Parasexual Interspecific Plant Hybridization · Department of Biology, Brookhaven...
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Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 69, No. 8, pp. 2292-2294, August 1972 Parasexual Interspecific Plant Hybridization (Nicotiana/leaf mesophyll/plant tissue culture/genetics/selective media) PETER S. CARLSON, HAROLD H. SMITH, AND ROSEMARIE D. DEARING Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 Communicated by A. M. Srb June 13, 1972 ABSTRACT Interspecific plant hybrids have been pro- duced by parasexual procedures. Protoplasts of Nicotiana glauca and N. langsdorffii were isolated, fused, and in- duced to regenerate into plants. The somatic hybrids were recovered from a mixed population of parental and fused protoplasts by a selective screening method that relies on differential growth of the hybrid on defined culture media. The biochemical and morphological characteristics of the somatically produced hybrid were identical to those of the sexually produced amphiploid. Recent advances in plant cell culture have demonstrated that protoplasts isolated from leaf mesophyll cells can be induced to regenerate into entire plants (1, 2), and that they can be stimulated to fuse by defined experimental manipulations (3). A combination of these two techniques should permit the fusion of protoplasts isolated from two different species and the regeneration of a somatically produced hybrid plant with- out having to involve a normal sexual cycle. This paper re- ports the successful parasexual production of a hybrid between two different species of Nicotiana, N. glauca Grah. and N. langsdorffii Weinm. The amphiploid hybrid between these two species has been produced by sexual means, and the characteristics of the hybrid plant have been thoroughly studied (4-7). Known biological differences between the hybrid and its parental species have been used in a selective screen to recover preferentially regenerated fused hybrid protoplasts from a mixed population of protoplasts. We have also used the distincitive characteristics of the hybrid tissue to verify that parasexual hybridization was achieved. MATERIALS AND METHODS The species used were Nicotiana glauca (2n = 24), N. langs- dorffii (2n = 18), and the amphiploid (2n = 42) of the tumor- ous hybrid of these species. Protoplasts were isolated from leaf mesophyll cells by stripping the lower epidermis from sterilized, young, expand- ing leaves. Stripped leaf pieces were placed in an enzyme solu- tion consisting of 4% cellulase (Onozuka SS, All Japan Bio- chemicals Co. Ltd.), 0.4% macreozyme (All Japan Biochemi- cals Co. Ltd.), and 0.6 M of sucrose at pH 5.7. Flasks contain- ing the leaf pieces in the enzyme solution were evacuated briefly, then returned to standard atmospheric pressure to facilitate penetration of the enzyme solution into the inter- cellular spaces. These flasks were incubated for 4-6 hr at 370, after which the protoplasts were harvested by low-speed centrifugation (<100 X g). Experimental conditions and regeneration medium used for protoplast culture were exactly those described by Nagata and Takebe (2). Protoplast density was always greater than 5 X 103 protoplasts per ml. In the Nagata and Takebe me- dium, proroplasts of N. glauca and N. langsdorffii will re- 2292 generate a cell wall and occasionally go through one division cycle. Protoplasts of these two species were never observed to regenerate into a callus. Protoplasts of the amphiploid hybrid react similarly; however, about 0.01% of the proto- plasts will continue to divide and give rise to a callus mass of cells. The different growth characteristics of protoplasts from the two parental species and from the amphiploid hybrid on Nagata and Takebe medium constitutes a selection method with which to recover preferentially hybrid individuals from a mixed population of protoplasts. Since protoplasts from both parental species are unable to regenerate on the Nagata and Takebe medium, the only protoplasts capable of forming viable colonies will be those with a hybrid genetic constitution. Mixed populations of protoplasts of N. glauca and N. langs- dorffii in an approximate 1: 1 ratio were stimulated to fuse by their suspension in 0.25 M of NaNO3 for 30 min, and then pelleted by low-speed centrifugation. This pellet was then resuspended in the regeneration medium and plated in petri dishes. After the fusion procedure, the population consisted of protoplasts of both parental types and fused clumps of proto- plasts involving various numbers of cells. About 25% of the protoplasts were involved in a fusion event. On the regenera- tion medium, only the cells containing the genetic informa- tion of both parental species were able to regenerate into calli. Regenerated calli were removed from the regeneration medium and placed on the medium of Linsmaier and Skoog (8), which was solidified with agar and contained no hormones. This constitutes a further selective step, since tissue from neither parental species is able to grow on a medium without added hormones, while the amphiploid hybrid grows vigorously without exogenous hormones present (6). Recovered calli formed rudimentary shoots and leaves in culture, but failed to form roots. In order to obtain further differentiation of presumed hybrid tissue, the regenerated shoots were grafted onto the freshly cut stem surface of young plants of N. glauca. The grafts were wrapped with parafilm and were kept under high moisture conditions in the mist pro- pagation section of a greenhouse until the graft had taken and a few leaves had developed. The chromosomes were prepared from young leaves by the method of Burns (9). Electrophoresis and staining for peroxi- dase isozymes was as described by Smith et al. (10, 11). RESULTS More than 107 protoplasts of N. glauca and 107 protoplasts of N. langsdorffii were taken through the fusion procedure and plated on a regeneration medium that permits the growth of only cells containing the genetic information of both paren- tal species. 33 Regenerated calli were recovered after 6 weeks, and placed on a medium containing no added hor- Downloaded by guest on April 5, 2021
Transcript of Parasexual Interspecific Plant Hybridization · Department of Biology, Brookhaven...
