Parasitic Diseases of the Fish 2
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Transcript of Parasitic Diseases of the Fish 2
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PARASITIC DISEASESPARASITIC DISEASES
OF THE FISHOF THE FISH
Metazoan parasitesMetazoan parasites
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Regnum:Regnum: AnimaliaAnimalia
Subregnum:Subregnum: MetazoaMetazoa
Phyllum:Phyllum: Plathelminthes (fatworms)Plathelminthes (fatworms) Class:Class: MonogeneaMonogenea
Class:Class: Digenea (digenetic trematodes)Digenea (digenetic trematodes)
Class:Class: Cestoda (tapeworms)Cestoda (tapeworms)
Phyllum:Phyllum: Acanthocephala (spiny-headedAcanthocephala (spiny-headed
worms)worms)
Phyllum:Phyllum: Nematoda (round worms)Nematoda (round worms)
Phyllum:Phyllum: AnnelidaAnnelida Class:Class: Hirudinea (leech)Hirudinea (leech)
Phyllum:Phyllum: ArthropodaArthropoda
Class:Class: CrustaceaCrustacea
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Monogeneoses piscium
onogeneoses p sc umMonogeneoses o! "ish (s#inMonogeneoses o! "ish (s#in
and gill fu#es)and gill fu#es) common parasites of the skin andcommon parasites of the skin and
gills, marine and freshwater shes,gills, marine and freshwater shes,
hermafrodites, host specic, oiparoushermafrodites, host specic, oiparous
or iiparous, more than !"## speciesor iiparous, more than !"## species monogeneans possess posterior organmonogeneans possess posterior organ
of attachment $ haptor, armed withof attachment $ haptor, armed with
hooks or suckers %clamps&hooks or suckers %clamps&H$ hoo#sM mouth%H
opistohaptor&N intestineP'% prohaptor% oary*+ testis
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!amily,!amily,Dactylogyridae Dactylogyridae dactylogyrosisdactylogyrosis
predominantly gill parasites,oiparous,predominantly gill parasites,oiparous,
anteriorly one or more pairs of eyespots,anteriorly one or more pairs of eyespots,
one pair of central hooks,!' marginalone pair of central hooks,!' marginalhooks, #,( $ ( mm long,hooks, #,( $ ( mm long,
D.extensus,vastator, crassus,anchoratusD.extensus,vastator, crassus,anchoratus
minutus,macracanthus,lamellatus,etc.)minutus,macracanthus,lamellatus,etc.)
a adult worm . egg c oncomiracidiumd !ree swimming
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!amily,!amily,Gyrodactylidae Gyrodactylidae gyrodactylosisgyrodactylosis
worldwide parasites of the skin, ns, gills,worldwide parasites of the skin, ns, gills,
iiparous, pair central and !) peripheralliiparous, pair central and !) peripherallhooks, #,* $ !,# mm longhooks, #,* $ !,# mm long (G.katharineri(G.katharineri,anquillae ,cyprini ,truttae , medius,,anquillae ,cyprini ,truttae , medius,salmonis, salaris ,etc.)salmonis, salaris ,etc.)
