Part 1: Aircraft measurements during CONTRACE Stohl et al., submitted to J. Geophys. Res.

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1. A Chemical Characterization of North American Pollution Plumes over Europe 2. A 15-Year Climatology of Global Warm Conveyor Belt (WCB) Transport A. Stohl 1 , H. Huntrieser 2 , O. Cooper 3 , S. Eckhardt 1 , C. Forster 1 , P. James 1 , J. Heland 2 , H. Mannstein 2 , H. Schlager 2 , B. Rappenglück 4 , W. Junkermann 4 , F. Arnold 5 , H. Aufmhoff 5 , S. Wilhelm 5 1 Technical University of Munich, Germany 2 DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany 3 NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, USA 4 Research Center Karlsruhe, Germany 5 Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany

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Transcript of Part 1: Aircraft measurements during CONTRACE Stohl et al., submitted to J. Geophys. Res.

Page 1: Part 1: Aircraft measurements during CONTRACE Stohl et al., submitted to  J. Geophys. Res.

1.

A Chemical Characterization of North American Pollution Plumes over Europe

2.A 15-Year Climatology of Global

Warm Conveyor Belt (WCB) Transport

A. Stohl1, H. Huntrieser2, O. Cooper3, S. Eckhardt1, C. Forster1,P. James1, J. Heland2, H. Mannstein2, H. Schlager2, B. Rappenglück4, W.

Junkermann4, F. Arnold5, H. Aufmhoff5, S. Wilhelm5

1 Technical University of Munich, Germany 2 DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany

3 NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, USA 4 Research Center Karlsruhe, Germany

5 Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany

Page 2: Part 1: Aircraft measurements during CONTRACE Stohl et al., submitted to  J. Geophys. Res.

Part 1:Aircraft measurements during CONTRACE

Stohl et al., submitted to J. Geophys. Res.

Aim of the first campaign in November 2001:

To study the role of WCBs for intercontinental pollution transport

Due to successful model forecasts, 3 North American plumes were encountered

3 cases were quite similar, only 1 case presented here

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Tracer simulations using FLEXPART

FLEXPART is a Lagrangian particle dispersion modelno chemistry, only transport

3 carbon monoxide emission tracers (EDGAR)AsiaEuropeNorth America

Stratospheric ozone tracer

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Transport of North American CO tracer

13 November 2001: Accumulation of pollution in high-pressuresystem over North America

FLEXPART total column of CO tracer GOES-East IR satellite image

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Transport of North American CO tracer

15 November 2001: A low forms and opens an export pathwayto the east in its warm sector: transport over high-emission regions

FLEXPART total column of CO tracer GOES-East IR satellite image

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Transport of North American CO tracer

17 November 2001: Cold front pushes pollution to the AtlanticTracer plume and clouds are aligned in WCBLifting to free troposphere

FLEXPART total column of CO tracer GOES-East IR satellite image

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Transport of North American CO tracer

18 November 2001: Pollution plume in the WCB outflowin the upper troposphere

FLEXPART total column of CO tracer METEOSAT + GOES-East

5-day trajectoriesthat ascend more than5000 m during last 4 days

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Transport of North American CO tracer

19 November 2001: Pollution plume arrives over Europe

FLEXPART total column of CO tracer METEOSAT + GOES-East

Falcon flight track

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Meridional section through North America CO tracer along the flight track

Northbound flight Southbound flight Munich to Stockholm Stockhom to Munich

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Model tracers interpolated to the flight track

Stratospheric O3 tracer+ measured O3+ measured humidity+altitude (black)

Asia CO tracer+ measured NOy (black)+measured NO

Europe CO tracer+ measured CO2 (black)

North America CO tracer+ measured CO (black)

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Backward reconstruction of North American CO and NOy along flight track

• About 600 individual FLEXPART simulations• every 200 m vertically• every 0.1° along the track

• Advect unit mixing ratio backwards from aircraft position and calculate „residence times“ on a grid

• Multiply with emissions from EDGAR and obtain concentration at flight track

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North American CO and NOy along flight trackfrom 600 backward simulations

EDGAR NOx

+ measured NOy (black)+ measured NO

EDGAR CO+ measured CO (black)+ aircraft altitude

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FLEXPART backward simulation for peak at 11:53 UTC27 second interval

Residence time in wholeatmospheric column

Residence time in footprint

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FLEXPART backward simulations for peak at 11:53 UTC

Source contribution (ppb per grid cell)

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Conclusions from Part 1

• WCB transport is the key mechanism for fast intercontinental pollution transport

• Many chemical species were enhanced in the observed plumes• CO• CO2

• NOy (but 90% were removed due to washout)• Ozone (even in November!)• Acetone• SO2

• Numerous hydrocarbons

• Lagrangian backward modeling allows quantitative determination of source contribution and resolves very small-scale features

Don´t use „cheap“ trajectories to interpret „expensive“ aircraft measurements!Stohl, A., S. Eckhardt, C. Forster, P. James,

N. Spichtinger, and P. Seibert (2002):

A replacement for simple back trajectory calculations in the

interpretation of atmospheric trace substance measurements.

Atmos. Environ. 36, 4635-4648 (October issue)

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Part 2:A 15-Year WCB Climatology

Eckhardt et al., in preparation for J. Climate

Basis:• 360 million 6-day trajectories

starting daily on a 1° x 1° global grid

• ECMWF ERA-15 re-analysis data

• WCB diagnosis by identifying trajectories that– ascend strongly and– travel northeastward during the first 48 hours

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Frequency of WCB inflow:

Strong contrasts between Northern and Southern Hemisphere:NH: maxima downwind of North America and Asia, winter maximumSH: less zonal variability, spring maximum

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WCB transport15-year climatology of WCB occurrenceDAY 0

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WCB transport15-year climatology of WCB occurrence

DAY 1

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WCB transport15-year climatology of WCB occurrence

DAY 2

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WCB transport15-year climatology of WCB occurrence

DAY 3

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WCB transport15-year climatology of WCB occurrence

DAY 4

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WCB transport15-year climatology of WCB occurrence

DAY 5

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Climate variability and intercontinental transportExample: Influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on WCBs

NAO + NAO –

At day 0

At day 2

http://www.forst.tu-muenchen.de/EXT/LST/METEO/stohl/