Paraphrasing in the Body of Your Text To incorporate material from sources into your essay, you...

Paraphrasing in the Body of Your Text

To incorporate material from sources into your essay, you paraphrase the source, or you quote the source.

What is paraphrasing?

Paraphrasing is ______________ ______________________________________________________

Should you cite your source?

Keep in mind…

When you paraphrase, you change the language of the source into ________________.

Do not change a few words; change the _________________ __________________________!

Example Original quote:

“Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes” (Lester 46).

Paraphrase:In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46).

Work CitedLester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

When using a paraphrase…

You must____________ your paraphrase: Tell who

said it, what is going on in the story, etc.____________ your paraphrase: Change the

wording, sentence structure, and tone of the original passage

____________ your paraphrase: Explain how this information proves your thesis

Example Paraphrase with 3 I’s:

According to James D. Lester, author of Writing Research Papers, in research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (46). Therefore, when students write their essays, they should paraphrase as often as possible and only use quotations when necessary. Then their work becomes more authentic.


__________

____

____

___

_________

Notice Since the author’s name is included in

the paraphrase, you do not need the full in-text citation, only the page number.

The passage __________________ ____________________; it reads like a complete, correct sentence.

The paraphrase is ___________, not patched on and left for the reader to figure out what it means.

When should I paraphrase?

Paraphrasing is useful in ________________________ (introduction or conclusion) or when the author's ____________ ____________________.

Helpful Verbs When Quoting or Paraphrasing

Remember, many verbs can be used to introduce quotes and paraphrases. For example: __________________________ __________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Now that I have included my paraphrase into my text, how do I let the reader know the source where I got the ideas or information?

A Road Map for the Reader

You must properly direct your reader to your Work Cited page with a __________________________!

This citation will tell your reader exactly where to go on your ____________ page to find the source of this quote.

The Work Cited page, in turn, directs your reader to the _________.

__________________ (aka) Parenthetical Citation In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text

is done by using what's known as _________________________. Immediately following a quotation from a source or a paraphrase of a source's ideas, you place the author's name followed by a space and the relevant page number(s)

Example:Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" __________

Use the same form of citation for a paraphrase

When a source has no known author, use a ________________________ instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work, or italicize or underline it if it is a longer work

If you indicate the author of the material you are paraphrasing or quoting, you do not have to reflect his or her name in the parentheses, only the page number.

EXAMPLE:According to James D. Lester, author of Writing Research Papers, in research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim ______


Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3).

Your in-text citation or parenthetical citation will correspond with an entry in your Works Cited page, which, for the Burke citation above, will look something like this:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966.

Last Words of Advice

Use paraphrases that best support your ______.

Use the ______________ of your paraphrase to connect back to and give support to your thesis.

Remember a citation is a road map for your reader. You must give your reader (in this case your teacher) sound directions or the reader may get lost.

Work Cited

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. 26 Aug. 2005. Web. 25 Sept. 2008.

Paraphrasing Practice

IntroductionCurrently, the United States faces

two crises: an economic recession and global warming. The car industry is at the heart of both problems. To combat these issues, in the summer of 2009, the government instituted a program commonly called Cash for Clunkers, which granted participants up to $4500 for trading in their gas guzzling vehicles for more fuel efficient vehicles. They insisted that this program would jumpstart the car industry and improve the environment. Regardless of the impact on the car industry, Cash for Clunkers does not significantly benefit the environment.

_________

_________

_________

_________

_________

_________

_________

_________

_______

3 Body Paragraphs

Reason 1 why Cash for Clunkers does not benefit the environment



When you paraphrase, remember to:

___________ your paraphrase

___________ your paraphrase: Change the wording, sentence structure, and tone of the original passage

___________ your paraphrase: Explain how this information proves your thesis

Works Cited

Borenstein, Seth. “‘Cash for clunkers’ effect on pollution? A blip.’” Associated

Press. Channel One News, 5 Aug. 2009. Web. 6 Aug. 2009.

“Does Cash for Clunkers Help the Environment? It's Debatable.” Politics. FOXNews.com, 5 Aug. 2009. Web. 6 Aug. 2009.

