Part I WHAT IS A CITY? Geography 1050 The Geography of Cities.
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Transcript of Part I WHAT IS A CITY? Geography 1050 The Geography of Cities.
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Part I
WHAT IS A CITY?
Geography 1050
The Geography of Cities
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In the ‘FertileCrescent’, the Valley of theTigris and Euphrates
in what is nowIraq
during the4th millennium BC
Cities have been ‘invented’ several times
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In the Nile Valleyca. 3000 BC
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In the Indus Valleyof Pakistanca 2500 BC
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Other Places of Urban ‘Invention’
• The Yangtze Valley, ca 2000 BC
• The Americas: Inca ca 800 AD
Aztec ca 600 AD
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Manchu Picchu., c. 2002. Evidence of urbanization here beginning at least 800 AD.
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Roman Empire
Inca Empire
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The morphology of citieshas changed dramatically
over the millennia,
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AthensFourth Century
BC
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Rome in the 2nd Century AD
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Gustav Dore’s View of London 1878
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Canary Wharf, Isle of Dogs, London
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Timbouktou, Mali
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Timbouktou, MaliA UNESCOWorld Heritage Site
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Sankore Mosque/University
Djingareiber Mosque
Centre of learning by 965 AD
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Multiple urban origins, similar functions
• Cities have always served more of less the same functions, providing sites of
– Defense
– Places of worship
– Education
– Fostering of culture
– Administration
– Shelter
– Production and Consumption
• Processes/Properties of the City (manual, p. 89) – Production
– Reproduction
– Proximity
– Capitalization
– Sense of Place
– Governance
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Four Ways of DefiningThe City
1. Social - Demographic 2. Functional or Economic3. Legal or Administrative4. Statistical
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Definition 1: Social - Demographic
• A city can is a human settlement A city can is a human settlement that is: that is: – Large Large – Densely populated Densely populated – Permanent Permanent – Socially heterogeneous, housing non Socially heterogeneous, housing non
agricultural specialists and a literate agricultural specialists and a literate eliteelite
(Louis Wirth, (Louis Wirth,
1938)1938)
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The Importance of Density(Manual, p. 94)
How dense is dense?(persons/km2)
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Downtown St. John’s 4,000
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Chinatown, Toronto9,000
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St. Jamestown, Toronto80,000
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Mumbai43,000
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Definition 2: Functional or Economic
The function of a city is to provide goods and services to its own people and (usually) to a surrounding population (local, regional, national or global) as well
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Defining a city
2. Functional or Economic
• Only a small proportion of the population is engaged in primary activities such as fishing, farming or forestry
• Most of the population is engaged in ‘secondary’, ‘tertiary’ or ‘quaternary’ activities• Manufacturing• Trade (wholesale, retail)• Finance• Administration• Education• Religion
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Definition 3: Legal or Administrative
A city usually has a legal existence, incorporated as a city or town under some appropriate legislation, and with a defined territory.
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St. John’s was incorporated in 1888
St. John’s, 1859
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• Prior to that it did not exist legally.
• But it did exist as a large, densely populated, permanent, socially heterogeneous settlement (Definition 1), and it performed urban economic functions (Definition 2) for the country.
St. John’s, 1859
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Definition 4: Statistical
Statistical agencies like Statistical agencies like Statistics Statistics CanadaCanada make their own definitions of make their own definitions of cities.cities.
Usually the purpose is to define a Usually the purpose is to define a metropolitan area that approximates the metropolitan area that approximates the area thatarea that functions as a single functions as a single urban settlementurban settlement..
The The Census Metropolitan Area (CMA)Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) isis the most common of these statistical areas. the most common of these statistical areas.
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This map shows
the two cities of St.
John’s and Mount
Pearl, and ten of
the towns on the
Avalon Peninsula.
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• The goal is to define a metropolitan area that approximates the area that functions as a single urban settlement – in Canada we attempt to delineate the area defined by the daily labourshed.
• The Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) is the most common of these statistical areas.
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Diagram of CMA
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The Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) according to StatsCan
• The CMA is an area consisting of an urban core plus one or more adjacent municipalities situated around the core. To form a census metropolitan area, the urban core must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the central urban area, as measured by commuting flows.
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Census Subdivision-St. John’s CMA Pop. % change
St. John’s 100,646 1.5
Mount Pearl 24,671 -1.2
Conception Bay South 21,966 11.1
Paradise 12,584 31.1
Portugal Cove-St. Philips 6,575 12.1
Torbay 6,281 14.7
Logy Bay-Middle Cove-OuterCove 1,978 5.7
Pouch Cove 1,756 5.2
Flatrock 1,214 6.7
Bay Bulls 1,078 6.3
Witless Bay 1,070 1.3
Petty Harbour-Maddox Cove 915 -3.6
Bauline 379 4.1
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Toronto 5,113,149
Montreal 3,635,571
Vancouver 2,116,581
Ottawa-Gatineau 1,130,761
Calgary 1,079,310,
Edmonton 1,034,945
Quebec 715,515
Winnipeg 694,668
Hamilton 692,911
London 457,720
Kitchener 451,235
St. Catharines-Niagara 390,317
Halifax 372,858
CMA Population
2006Rank 1-13
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CMA’s 14 to 27
14 Oshawa* 330,594
15 Victoria 330,088
16 Windsor 323,342
17 Saskatoon 233,923
18 Regina 194,971
19 Sherbrooke 181,113
20 St. John’s 181,113 21 Barrie* 177,061
22 Kelowna* 162,276
23 Abbotsford 159,020
24 Greater Sudbury 158,258
25 Kingston 152,358
26 Saguenay 151,643
27 Trois Rivieres 151,529