PART I THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

The locomotor system includes bones ， joints and muscles ．

Chapter 1 Osteology (Bone System) Section 1 General Description一、 Classification of Bones According to their shape ， four kinds of bones a

re classified ． Those are long ， short ， flat and irregular bones ．

1 Long Bones ： a shaft or body and two ends or extremities. Epiphyses and epiphysial cartilage.

2 Short Bones 3 Flat Bones 4 Irregular Bones In addiction, sesamoid bone.

二、 The Structure of Bones Bones consist of bony substance, periosteum and

bone marrow, and are abundant in blood and nerve supply.

1 Bony substance: the compact or dense bone and the cancellous or spongy bone

2 Periosteum 3 Bone Marrow : the red marrow and the yellow m

arrow 4 The blood and nerve of bones

三、 The Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Bones

The organic component → resilience and toughness

The inorganic component → hardness and rigidity

四、 The Functions of Bones

Section 2 The Bones of Trunk

include the vertebrae, the sternum, and the ribs.

一、 The Vertebrae

Number child adult Cervical vertebrae 7 7 Thoracic vertebrae 12 12 Lumbar vertebrae 5 5 Sacral vertebrae 5 1 Coccygeal vertebrae 3 ～ 4 1

（一） General Features of the Vertebrae vertebral body 1. → vertebral foramen vertebral arch： pedicles and laminae seven processes, viz., four articular and two transverse processes and a spine 2.intervertebral foramen

Structure of vertebrae

（二） The Main Characteristics of Vertebrae in Each Region 1 The cervical vertebrae (7 in number) a. transverse foramen b. bifid spines （ except the first and the seventh ） The C1 known as the atlas. The C2 known as axis. The C7 known as vertebra prominens.

Cervical vertebrae

Atlas and Axis

2 The thoracic vertebrae (12 in number)

a. costal facets (on each side of their bodies and on their transverse processes )

b. sloping caudaward spines

Thoracic vertebrae (sup. view)

Thoracic vertebrae (lat. View)

3 The lumbar vertebrae (5 in number) a. large body b. horizontal quadrilateral spines

4 The sacrum promontory 、 sacral hiatus 、 sacral cornua

or horns

5 The coccyx

一、 The Ribs (Costae)

1 costal bone : head, neck and body → costal groove

2 costal cartilage

二、    The Sternum Manubrium sternal angle body xiphoid process

Sternal angle