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Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USAVol. 69, No. 8, pp. 2292-2294, August 1972
Parasexual Interspecific Plant Hybridization(Nicotiana/leaf mesophyll/plant tissue culture/genetics/selective media)
PETER S. CARLSON, HAROLD H. SMITH, AND ROSEMARIE D. DEARING
Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
Communicated by A. M. Srb June 13, 1972
ABSTRACT Interspecific plant hybrids have been pro-duced by parasexual procedures. Protoplasts of Nicotianaglauca and N. langsdorffii were isolated, fused, and in-duced to regenerate into plants. The somatic hybrids wererecovered from a mixed population of parental and fusedprotoplasts by a selective screening method that relies ondifferential growth of the hybrid on defined culture media.The biochemical and morphological characteristics of thesomatically produced hybrid were identical to those of thesexually produced amphiploid.
Recent advances in plant cell culture have demonstrated thatprotoplasts isolated from leaf mesophyll cells can be inducedto regenerate into entire plants (1, 2), and that they can bestimulated to fuse by defined experimental manipulations(3). A combination of these two techniques should permit thefusion of protoplasts isolated from two different species andthe regeneration of a somatically produced hybrid plant with-out having to involve a normal sexual cycle. This paper re-ports the successful parasexual production of a hybrid betweentwo different species of Nicotiana, N. glauca Grah. and N.langsdorffii Weinm. The amphiploid hybrid between thesetwo species has been produced by sexual means, and thecharacteristics of the hybrid plant have been thoroughlystudied (4-7). Known biological differences between thehybrid and its parental species have been used in a selectivescreen to recover preferentially regenerated fused hybridprotoplasts from a mixed population of protoplasts. We havealso used the distincitive characteristics of the hybrid tissueto verify that parasexual hybridization was achieved.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The species used were Nicotiana glauca (2n = 24), N. langs-dorffii (2n = 18), and the amphiploid (2n = 42) of the tumor-ous hybrid of these species.
Protoplasts were isolated from leaf mesophyll cells bystripping the lower epidermis from sterilized, young, expand-ing leaves. Stripped leaf pieces were placed in an enzyme solu-tion consisting of 4% cellulase (Onozuka SS, All Japan Bio-chemicals Co. Ltd.), 0.4% macreozyme (All Japan Biochemi-cals Co. Ltd.), and 0.6M of sucrose at pH 5.7. Flasks contain-ing the leaf pieces in the enzyme solution were evacuatedbriefly, then returned to standard atmospheric pressure tofacilitate penetration of the enzyme solution into the inter-cellular spaces. These flasks were incubated for 4-6 hr at 370,after which the protoplasts were harvested by low-speedcentrifugation (
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Parasexual Interspecific Plant Hybridization 2293
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Il I I IFIG. 1. Leaves typical of (left to right): N. glauca, amphiploid
N. glauca X N. langsdorffii, somatic hybrid N. glauca-N. langs-dorffii, and N. langsdorffii.
mones. All 33 isolates grew vigorously with no exogenoushormone source. This observation provided circumstantialevidence that the recovered calli had a hybrid genetic com-position. Several of the recovered calli that were presumedparasexual hybrids were chosen for further tests to confirmtheir hybrid genetic composition.The following analysis was completed with three isolates.
Photographs and figures are presented for only one, althoughthe described characteristics were common to all three.
Morphology of the Tisue in Culture. The characteristic tis-sue morphology and growth requirements of the somaticallyproduced hybrid are identical to those of the sexually pro-duced hybrid. Tissues from both sources grow vigorously inculture in the absence of exogenous hormones. On an agarmedium containing no hormones, both tissues form a semi-friable callus. In a liquid medium containing no hormones,both tissues will regenerate shoots and leaves. Tissue fromeither parental species is not capable of growth and differen-tiation in medium lacking added hormones.
Morphology of the Leaf. The morphology of leaves regener-ated on the somatically produced hybrid is identical to thatof the sexually produced hybrid, and distinct from eitherparental type (Fig. 1). The leaves of N. langsdorffii are sessile,those of N. glauca are petiolate, and the hybrid has a leaf ofintermediate morphology (12).
Trichome Characteristics. The leaves of N. langsdorffii aredensely covered with trichomes, while leaves of N. glauca areglabrous without trichomes (12). On leaves of both the somati-cally and sexually produced hybrid trichomes are present,but in a much lower density (Figs. 2-5).
Tumor Formation. The somatically produced hybrid spon-taneously forms tumorous outgrowths on the stem (Fig. 6).Spontaneous tumor formation is a genetically determinedtrait that is characteristic of the F1 hybrid and amphiploid,but is not found in either parent species, and is not trans-mitted across a graft union (7).
