Parasitism in Freshwater Fish Jonathan King. Numerous types of parasites Protozoans Trematodes...
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Transcript of Parasitism in Freshwater Fish Jonathan King. Numerous types of parasites Protozoans Trematodes...
![Page 1: Parasitism in Freshwater Fish Jonathan King. Numerous types of parasites Protozoans Trematodes Nematodes Cestodes Crustaceans Leeches.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56649d0f5503460f949e49ea/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Parasitism in Freshwater Fish
Jonathan King
![Page 2: Parasitism in Freshwater Fish Jonathan King. Numerous types of parasites Protozoans Trematodes Nematodes Cestodes Crustaceans Leeches.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56649d0f5503460f949e49ea/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Numerous types of parasites
• Protozoans
• Trematodes
• Nematodes
• Cestodes
• Crustaceans
• Leeches
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Protozoa
• Ciliates– Large protozoa up to 2mm in length that have
cilia (hair like organelles) covering their body at some point, if not all, of their life cycle
• Flagellates– Protozoa equipped with one or more whip-like
flagella used for propulsion
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Ciliates
• Largest group of protozoa
• Direct life cycle
• Common in pond-reared fish
• Easy to eliminate in aquarium due to controlled conditions
• Easily transmitted…nets, hoses or hands
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Ciliates cont.
• Symptoms include– Skin or gill irritation
• Rubbing and abnormal breathing
• Species– Ichthyophthirius multifiliis – Tetrahymena – Apiosoma – Epistylis
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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
• Disease– Ich or white spot disease– Responsible for majority of fish fatalities
• Symptoms – Small lesions on body or fins– If gills only…no lesions but a thick mucus
• Size– 1000um diameter
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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis cont.
• Identification– Horseshoe shaped macronucleus
• Possible mis-ID– Immature forms may resemble Tetrahymena
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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis cont.
• Life cycle– Theronts infect fish t=0
• Dig under scales or gills
– Mature trophozoites leave fish t=~7days• Settle and secrete cyst
– Cysts rapidly divides to produce hundreds of tomites
– At maturity they leave cysts looking for host– Whole cycle =10 days to 4 weeks (temp)
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Ich Treatment
• Life cycle is temp dependent – So raising the temp increases life cycle to
days instead of weeks
• Formalin
• Chelated copper
• Copper sulfate
• Treat for >3days after last spot gone
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Any last thoughts on Ich
• Well you can vaccum the floor of tank to get the cysts?...not extremely effective but buys time
• If diagnosed early – Treatments may be effective
• If infestation in advanced stages– Fish may be immune– Toilet
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Tetrahymena
• Donde esta tetrahymena?– Living in organic debris– Body surface of your favorite fish
• Treatment– Same as Ich– If internal …like the eyes
• toilet
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Tetrahymena
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Apiosoma
• Location– Gills, skin, or fins
• What does he look like?– Vase like – Oral cilia
• Treatment– Very treatable…formaline, copper sulfate..etc
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Apiosoma
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Epistylis
• Stalked ciliate very similar to apiosoma
• Danger– Greater concern than most due to proteolytic
enzymes secreted by the organism– The enzyme breaks down proteins in the skin
of the fish making the fish susceptible to bacterial infection
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Epistylis
• Treatment– Salt
• .02% salt solution for extended period • 3% salt dip
– More than one treatment required
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Flagellates
• External and internal
• High magnification – 200-400x
• species– Spironucleus– Ichthyobodo– Myxozoa– Microsporidia
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Spironucleus
• Location– Intestinal tract
• Symptoms– Extreme weight loss– Distended abdomen– Yellow mucoid build up in intestines
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Spironucleus
• Diagnosis– Intestinal prep @ 200-400x– High counts…too many to miss
• Treatment– Metronidazole bath
• 5mg/L• Every other day…one week
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Ichthyobodo
• External Flagellate
• Large amounts of mucus– Blue slime disease in catfish
• Location– Gills, skin and fins
• Diagnosis– Microscopic examination….
• Treatment…formalin, copper sulfate..etc
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Myxozoa
• Widespread in native or pond reared fish
• How bad is it?– Most infections not bad– But some may be serious…young fish
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Myxozoa
• Extremely abundant and diverse
• Speciation– Based on spore shape and size
• Examination technique– Preps of infected area – Histologic sections of tissue
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Myxozoa cont
• Symptoms– Vary depending on the organ affected
• Excess mucus productions• White or yellowish noduleson target organs
• Diseases– Whirling disease- salmon– Wasting disease
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Myxozoa
• Treatment– Toilet– No remedies known– Spores can survive >1year
• Disinfection necessary after removal of infected fish
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Microsporidia
• Intracellular parasites– Require host tissue for reproduction
• Mode of transmission– Ingesting spores from infected fish or food
• Symptoms– Small “tumors” in various tissues– Enlargement of hosts cells cause tumor like
masses
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Microsporidia
• Clinical signs– Dependent on tissue infected– {from no lesions to dead}– Serious cases…cysts enlarge to a point that
organs no longer function correctly
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Microsporidia
• Infections caused– Pleistophora
• Infects skeletal muscle• Cysts
• Treatments– None available– Spores tough
• Can survive long periods• Most environmental conditions it can handle
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Microsporidia
• So what am I supposed to do?– Flushing of infected fish – Disinfect the environment
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Conclusion
• Poor water quality, crowding, stress and diet issues are main issues with fish susceptibility to parasitism
• So if you have concerns on water quality issues…prevent it.
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References
• "Ichthyophthirius multifiliis." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 15 Nov 2007, 04:17 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 15 Nov 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ichthyophthirius_multifiliis&oldid=171595742>.
• edis.ifas.ufl.edu • www.microscope-microscope.org • www.aquaticparadise.com • www.uoguelph.ca .• www.koisite.be • www.ars.usda.gov • http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FA/FA04100.pdf