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!amily,!amily,Diplozoidae - twin wormsDiplozoidae - twin worms
+shaped body, gill parasites, oiparous, *+shaped body, gill parasites, oiparous, *
$ -mm long,$ -mm long,(Diplozoon paradoxum(Diplozoon paradoxum,Eudiplozoon nipponicum),Eudiplozoon nipponicum)
A - host/ eggC oncomiracidiumD diporpa
+ !usion o! diporpa" adult
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symptoms,skin cloudiness ,small blood spfocal reddening ,hemorrhages ,deep skineroded ns ,epithelial hyperplasia of gill ,s
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rema o oses p sc umu *rematodoses o! "ish*rematodoses o! "ish
(digenean fu#e0trematode0(digenean fu#e0trematode0
in!ection)in!ection) endoparasites, hermafrodites, adultendoparasites, hermafrodites, adultworms usualy ! *# mm, about !-##worms usualy ! *# mm, about !-##
species of adult infect sh, life cyclespecies of adult infect sh, life cycle
inole one or three hosts to completeinole one or three hosts to completetheir life cycle, adulttheir life cycle, adult
stage is parasitic instage is parasitic in
ertebrates,ertebrates,
sh may sere assh may sere asthe second intermediatethe second intermediate
hosts or as denitie hostshosts or as denitie hosts
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Adult stagesdigeneans Rhipidocotyle illense (1 mm intestine pi#e pi#e-
perch perch)
Bucephalus polymorphus (12 mm intestine pi#e-
perch perch) Allocreadium carprarum (13 43 mm intestine
carp)
Azygia lucii (32 mm stomach pi#e .ur.ot perch)
Clinostomum complanatum(3 5 mm musclescichlids)
Crepidostomum farionis (6 mm intestine salmonids)
anguinicola inermis (1 mm .lood essels heartcold and warm water 7sh common .ighead grass
carp rain.ow cutthroat .roo# trout)8anguinicolosis o! 7sh - .lood fu#es
a eggs. miracidiumc snail
d cercariume adult
A
testis/ -
symptoms,adultintestinal trematodes$ not pathogenic,
blood /ukes damagegills, su.ocation,thrombosis, tissuenecrosis, massiemortalities
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&n!ections .y metacercarie Diplostomum spathaceum! "osthodiplostomum
cuticola! #ylodelphis cla$ata! %etagonimusyo&ogawai! 'pisthorchis $i$errini! 'pisthorchisfelineus! Clonorchis sinensis! "aragonimuswestermani! (eterophyes heterophyes! etc)
Diplostomosis *D)spathaceum+A 7nal host
/ eggC miracidiumD 19intermediate host+ cercaria" 49intermediate host: metacercaria
structure o! adultdigenean
symptoms,cercariae penetratethrough the gills and migrate iathe blod system to the eye s,unior bilateral blindness, cataracts,e0ophthalmus, emaciation, dark
colour
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Postodiplostomosis*"osthodiplostomumcuticola+! black
spot disease
A metacercaria/ metacercaria encyst inthe s#in(hyperpigmentation hostreaction)
A 7nal host/ eggsC miracidiumD 19intermediatehost+ cercaria"
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;%%N%8&8
Metagonimosis*%etagonimus yo&ogawai+
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;%%N%8&8
Clonorchosis *Clonorchis sinensis+
1 eggs4 19intermediate host3 cercariae6 cercaria sheds thetail and attaches the 7sh2 metacercaria in themuscle o! 49intermediatehost
1 metacercaria swallowedwith 7sh4 small intestine3 .ile duct
6 gall .ladder2 .ile duct
'oute o! in!ection and migr
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;%%N%8&8
Heterophyes in!ection *(eterophyesheterophyes! ()nocens! ()continua! ()dispar+
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Cestodoses pisciumCestodoses piscium
Cestodoses o! "ishCestodoses o! "ish
(tapeworms)(tapeworms) endoparasites o! digestie tract asadults or iscera and musculature as alarae herma!rodites li!e cycle one ortwo intermediate hosts 7sh can .e anintermediate host de7nite host or .oth
scole= (attachment organ) proide withsuc#ers hoo#s grooes spinesglandular areas
.ody (stro.ila) is su.diided into anum.er o! segments (proglottids)
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Caryophyllaeus ,mriceps (12 - 42mm carp tenchcat7sh )
