Part 1 Carbohydrates. Energy Release When bonds are broken, __________ is released for use by the...
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Transcript of Part 1 Carbohydrates. Energy Release When bonds are broken, __________ is released for use by the...
![Page 1: Part 1 Carbohydrates. Energy Release When bonds are broken, __________ is released for use by the cell energy Sucrose: A disaccharide GlucoseFructose.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649ca45503460f94965270/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Part 1
• Carbohydrates
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Energy Release
• When bonds are broken, __________ is released for use by the cell
energy
Sucrose: A disaccharideGlucose Fructose
Monosaccharides
ATP
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Energy Storage
Glucose: A Monosaccharide Fructose: A Monosaccharide
• When bonds are made, energy (E) is stored
Sucrose: A dissaccharide
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Carbohydrates
1. Carbohydrates are:– an important energy (E) source– Cellular structures
2. Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1
3. General Formula (CH2O)nCH2O
Water = hydrateCarbon hydrate
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Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) – Contain 3-7 Carbons each
• Examples: Glucose, Galactose, FructoseGlucose
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Types of Carbohydrates, cont…
Disaccharides (two sugars)• Examples: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose
– Maltose = Glucose + Glucose– Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
Sucrose
Glucose Fructose
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Types of Carbohydrates, cont…
Polysaccharides (many sugars)• Examples: Starch, Glycogen, CelluloseStarch Cellulose
Chloroplast Starch
Glycogen
Liver Cell
Plant Cells
Plant Cells
Cellulose
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Check for Understanding…I’m a carbohydrate polymer made of 4 monomers. What are my monomers called?
Monosaccharides, of course!
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Part 2Bond Energy and Energy Storing
CompoundsATP, NADPH, FADH2, NADH
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How is energy released?
• When bonds are made by dehydration synthesis, energy is stored within the bonds of the compound.
Sucrose: A disaccharideGlucose Fructose
Monosaccharides
ATP
OH HO
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How is energy released?
• When bonds are broken by hydrolysis, __________ is released from the bondsenergy
Sucrose: A disaccharideGlucose Fructose
Monosaccharides
ATP
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What are some examples of common energy storing
compounds?
1. ATP (Most important usable energy for the cell.)
2. NADPH
3. FADH2
4. NADH
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How is ATP made?
• ATP is made from the precursor AMP (Adenosine Mono-phosphate)
• If a phophate and energy is added to AMP, ADP is created.
• Furthermore, if another phosphate is added to ADP, ATP is created.
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How ATP is Made
• AMP
• ADP
• ATP
A
A
A
P P
P P P
P
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Equation for ATP synthesis
• ADP + P + energy ATP
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How are NADPH, FADH2, and NADH made?
• NADP+ + H+ + electrons NADPH• FAD+ + 2H+ + electrons FADH2
• NAD+ + H+ + electrons NADH• Notice that high energy electrons and
hydrogen ions (H+) are needed to create NADPH, FADH2 and NADH.
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Part 3Introduction to Photosynthesis
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1. Mesophyll
1. Mesophyll
A layer of cells that contain & are responsible for most of the plant’s photosynthesis
chloroplasts
Page 2
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2. Stomata
Openings in plant leaves that allow for to occur
(CO2) passes in and (O2) passes out.
CO2
O2
gas exchange
Carbon Dioxide Oxygen
Page 2
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Mesophyll Cell
3. Chloroplast
The site of Photosynthesis
Double-membrane bound organelle
5. Inner membrane
4. Outer membrane
Page 2
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6. Stroma7. Thylakoid
8. Grana
8. Grana
resides in these membranes
Chlorophyll
Page 2
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Pathway of Photosynthesis
On your own, balance this equation:
CO2 + H2O + (Light) C6H12O6 + O2
Reactants must equal Products
16 66
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
6
12
6
12
18 18
Page 4
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Thylakoid
Label the image in your notes, and fill in the notes provided
Page 4
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Page 4
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Page 4
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Photosynthesis: The Light Reaction
• are chemical factories powered by the sun.
• Their thylakoids transform light energy into the energy of
and .
Page 5
Chloroplasts
NADPH ATP
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Page 5
The Nature of Light
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• The particles of light are called
.
Page 5
The Nature of Light
photons
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Why are leaves green?Substances that absorb light are called
Page 5
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids
Chlorophyll absorbs and light, reflecting
pigments
red blue green
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Fluorescence of ChlorophyllE
nerg
y of
ele
ctro
n
Photon
Chlorophyll molecule
e-
Heat
Fluorescence
Ground state
High energy state
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Photosystems: Harvest LightPhoton
Transfer of Energy Antenna pigment molecules
Reaction Center Chlorophyll
Primary Electron AcceptorElectron Transfer (high energy state)
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Light ReactionE
nerg
y of
Ele
ctro
ns
Primary Acceptor
2 e-
H2O
1) photons
2H+ + O2
2e-
Photosystem II Photosystem I
2) Spliiting of water releases O2
gas and refills 2e- to the chlorophill pigment
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
3) Electrons “fall” in energy, moving through a protein complex called the ETC, and ATP is created from this energy
ATP
2e-
4) photons
Primary Acceptor 2e-
ETCNADP+ + H+
NADPH making enzyme
NADPH
5)
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Mechanical analogy for the light reactions
1. Photon excites an electron in Photosystem II
2. ATP is produced during this stage (ETC)
3. The electron moves on to Photosystem I
4. An electron is excited by another photon
5. NADPH is produced
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ATP Synthetase
• An enzyme embedded in the
Thylakoid membrane
thylakoid membrane
• Creates ATP from the electron’s energy in the ETC
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ProteinComplex
Enzyme
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Summary of the Light Reaction
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+ ++ +
+ +
ATP
+++
+
++
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
2e-4e-
NADPH
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Dark Reaction:An Overview
• The General Formula for Photosynthesis is:
6CO2 + 6H2O + (Light ) C6H12O6 +6O2
• Which of these reactants has not been accounted for so far?
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ATP & NADPH energy are used to convert
CO2 into glucoseNADPH
ATP
CO2
Sugar!
This is done in a three-phase cycle…
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STEP 1: Carbon fixation
5-Carbon Sugar (RuBP)
+ CO2
two 3-Carbon Compounds (PGA)
RuBP PGA
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ATP and NADPH energy is used
This energy rearranges atoms of PGA
PGA changes into PGAL, a different 3-carbon sugar
PGAL
Phase 2: Makes PGAL, a 3-Carbon sugar
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PGAL
Phase 2: Makes PGAL, a 3-Carbon sugar
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Let’s play the photosynthesis magnet board race!
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