Parenteral nutritionParenteral nutritionBy : By : christian Ravinachristian RavinaM.Sc.(N), 2M.Sc.(N), 2ndnd year, year,M.T.I.N.M.T.I.N.Changa Changa

Definition •Parenteral nutrition, also known as

intravenous feeding, is a method of getting nutrition into the body through the veins. While it is most commonly referred to as total parenteral nutrition (TPN), some patients need to get only certain types of nutrients intravenously.

Who Benefits from Parenteral Nutrition?•Parenteral nutrition is used to help people who cannot or should not get their core nutrients from food.• Common examples include patients with cancer, Crohn's disease, and short bowel syndrome. • It is also used on patients with conditions that result from low blood flow to the bowels.

What it delivers ?•Parenteral nutrition delivers nutrients such as sugar, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, electrolytes, and trace elements to the body.

Side effects • most common side effects :• mouth sores

• poor night vision

• skin changes.

• less common side effects include:• changes in heartbeat

• confusion

• convulsions or seizures

• difficulty breathing

• fast weight gain or weight loss

• fatigue

• fever or chills

•increased urination

•memory loss

•muscle twitching, weakness, or cramps

•stomach pain

•swelling of the hands, feet, or legs

•thirst

•tingling in the hands or feet

•vomiting

Precautions • Before administering total parenteral nutrition,• tell doctor and pharmacist if patient is allergic to any drugs.

• tell doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications patient is taking, especially dexamathasone (Decadron); medications for diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease; prednisone; tetracycline; and vitamins.

• tell doctor if patient has or has ever had diabetes or heart, kidney, liver, lung, or Addison's disease.

• tell doctor if patient is pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding, so that the risks and benefits of receiving TPN can be discussed.

• If patient continue to receive TPN while she is pregnant or breast-feeding, doctor may change the combination of sugar, protein, fat, and other elements.

Administration • Parenteral nutrition is administered through a needle

or catheter.

• This is placed in a large vein that goes to the heart.

• It is usually used for 10 to 12 hours a day, five to seven times a week.

• Parenteral nutrition is given through peripheral vein or central vein

Administration • Before administering TPN, look at the solution closely. It should be clear

and free of floating material.

• Gently squeeze the bag or observe the solution container to make sure there are no leaks.

• Do not use the solution if it is discolored, if it contains particles, or if the bag or container leaks. Use a new solution.

• It is important that use medication exactly as directed. Do not change dosing schedule without talking to health care provider.

• health care provider may tell to stop infusion if a person have a mechanical problem (such as a blockage in the tubing, needle, or catheter).

•Partial parenteral nutrition supplies only part of daily nutritional requirements, supplementing oral intake. Many hospitalized patients are given dextrose or amino acid solutions by this method.

•Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) supplies all daily nutritional requirements. TPN can be used in the hospital or at home.

Benefits •Parenteral nutrition supplies the nutrients that some patients cannot get on their own. •These nutrients are vital in maintaining high energy, hydration, and strength levels.

Risks •The most common risk of using parenteral

nutrition is developing catheter infection. •Other risks include blood clots, liver disease,

and bone disease. • It is essential to maintain clean tubing,

needles, catheters, and other equipment to minimize these risks.

Patient preparation • A patient must speak with a doctor about nutritional needs.

• The doctor then prescribes the appropriate liquid. This is stored by the patient in a refrigerator or freezer.

• Each dose must be removed from the fridge four to six hour before use.

• This allows enough time for the liquid to reach room temperature.

• Frozen packets should be moved to the refrigerator 24 hours before use to thaw.

Outlook after parenteral nutrition • After parenteral nutrition, most patients experience some

improvement in their condition.

• They may not be cured of their symptoms. However, their bodies are able to heal more quickly.

• Patients feel stronger and more energized and stronger. This allows them to do more in spite of their condition.

• A physician or dietician will reassess a patient's nutritional needs after several weeks to see if any adjustments need to be made in the doses.

Thank youuuu…