Parkinson’s disease
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Transcript of Parkinson’s disease
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Mohd. Akmal b. Rosli (060)
Nur Hanisah bt. Zainoren (062)
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Overview
Causes
Features
Treatments
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• Parkinson's disease is a degenerative neurologic disease.
• Degenerative = declining in quality
(Thus, the disease increases in severity over time)
• Neurologic = the nervous system.
• described by James Parkinson
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• Parkinson’s Disease results from the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriataltract
• With age, there is progressive loss of dopamine and dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and putamen)
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Primary or idiopathic
(cause is not exactly known)
Cerebral arteriosclerosis
Use of drugs such as
phenothiazinewhich
blocks the D2 dopamine receptors
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Features
Hypokineticmovements
(decreased bodily movement)
Hyperkinetic movements
(decreased bodily movement)
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Hypokinetic movements
• Difficulty in initiating movements and decreased spontaneous movements
AKINESIA
• Slowness of movements
BRADYKINESIA
• Examples of associated movements: -Swinging of arms during walking -Facial expressions during speaking
DECREASED ASSOCIATED MOVEMENTS
Grossly diminished in Parkinsonism
EXPRESSIONLESS FACE/MASK FACE
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• Dopamine is secreted in the caudate nucleus and putamen.
• It act as inhibitory transmitter
– In which destruction of dopaminergic neuron in substansia nigra happen in Parkinson’s disease.
• This cause the caudate nucleus and the putamen to be overly active
Hyperkinetic feature
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• It also cause continuous output of excitatory signal to the corticospinal motor control system which lead to rigidity.
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• Lead pipe
• increase in muscle tone causing a sustained resistance to passive movement throughout the whole range of motion
• Cogwheel
• It is a combination of lead pipe and tremor
• jerky resistance to passive movement as muscles tense and relax
Rigidity
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• Involuntary tremor
• It is due to the high feedback gain after the loss of inhibition lead to tremor of Parkinson’s disease.
• This happen during all walking hours.
Tremor
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• Administration of L-dopa
– It’s a drug that can cross blood brain barrier
– This will be converted in the brain into dopamine
– Restored the balance between inhibiton and excitation of caudate nucleus and putamen
Treatments
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• This drug inhibit monoamine oxidase which is an enzyme that destroy dopamine.
• It will make dopamine remain longer in the basal ganglia.
• Adminstration of L-dopa and L-deprenyl will provide better treatment than just one drug alone.
Treament with L-deprenyl
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• This dopamine secreting cells is retrived from the brain of aborted fetuses.
• It is transplanted into the caudate nucleus and putamen.
• However this only lasted for few months
Treament by transplant of fetal dopamine cells
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• Parkinson’s disease is cause by the loss of function of substansia nigra to produce dopamine.
Conclusion
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• Textbook of Physiology, Volume 2, Prof. A.K. Jain
• Textbook of Medical Physiology, Prof GK Pal
• http://www.umm.edu/parkinsons/facts.htm