.hawia sinensis (6> - 1?>mm carp cat7sh )
#riaenophorus nodulosus !#)crassus (4>> - 6>>mmpi#e)
Cyathocephalus truncatus (trout grayling sturgeon)
Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (12> 4>>mm carp)
"roteocephalus neglectus (1>> 12>mm trout
grayling) /igula intestinalis (?>>mm 7sh eating .irds)
Diphylloothrium latum (1> 14 m 7sh eatingmammals)
@i!e cycles o! 7sh parasitic cestodes andintermediate hosts *cyclops!diaptomus!tu
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@igulosis*/igulaintestinalis+
a9 egg.9 coracidiumc9 19intermediate hostd9 49intermediate host with
plerocercoide9 7nal host
symptoms,peritoneal adhesion,pressureatrophy of the lier, gonads and
body wallmusculature, growth retardation,abdominal distension, anore0ia
;%%N%8&8
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;%%N%8&8Diphyllo.othriosis(Diphyllo.othriumlatum)
male
!emale
Nemato oses pisciumemato oses
p sc um
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Nemato oses pisciumemato oses p sc umNematodoses o! "ishNematodoses o! "ish
(roundworms)(roundworms)
worldwide distributed, gonochorist,worldwide distributed, gonochorist,oiparous or iiparous, deelopmentoiparous or iiparous, deelopment
is direct or indirect, sh are denite,is direct or indirect, sh are denite,
intermediate orintermediate or
paratenic host,paratenic host,
ontogenesis ofontogenesis of
nematodes runs asnematodes runs as
metamorphosismetamorphosisinoling four laralinoling four laral
stages %1! $1'& stages %1! $1'&
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Raphidascaris acus (4>-42 mm pi#e .ur.ot trout perch'ligochaeta or Copepoda! ,sh! intestine pyloric caecalier )
Cucullanus truttae (13-12 mm trout intestine pyloriccaeca )
Camallanus sp) (2-1> mm perch pi#e pi#eperch guppyCyclop! intestine )
Cystidicola farionis (12-3> mm trout swim.ladder )
Anguillicola crassus (43-62 mm eel swim.ladderCopepoda )
Capillaria sp)! "seudocapillaria sp) (1>-4> mm discusangel7shcichlids)
"hilometra sp)(1>-3> mm carp .ody caity )
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CapillariosisCapillariosis*Capillaria sp)!"seudocapillariasp)+
symptoms, loss ofappetite and emaciation,reduced actiity,enteritis,light and dark faecalsegments,dark colour,mortality
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;%%N%8&8;%%N%8&8
Anisa#iasis *Anisa&is sp)!"seudoterrano$asp)!Contracaecum sp)+
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;%%N%8&8
:nathostomiasis *Gnathostoma spinigerum!G)hispidum+
third stage lara @3
head o! Gnathostoma sp)
egg
the males aresmaller (11 42
mm) than !emales(42 26 mm) andpossessred tail
copepod with @4 lar
can ocep a oses p sc um
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can ocep a oses p sc umAcanthocephaloses o! "ish
(spiny 0thorny0-headed
worms) cylindrical worms with trunk, neck andcylindrical worms with trunk, neck and
retractile proboscis carrying hooks,retractile proboscis carrying hooks,
about '## species a.ecting intestine ofabout '## species a.ecting intestine offreshwater and marine shesfreshwater and marine shes
se0es are separate %gonochorist&,se0es are separate %gonochorist&,
deelopment inoles one intermediatedeelopment inoles one intermediatehost $microcrustacean %amphipods,host $microcrustacean %amphipods,
copepods, ostracods&copepods, ostracods&
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1eoechinorhynchus rutili (4-2mm chu. trout other7sh ostracoda)
"omphorhynchus lae$is (1>mm chu. eel other 7shgammarus)
2chinorhynchus truttae (1>-4>mm troutgammarus)
Acanthocephalus anguillae (1>mm chu. pi#eperchAsellus sp))
Acanthocephalus lucii(2mm perch chu. eel other7shAsellus sp))
gammarus withthree larae o!Pomporhynchus sp
symptoms,malnutrition,in/amatioand perforation of intehaemorrhages, emacia
Hi di i i i
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Hirudineosis pisciumHirudineosis o! "ish (7sh
