Part B – AD and brain systems (1.4 MB)
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Transcript of Part B – AD and brain systems (1.4 MB)
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HOW CAN NEUROIMAGING HELP UNDERSTAND, DIAGNOSE, AND
DEVELOP TREATMENTS FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE?
Part B – AD and brain systems NUCLEAR MEDICINE GRAND ROUNDS
Stanford University
J. Wesson Ashford, M.D., Ph.D.
Clinical Professor (affiliated), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesSenior Research Scientist, Stanford / VA Aging Clinical Research
Stanford University and VA Palo Alto Health Care System
January 5, 2010
Slides at: www.medafile.com (Dr. Ashford’s lectures)
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Sensory, Perception, Memory systems of cortex – Ashford, Coburn, Fuster, 1998
Alzheimer pathology affects regions of the cortex that have a high capacity and responsibility for memory storage
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BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL SYSTEMS AFFECTED BY ADNEUROPLASTIC MECHANISMS AFFECTED AT ALL LEVELS
(Ashford, Mattson, Kumar, 1998)
• SOCIAL SYSTEMS• INSTRUMENTAL ADLs - EARLY• BASIC ADLs - LATE
• PSYCHOLOGICAL SYSTEMS• PRIMARY LOSS OF SHORT-TERM MEMORY
– LEARNING PROCESSES – CLASSICAL, OPERANT
• LATER LOSS OF LEARNED SKILLS
• NEURONAL MEMORY SYSTEMS • CORTICAL GLUTAMATERGIC STORAGE• SUBCORTICAL
– (acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin) • CELLULAR PLASTIC PROCESSES
– APP metabolism – early, broad cortical distribution– TAU hyperphosphorylation – late, focal effect, dementia related
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Alpha-secretase is stimulated by acetylcholinethrough muscarinic receptor
Favored when lipid raft too thick
Lipid raftFormed by cholesterolTransported by ApoE (from macroglia)
intracellularextra cellular
NEXIN? To establishnew connections Amyloid –beta:
? Free-radical generator? To remove old synapsesTurn-over – 8 hoursClearance – IDE, APOEJW Ashford, MD PhD, 2007
APP – formedduring learning- XS in Downs
Residual (not processed by -secretase)
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Acetylcholine activity stimulates alpha-secretase and inhibits tau phosphorylation
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Estimate MMSE as a function of time
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Estimated years into illness
MM
SE
scor
e
AAMI / MCI/ early AD -- DEMENTIA
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE COURSE
Ashford et al., 1995
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PATHOLOGY IN DENDRITES RELATES TO HIGH VOLUMES OF
TRANSPORT TO SUPPORT SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY
Shown on the next slides is a view which reflects observations from a double labeling (with PHF-1 and MAP-2) analysis of neurons in the cortex affected by Alzheimer’s disease (Ashford et al., 1998).
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Ashford et al., 1998J Neuropathol Exp Neurol.57:972
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Progression of tau hyperphosphorylation to neuropil threads and neurofibrillary tangles
Ashford et al., 1998, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol.57:972
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APOE, Alzheimer Hypothesis
• APOE (apo-lipo-protein E) is a cholesterol chaperone
• Cholesterol metabolsim is a central part of synaptic plasticity (Koudinov & Koudinov, 2001)
• APOE genotype has a strongly established relationship with AD risk
• CAVEAT – the APOE protein variations (e2, e3, e4) do not have a clear role in the causation of Alzheimer pathology
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Dementia rate, for Td = 5 yrs
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
50 60 70 80 90 100
Age
Nu
mb
er
of
peo
ple
/yr
mean rateAPOE 4/4APOE 3/4APOE 3/3presenilin
JW Ashford, MD PhD, 2003; See: Raber et al., 2004
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Probability Not Demented
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1
50 60 70 80 90 100
Age
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f p
op
ula
tio
n
mean rate
APOE 4/4
APOE 3/4
APOE 3/3
JW Ashford, MD PhD, 2003
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JW Ashford, MD PhD, 2000
U.S. AD Incidence by APOE(proportion of cases)
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1
50 60 70 80 90 100Age
Pro
po
rtio
n /
Yea
r 4/4
3/43/3
e4/4 – 2% of pop, 20% of casese3/4 - 20% of pop, 40% of casese3/3 - 65% of pop, 35% of cases
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APOE AND EVOLUTION(The original allele was APOE-4, the 3 allele
appeared about 300,000 years ago, and the 2 allele appeared about 200,000 years ago)
• Does APOE-e2 or e3 do a safer job of supporting the remodelling of dendrites, to minimize the stress on a neuron over time?
• Demented elderly cannot foster their young or compete– APOE AS AN AGENT TO SUPPORT SUCCESSFUL AGING IN
GRANDMOTHERS– APOE AS AN AGENT TO SUPPORT THE DOMINANCE OF
ELDERLY MALES OVER YOUNGER MALES
• APOE genotype may be in close linkage-dysequilibrium with a neighboring gene that is specifically responsible for the vulnerability to Alzheimer’s disease (possibly TOMM-40)