Reason 1“ ‘It takes energy to shred and recycle metals; plastic components often cannot be recycled and end up as landfill cover; and the engine fluids, refrigerants and other chemicals essential to operating products end up as hazardous wastes…’ wrote Gwen Ottinger, a researcher at the Chemical Heritage Foundation's Center for Contemporary History and Policy in Philadelphia” (“Does Cash for Clunkers Help the Environment?”).

Paraphrase this quote. Remember to INTRODUCE, INCORPORATE, AND INTERPRET.

Reason 2“Compared to overall carbon dioxide emissions in the United States, the pollution savings from cash for clunkers do not noticeably move the fuel gauge.… ‘As a carbon dioxide policy, this is a terribly wasteful thing to do,’ said Henry Jacoby, a professor of management and co-director of the Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change at MIT. ‘The amount of carbon you are saving per federal expenditure is very, very small’ ” (Borenstein).


Reason 3“Michael Gerrard, director of the Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University, who examined the clunkers program in an academic journal, said there are far better ways to cut energy use and greenhouse gases. ‘It's not that it's a bad idea; just don't sell it as a cost-effective energy savings method,’ he said. ‘From an economic standpoint it seems to be a roaring success. From an environment and energy perspective, it's not where you would put your first dollar’ ” (Borenstein).


To submit

Type the thesis and your three mini paragraphs.

Submit them as one document on Turnitin.com under “Paraphrase Practice.”

Have a paper copy to turn in to class on the due date.

Quoting in the Body of Your Text

To incorporate material from sources into your essay, you paraphrase the source, or you quote the source.

Example: Quote

“Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes” (Lester 46).

Work Cited

Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

Example: Quote with the 3 I’s

According to James D. Lester, author of Writing Research Papers, “students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes” (46). Therefore, when students write their essays, they should paraphrase as often as possible and only use quotations when necessary. Then their work becomes more authentic.


__________

____

____

___

_________

Notice The passage is enclosed in quotes. Since the author’s name is included in the

paraphrase, you do not need an in-text citation, only the page number.

The passage _____________________ _____________________; it reads like a complete, correct sentence.

The quote is _____________, not patched on and left for the reader to figure out what it means.

Combining Quotes and Paraphrases Often, it is effective to paraphrase part of a passage, but

necessary to include some of the author’s original wording

Example:

According to James D. Lester, author of Writing Research Papers, in research papers students often quote excessively because “students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes.” Thus, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (46).


__________

____

____

__

__________

When should I quote?

To make a particularly __________________

When a passage or point is particularly _______ __________

To include a particularly ___________________

Whenever your paraphrase just cannot capture the _______________

How should I quote?

All quotes must be introduced, discussed, and woven into the text

A good rule of thumb: Don't let your quotes exceed ________ of your text

Last Words of Advice

Use quotes that best support your _________.

Use the _________________ of your quote to connect back to and give support to your thesis.

Remember a citation is a road map for your reader. You must give your reader (in this case your teacher) sound directions or the reader may get lost.

Work Cited

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. 26 Aug. 2005. Web. 25 Sept. 2008.

Quoting Practice

Your Mission Read the Washington Post article “Paper or

Plastic?” at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2007/10/03/GR2007100301385.html

Choose a thesis statement to defend:1. Consumers should use plastic bags instead of

paper bags.

2. Consumers should use paper bags instead of plastic bags.

Directions Based on what you read in “Paper or

Plastic?” choose 3 different reasons (3 different quotations) from the article.

Introduce, incorporate, and interpret those 3 different quotations so they prove your thesis.

You should have 3 mini paragraphs (about 2-3 sentences each) when you are finished.

Remember to cite your quotations!

If the Work Cited info looks like this:

“More Than Meets The Eye: Paper or Plastic.” Washington Post. Washington Post Company, 2008. Web. 8 Aug. 2009.

What will your in-text citation look like?

_________________________

To submit

Type your thesis and your 3 mini paragraphs.

Submit them as one document on Turnitin.com under “Quoting Practice”

Have a paper copy to turn in to class on the due date.

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