PARLIAMENT Elizabeth managed to work with Parliament for most of her reign Religious compromise...
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PARLIAMENT
Elizabeth managed to work with Parliament for most of her reign
Religious compromise began to deteriorate late in her reign
Problems with PuritansTwo grievances
retention of Catholic ceremony & vestments continuation of the episcopal system
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Puritans… 2 grievances Worked through Parliament to create an
alternative national church with semiautonomous congregations
Elizabeth refused to concede anything that lessened the unity of the Anglican Church and her control of it
More extreme Puritans…Congregationalists 1593: Conventicle Act …conform or exile
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JAMES I 1603-1625
1ST Stuart king (King of Scotland) Believed he ruled by divine right Quarrels with Parliament
money religion
Accomplishments King James Bible 1611
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CHARLES I 1625-1649
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CHARLES AND PARLIAMENT
..firm believer in divine right
..too much pride and no common sense
..always needed $$$ - War with France/Spain..Parliament refused to give him $$ - he dissolved it.
..1628: Petition of Right
..1629: Charles dissolved Parliament
..1629-1640: king ruled w/o Parliamentresorted to all sorts of fees and finesunpopularity grew greater each year
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The Petition of Right
No jail without due causeNo taxes without Parliament’s consent No housing soldiers in homes without
the owner’s consentNo martial law in peacetime
What ideas seem familiar to you? Why might this document have additional meaning?
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TOWARDS CIVIL WAR
Religious policies• Puritans fled England• William Laud appointed Archbishop of Canterbury• Laud forced Scottish Presbyterians to follow the Anglicans
1641: Parliament passed laws limiting the power of the king
1642: Charles & 400 soldiers stormed Commons to arrest 5 Puritan leaders. “ I see that the birds have flown.”• Then Charles Flees!
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CIVIL WAR 1642-1649Cavaliers v. RoundheadsNew Model Army
Oliver Cromwell
100,000 casualties Parliament tries to disband NMA.
Cromwell and NMA expel H of C.
Execution of the king January 30, 1649 “Behold the head of a
traitor.” 1st time a king faced public
trial and official execution
“The question in dispute between the King’s party and us was whether the King should govern us as a god by his will , and the nation be governed by force by beasts; or whether the people should be governed by laws made by themselves and live under a government derived from their own account.”
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THE COMMONWEALTH
Cromwell ruled as “Lord Protector”• “You are no Parliament,
I say you are no Parliament, and I will put an end to your sitting.”
Reformed society• Puritan laws (First
constitution) Merrymaking and
amusement illegal Oliver Cromwell died
in 1658 Richard…”Tumbledow
n Dick” ruled til 1660
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IRELAND
Irish began rebelling after the death of Charles I
Cromwell led a Protestant army to Ireland in August, 1649
Drogheda all 9000 residents massacred
Irish lands given to English soldiers Northern counties set aside as English
property 616,000 Irish…1/2 the population
perished between 1641 and 1652
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CHARLES II AND THE RESTORATION
King 1660-1685 drama and poetry more moderate
issues with Parliament…money and religion1670: Treaty of Dover1679: Habeas Corpus Actno legitimate childrendeathbed conversion to Catholicism
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POLITICAL PARTIES
WHIGS -
TORIES
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JAMES II• King 1685-1688• Antagonized even his
firmest friends• Announced that Catholics
could hold government posts
• Stationed 13,000 soldiers outside of London
• June 1688: son born to James and Mary of Modena…a Catholic
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The birth of political parties
TORIES: those who supported the king…
WHIGS: those who opposed James…
THE TWO PARTY POLITICAL SYSTEM IN BOTH THE U.S. AND BRITAIN HAS ITS ROOTS IN THIS CONFLICT
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GLORIOUS REVOLUTION OF 1688
English Protestants terrified at the idea of a Catholic king
James had two Protestant daughters from his 1st marriage
Whigs and Tories invited the eldest, Mary, and her husband William of Orange to overthrow James II
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WILLIAM AND MARY
• Landed in England in November 1688
• James’ troops deserted James and joined William
• James fled to France• 1689: Parliament
asked William and Mary to rule as joint sovereigns
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WHO HAD THE POWER??
Parliament William and Mary agreed to “govern the
people of England…according to the statutes of Parliament agreed on and the laws and customs of the same.”
John Locke wrote to justify the Glorious Revolution Two Treatises on Government
a contract between the ruler and the people right to life, liberty and property
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ANNE…the last Stuart born February 1665 to
Catholic Duke and Duchess of York…but raised Protestant
poorly educated and sickly
married Prince George of Denmark
5 children and 12 miscarriages
Act of Settlement 1701
Act of Union 1707 supported War of
Spanish Succession