Chromosome Numbers. A somatic chromosome number of 42(Figs. 7 and 8) was determined for the somatically producedhybrid. This is a summation of the diploid somatic numbers of
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FIGS. 2-5. Glabrous leaf surface of N. glauca (2), dense tri-chomes on N. langsdorffii leaf (3), intermediate trichrome con-dition on leaves of amphiploid (4), and somatic hybrid (5).
the parental species (24 + 18), and is distinct from a wholeploidy change in either parental type. The sexually producedamphiploid has been shown to contain a chromosome numberof 42 (12). Although the somatically produced hybrids all
FIG. 6. Tumor formation on scion of somatic hybrid, N.glauca-N. lagsdorffii, grafted onto stock of N. glauca.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69 (1972)
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Proc. Nat. Acad. SC?. USA 69 (1972)
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FIGS. 7-8. Metaphase chromosomes in cell of young leaf of N.tional 18 N. kangsdorffii chromosomes, giving a total of 42 chromo
demonstrated a chromosome number of 42, deviations fromsimple addition of the parental chromosome numbers might beexpected to occur due to the complexity of the fusion eventand divisions after fusion.
Peroxidase Isozymes. The leaf peroxidase isozymes in thesomatically produced hybrid are identical to those of theamphiploid. The isozyme bands of the hybrid are a summationof those found in the parental species.The characteristics of the somatic hybrid are not due to a
chimerial association of cells. Single cells derived from calli ofthe somatically produced hybrid were regenerated into calli,and their characteristics were analyzed. In every case, theregenerated callus displayed characteristics of hybrid tissue,and was distinct from either parantal type. Hence, the char-acteristics of the somatically produced hybrid are not due toa chimerial association of cells of the parental species. All cellsof the somatically produced hybrid contained only one nu-cleus. The possibility that the somatically produced hybrid isdue to contamination by sexually produced amphiploid cellsis ruled out by the experimental procedure used.Summation of this evidence leaves no doubt that the calli
and plants recovered from fused cells are of a hybrid geneticconstitution corresponding to the sexually produced amphi-ploid.
DISCUSSIONEach of the individual steps in the procedure of protoplastisolation, fusion, and regeneration has, as noted above, al-ready been performed. The successful recovery and analysisof a parasexually produced hybrid, as reported here, has de-pended primarily on the availability of a selective techniqueto permit preferential recovery of fused hybrid cells, andrecognition of known distinctive characteristics of the hybridamphiploid. Further attempts to produce a somatic inter-specific hybrid and hybrids between more distantly relatedspecies in our laboratory have been hampered by a lack offamiliarity with the kind of characteristics the tissue will dis-play. Preliminary attempts to recover preferentially intra-and interspecific and intergeneric hybrids with the availableauxotrophic mutants of N. tabacum (13) have been incon-
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= 24 (Fig. 7), and of somatic hybrid (Fig. 8) with addi-
clusive. Many of the auxotrophic protoplasts will grow at areduced rate in minimal medium when mixed with otherauxotrophic mutants or with wild-type protoplasts of otherspecies, presumably due to the effect of crossfeeding betweenthe cell types. We are investigating one further method forpreferentially recovering parasexually produced hybrids.Protoplasts containing potentially complementing recessivenuclear albino mutations from different species are isolatedand fused. Only calli that have regenerated from fused cellsshould appear as green colonies on the petri plate.In general, the potential offered by somatic hybridization
may be expected to exceed the limitations imposed by sexualprocesses, and extend the possibilities of combining widelydivergent genotypes of plants.
Note added in proofThe somatic hybird has produced flowers and fertile seed cap-
sules that are identical with the N. glauca X N. langsdorffiiamphiploid.This work was performed at Brookhaven National Laboratory,
which operates under the auspices of the U.S. Atomic EnergyCommission. The research was supported in part by USPHSGrant GM 18537 to P.S.C. We thank Prof. Ian Sussex and Dr.Gerhard Wenzel for their helpful suggestions, and Mr. NicholasCombatti for cytological determinations.
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2. Nagata, T. & Takebe, I. (1971) Planta 99, 12-20.3. Power, J. B., Cummings, S. E. & Cocking, E. C. (1970) Na-
ture 225, 1016-1018.4. Kostoff, D. (1939) J. Genet. 37, 129-209.5. White, P. R. (1939) Amer. J. Bot. 26, 59-64.6. Schaeffer, G. W. & Smith, H. H. (1963) Plant Physiol. 38,
291-297.7. Smith, H. H. (1972) Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 15, 138-164.8. Linsmaier, E. M. & Skoog, F. (1965) Physiol. Plant. 18,
100-127.9. Bums, J. A. (1964) Tobacco Sci. 8, 22-23.
10. Bhatia, C. R. Buiatti, M. & Smith, H. H. (1967) Amer. J.Bot. 54, 1237.1241.
11. Smith, H. H., Hamill, D. E., Weaver, E. A. & Thompson,K. H. (1970) J. Hered. 61, 203-212.
12. Goodspeed, T. H. (1954) The Genus Nicotiana (ChromicaBotanica, Waltham, Mass.).
13. Carlson, P. S. (1970) Science 168, 487-489.
2294 Botany: Carlson et al.
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