Part 5 Dietary Supplements H_Tripathi

Dietary Supplements Summary:

• A dietary supplement is defined as an ingested product, intended to supplement the diet, which bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: – a vitamin; a mineral;

– an herb or other botanical;

– an amino acid;

• a dietary substance for use by human to supplement the diet by increasing total dietary intake

• a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any ingredient described above.

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H Tripathi, Functional Foods, B.Sc. FST, AIILSG Ahmedabad

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Vitamins and Minerals as Dietary Supplements • Vitamins are organic compounds that cannot be

synthesized by the body. Vitamins are necessary for our body for proper functioning.

• Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble. Due to this, fat soluble vitamins can be stored for the body’s future use.

• Water soluble vitamins, including vitamins B group and C. Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored by the body. Therefore, these vitamins need to be replenished through daily diet in order to avoid deficiencies.

• Vitamin deficiencies can interfere with metabolic processes and cause severe illness. Scurvy is the result of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) deficiency.

1/31/2014 H Tripathi, Functional Foods, B.Sc. FST,

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• Minerals are inorganic elements and salts extracted from the earth.

• The human body requires a substantial amount of the major minerals for healthy survival, e.g. calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur.

• The trace minerals are needed in much smaller amounts, e.g. chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc.

• Like vitamins, minerals need to be acquired in the diet to avoid deficiencies such as anemia, which can result from insufficient iron intake.

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• An herbal remedy is a plant or plant part (root, flower, leaf, fruit) that is used for its medicinal or therapeutic properties.

• A dietary supplement ingredients also include amino acids, metabolites, and extracts.

• Amino acids can be categorized into three groups: indispensable (essential), condition-ally indispensable, and dispensable (non-essential).


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• Indispensable amino acids must be consumed in the diet.

• Conditionally indispensable amino acids can be synthesized by the human body under most conditions, but may require dietary supplementation under certain pathophysiological conditions, such as catabolic stress or neonatal prematurity.

• Five amino acids are dispensable, meaning that they can be synthesized from other amino acids or complex metabolites.


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• Metabolites are substances that are produced by metabolic action or are necessary for a metabolic process.

• An extract is a substance, usually a biologically active ingredient of plant or animal tissue, prepared by the use of solvents or evaporation to separate the substance from the original material.


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• A generous intake of calcium plus vitamin D demonstrably helps

– build optimum bone mass during Child-hood and adolescence and

– also slows the rate of bone loss that naturally occurs with aging.

– The Dietary Supplements of calcium and vitamin D proved to be effective in maintaining or increasing bone density, and potentially in protecting health.


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Garlic

Used orally

•as an antioxidant •to reduce cholesterol and triglycerides •to reduce hardening of the arteries and blood clotting •to reduce blood pressure; to prevent cancer •to protect the liver •as an antibiotic, antiviral, and antifungal •to increase the effects of the immune system •to reduce blood sugar levels •to reduce menstrual pain


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Topical Uses •corns •warts •calluses •ear infections •muscle pain •nerve pain •arthritis •sciatica


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Benefits and Risks of Supplements: Vitamins

Supplement Benefits from Supplement Warnings

Vitamin A

Retinol

Persons with skin

problems like acne and

psoriasis

Inflammation of the

membrane lining the

abdominal cavity

Person with

osteoarthritis

Those with poor night

vision

High dose can cause

itching skin, blurred

vision, and headache

Avoid taking for

skin problems, if you

are pregnant or

taking oral

contraceptive


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Vitamin B1

Thiamine

Person with

weakened immune

system

Regular alcohol

drinkers or

smokers

No known problems

Vitamin B2

Riboflavin

Vegetarian

Athletes

Those who suffer

from regular

migraine headache

Skin problems –

acne, eczema,

ulcers

High doses may

upset stomach


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Niacin

Vitamin B3

Person with high

blood cholesterol

Niacin is prescribed at

high doses

Best to take niacin with

meals to reduce stomach

upset

Avoid if you have a lever

problems

Check with your doctor

before taking Niacin

supplements

Vitamin B6

Peridoxine

Person who take poor

diet, older persons,

heavy alcohol drinkers

Women taking oral

contraceptives

Persons using asthma

or tuberculosis

medications

Taken with Vita. B12

and folate

Higher doses can cause

numbness and tingling in

fingers and toes

Very high dose for longer

can cause liver damage and

nerve damage

Supplements with this

vitamin may lead to kidney

stones


before taking Vita. B6

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Vitamin B12

Cobalamins

Vegetarians

Persons with

anemia,

Persons with

difficulty

absorbing from

food

Taken with Vita.

B6 and folate

No known problems

Folate Folic

acid, Vitamin

B9

Pregnant women

Persons with difficulty

absorbing from food

Persons with liver

disease or on kidney

dialysis

Taken with Vita. B6 and

B12

High doses may cause

bright yellow urine, fever,

shortness of breath, rash,

diarrhea, nausea, loss of

appetite


before taking folate

supplements if you have

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Vitamin C

Ascorbic acid

Regular drinkers or

smokers

Persons with

severe burns,

pneumonia,

tuberculosis,

rheumatic fever

High doses can cause

nausea, vomiting,

diarrhea and headache

High doses may interfere

with absorption of copper

and selenium

Vitamin D

Calciferol

Those who do not get

enough sunlight

Persons who cannot

absorb fats from

intestine

Persons over the age of

65, who makes less Vita.

D in their bodies when

skin is exposed to

sunlight

High doses can cause

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,

constipation, headache,

lack frequent urination of

appetite, weight loss,

High doses taken over

longer time can lead to

kidney trouble


for the supplements 1/31/2014


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Vitamin E

Tocopherol Persons at risk of

Alzheimer’s disease


dizziness, fatigue,

headache, diarrhea,

nausea, blurred vision

Aviod two weeks before

and after surgery

Consult with your doctor

for guidelines

Vitamin K

Phylloquinone

Babies, given as an

injection at birth to

prevent bleeding

Women during and after

the menopause, to

decrease bone loss

Persons with liver

disease, jaundice

Vita. K reverses the

effect of blood

thinning


allergic reactions and

brain damages to

babies


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bringing a much required freshness to your life!

Part 5 Dietary Supplements H_Tripathi

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