individual monitoring and environmental monitoring and for dose assessment;

l) Involvement of relevant parties and interested parties.


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International Coordination

The government shall ensure the coordination of its emergency arrangements and capabilities with international emergency arrangements and conventions.


Requirement - 2

Preparedness and response to an emergency


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Preparedness and response to an emergency

1- The government shall ensure that protection strategies are: developed, justified, and optimized at the planning stage,

by using scenarios based on the hazard assessment, for avoiding: deterministic effects and reducing the likelihood of stochastic

effects due to public exposure.


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Preparedness and response to an emergency (cont.)

2- Development of a protection strategy shall include, but shall not be limited to, the following three successive steps:

3- Each protective action shall be justified in the context of the protection strategy.


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First step

A reference level expressed in terms of residual dose shall be set, typically an effective dose in the range 20–

100 mSv, that includes dose contributions via all exposure pathways.

The protection strategy shall include planning for residual doses to be as low as reasonably achievable below the reference level, and the strategy shall be optimized to reduce exposures below the reference level.


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Second Step

Generic criteria for particular protective actions and other actions, expressed in terms of projected dose or dose that has been received, shall be developed.

If the numerical values of the generic criteria are exceeded, those protective actions and other actions, either individually or in combination, shall be implemented.

Establishing Generic Criteria

Referencelevel of

residual dose

Generic criteria of projected

dose

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GENERIC CRITERIA FOR ACUTE DOSES FOR WHICH PROTECTIVE ACTIONS AND OTHER RESPONSE ACTIONS ARE EXPECTED TO BE UNDERTAKEN UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES TO AVOID OR TO

MINIMIZE SEVERE DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS


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Generic Criteria for Protective Actions and other Response Actions in Emergency Exposure Situations to Reduce the

Risk of Stochastic Effects that are compatible with reference levels within a range of 20–100 mSv.


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Third Step

Pre-established default triggers for initiating the different parts of an emergency plan, primarily for the initial phase, shall be derived from the generic criteria.

Default triggers, such as, operational intervention levels and emergency action levels, shall be expressed in terms of parameters or observable conditions.

Arrangements shall be established in advance to revise these triggers with the prevailing conditions.

Radiation Protection and Safety in the IAEA Framework of Emergency Preparedness and Response

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Developing a Strategy of Response to Emergency

Set reference level of residual dose between

20 mSv - 100 mSv

Establish adequate Generic Criteria of projected or received dose warranting

specific protective actions

Establish relevant default triggers:measurable parameters or observables

(e.g. OILs, EALs)


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4- The government shall ensure it is taken into consideration that: emergencies are dynamic,

decisions taken early in the response may have an impact on subsequent actions, and

different geographical areas may have different prevailing conditions and different requirements for the response.


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5- The government shall ensure that the response is undertaken through the timely implementation, including but not limited to:

(a) Promptly implementing protective actions.

(b) Assessing the effectiveness of the actions implemented

(c) Comparing residual doses with the applicable reference level.

(d) Implementing further protection strategies as necessary.


Requirement - 3

Arrangements for controlling the exposure of emergency workers


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Arrangements for controlling the exposure of emergency workers

1- The government shall establish a programme for: managing, controlling and Recording

the doses received in an emergency by emergency workers,

2- The programme shall be implemented by response organizations and employers.


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Arrangements for controlling the exposure of emergency workers (cont.)

3- The response organization and employers responsible for ensuring compliance with the following requirements which shall be specified in the emergency plan:


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Requirements for the exposure of emergency workers

1- The relevant requirements for occupational exposure in planned exposure situations shall be applied for emergency workers. Except!

2- No emergency worker is subject to an exposure in excess of 50 mSv other than:1. For the purposes of saving life or preventing

serious injury;

2. When undertaking actions to prevent severe deterministic effects.; or

3. When undertaking actions to avert a large collective dose


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Requirements for the exposure of emergency workers (cont.)

3- All reasonable efforts shall be taken to keep doses to emergency workers below the values set out in the values in this table.


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4- Ensure that emergency workers : undertake actions the doses might exceed 50

mSv do so voluntarily; they have been informed of the associated

health risks, and of available protective measures; and

they are, trained to do actions.

5- Take all reasonable steps to assess and record the doses received by emergency workers.


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6- Workers who receive doses in an emergency exposure situation shall not normally be precluded from incurring further occupational exposure.

However, qualified medical advice shall be obtained before any further occupational exposure if a worker has received a dose exceeding 200 mSv or at the request of the worker.


Requirement - 4

Transition from an Emergency Exposure Situation to an Existing Exposure Situation


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Transition From an Emergency Exposure Situation to an Existing Exposure Situation

1- The government shall ensure that, as part of its overall emergency preparedness, arrangements are in place for the transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure situation.

The arrangements shall take into account that different geographic areas may undergo the transition at different times.


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Transition From an Emergency Exposure Situation to an Existing Exposure Situation (cont.)

2- Workers undertaking work such as repairs to plant and buildings or activities for radioactive waste management or remedial work for the decontamination of the site and surrounding areas, shall be subject to the relevant requirements for occupational exposure in planned exposure situations.

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Summary

The lecture present the four generic requirements for protection against emergency exposure situations which were:

1- The government shall ensure that an integrated and coordinated emergency management system is established and maintained.

2- The government shall ensure that protection strategies are developed, justified and optimized at the planning stage, and that emergency response is undertaken through their timely implementation.



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Summary (cont.)

3- The government shall establish a programme for managing, controlling and recording the doses received in an emergency by emergency workers.

4- The government shall ensure that arrangements are in place and are implemented as appropriate for the transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure situation.

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Where to Get More Information

IAEA Safety Standards, “Criteria for Use in Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency”, General Safety Guide, No. GSG-2, VIENNA, 2011.

IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS, “Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources”, Draft Safety Requirements DS379 (Draft 5.0), International Basic Safety Standards March 2011 Edition.

IAEA Safety Standards, “Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency”, SAFETY REQUIREMENTS, SERIES No. GS-R-2, VIENNA, 2002..


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