leech) dorso $ entrally /attened hermafroditesdorso $ entrally /attened hermafroditespossess anterior and posterior suckerspossess anterior and posterior suckers
parasite on skin, gills, ns and oral caityparasite on skin, gills, ns and oral caity
of marine and freshwater sh, not hostof marine and freshwater sh, not hostspecicspecic
direct life cycle, eggs are included in packdirect life cycle, eggs are included in packof !(## into a cocoon, adults transmitof !(## into a cocoon, adults transmit
iruses, bacteria and haemoparasitesiruses, bacteria and haemoparasites
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(emiclepsis marginata *34 mm+
"iscicola geometra *54 mm+
Cystoranchus respirans *67 mm+ 8ohanssonia arctica *39 mm+
Calliodella $i$ida *67 mm+
"iscicola salmositica *67 mm+
symptoms,anemia, palegills, small red or white
lesions on skin, smallbleeding ulcers,subcutaneoushemorrhage , erosion,emaciation, secondaryinasion by bacteria and
fungi
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Arthropodoses pisciumArthropodoses o! "ish
about (### species are parasites, attackabout (### species are parasites, attack
marine and freshwater sh, ectoparasitesmarine and freshwater sh, ectoparasites%skin, gills, ns&, serious pathogen of%skin, gills, ns&, serious pathogen of
commercial and wild sh , cause unsightlycommercial and wild sh , cause unsightly
changes in the /esh, mortalitychanges in the /esh, mortality
life cycle comprises !" freeliing naupliuslife cycle comprises !" freeliing nauplius
stages, !" freeliing or parasiticstages, !" freeliing or parasitic
copepodit %chalimus& stages, ! pre adult,copepodit %chalimus& stages, ! pre adult,
and nally the adult parasiteand nally the adult parasite
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+rgasiloses o! "ish
su.class,Copepoda
!amily,2rgasilidae *2)sieoldi! 2)lizae!
2)luciopercarum! 2)ner&ae! 2)laracis!2)riani ! etc)+
mm long only !ertilized !emales areparasitic
symptoms,e0san2uination ,haemorrhage , in/amation,atrophy of gill lament,epithelial hyperplasia,secondary infections, weak
swimming, dark colour,su.ocation, mortality
@ernaeoses o! "ish
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@ernaeoses o! "ish
su.class,Copepoda
genus,/ernaea - anchor worms (/ernaeacyprinacea! /)polymorpha! /)cruciata +
oer 6> species worldwide distri.utioncommon pests in !reshwater auaculture o!cyprinids salmonids and other 7shparticularly pathogenic to small 7sh high
mortality attac# the super7cial layers o!the .ody musculature
symptoms,haemorrhages, muscle necrosis,in/ammation, skin
lesions, ulcers,mortalit
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Arguloses o! "ish
su.class,Branchiura
genus,Argulus 7sh lice*Argulus foliaceus!
A):aponicus! A)coregoni+ a.out 1>> species up to 1 cm in length
attac# s#in and 7ns o! many !reshwater 7shthroughout the world adult can surie !or
seeral days away !rom 7sh cause massmortalities
symptoms, infected sh are lethargic, stop feeding, sh try toremoe the parasite by rubbing againts the substrate, frayed ns,haemorrhagic spots, in/ammation, secondary infections, mortality
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!amily,!amily,CaligidaeCaligidae (su.class,Copepoda)
/epeophtheirus salmonis (sea lice) main
parasites o! sea-caged Atlantic salmonCaligus
elongatus cosmopolitan species has .een!ound on oer 5> species o! 7sh
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genus,genus,/ernaeocera/ernaeocera (su.class, Copepoda)
widespread parasite o! marine 7sh (codtunny sole etc9) attach to the sur!ace o!
the s#in and gills /ernaeocera ranchialis! /)lusci! /)minuta
genus, almincola (su.class,Copepoda)
) californiensis! )salmonea! )edwardsii!
(gill maggot)
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genus,genus, phyrionphyrion (su.class,Copepoda)
phyrion lumpi! )lae$igatum attac#muscle o! many species o! marine 7sh
!amily, Cymothoidae! Gnathiidae(su.clas,;sopoda)
.lood-!eeding marine isopods in!estgills s#in .uccal and gill caities o! manyspecies marine 7sh