Part 2: The Components of Culture
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Transcript of Part 2: The Components of Culture
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Part 2: The Components of Culture
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5 Components of Culture• Technology, Symbols, Language,
Values, & Norms• Components vary:
–Within cultures–Between cultures–Over the course of
time
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Technology• DEFINITION:
knowledge and tools people use for practical purposes
• Sociologists are not only interested in skills but also the rules of acceptable behavior when using material culture
darn
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Symbols• DEFINITION: cultural
representations of reality; carry meaning
• Any word, gesture, image, sound, physical object, event or element of the natural world
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Hand gestures in different cultures…why the Biebs needs to be careful!
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Language• DEFINITION: a
system of verbal and written representations that are culturally specific; convey meaning about the world
• Critical to the transmission of culture
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Language• Does language shape
reality?• Sapir-Whorf
Hypothesis:• People perceive the world
through the cultural lens of language
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Values & Beliefs
• DEFINITION: culturally defined standards about what is good, right, fair and just
• Serve as broad guidelines for social living
• Values held by a group help determine character of its people and kinds of material/non-material culture they create
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Norms• DEFINITION: rules &
expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
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Norms • Discussion Questions:• What are some examples of social
norms in our society?• What happens if you violate a social
norm in our society?• What are some examples of social
norms that have changed over time?• What are some examples of social
norms in other countries?
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Norms• Norms vary around the world
according to culture*:• Bulgaria: A nod means no, and a shake of the head
from side to side means yes• Great Britain: Never touch the Queen, not even to
gently guide her & don’t shake her hand unless she extends it to you first
• Germany: Shaking hands while your other hand is in your pocket is considered impolite
• Greece: Unlike the British, the Greeks do not respect lines, or queues, in public places
• Italy: Italians consider it unfeminine for a woman to pour wine
• Russia: Whistling at public gatherings is a sign of disagreement & disapproval
• Turkey: It is considered rude to cross your arms over your chest or to put your hands in your pockets while talking to someone
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Norms • Oman: It is an insult to sit in such a way as to face
your host with the soles of your shoes showing. Do not place your feet on a desk, table, or chair
• Iran: Shaking hands with a child shows respect of his or her parents
• Saudi Arabia: At political events, it is customary for men to greet elders and dignitaries by kissing their right front shoulder
• China: Some pushing and shoving in stores or when boarding public transportation is common and not considered rude
• India: Since the head is considered a sacred part of the body in India, you should not pat children on the head or touch an older person’s head
• Japan: Women should avoid wearing high heels in order to avoid towering over their male counterparts
• South Korea: Koreans, especially women, cover their mouths when laughing to avoid showing the inside of their mouths
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Norms• Norms vary according to context of
behavior– Ex: Murderer vs Soldier or Police Officer– Another example…
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Folkways v. Mores• 2 Types of Norms: Folkways vs.
Mores• Folkways: • Norms that refer to a society’s
customs for routine, casual interaction
• Mores (MOR-ayz): • Norms that refer to a society’s
standards regarding proper moral conduct
• More serious mores become laws
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Sanctions• Definition: • Rewards or
punishments used to enforce conformity to norms
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Sanctions• Positive v. Negative Sanctions
–Positive: an action that rewards a particular kind of behavior
–Negative: a punishment or threat of punishment used to enforce conformity
• Formal v. Informal Sanctions–Formal: Reward/punishment given
by a formal organization such as a school, gov’t
– Informal: spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or group
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Norm Violation