Paraparaumu 220kV Supply Connection - … 220kV Supply Connection: Assessment of Ecological Effects....
45
Paraparaumu 220kV Supply Connection Assessment of Ecological Effects Prepared for Transpower New Zealand Limited 5 May 2013
Transcript of Paraparaumu 220kV Supply Connection - … 220kV Supply Connection: Assessment of Ecological Effects....
Paraparaumu 220kV Supply
Connection Assessment of Ecological Effects
Prepared for Transpower New Zealand Limited
5 May 2013
Document Quality Assurance
This report has been prepared in accordance with Boffa Miskell quality assurance procedures, and has
been reviewed and approved for release as set out below.
Bibliographic reference for citation:
Boffa Miskell, 2013. Paraparaumu 220kV Supply Connection: Assessment of Ecological Effects. Report
prepared by Boffa Miskell Limited for Transpower Limited, Wellington.
Prepared by: Matiu Park
Associate Principal, Senior Ecologist
Boffa Miskell Limited
Peer reviewed by: Leigh Bull
Associate Principal, Senior Ecologist
Boffa Miskell Limited
Status: FINAL Revision / version: [3] Issue date: 5 May 2013
Template revision: 20121121 0000
© Boffa Miskell Limited 2012 (unless Boffa Miskell Limited has expressly agreed otherwise with the Client in writing).
This report has been prepared by Boffa Miskell Limited on the specific instructions of our Client. It is solely for our Client’s use for the purpose
for which it is intended in accordance with the agreed scope of work. Any use or reliance by any person contrary to the above, to which
Boffa Miskell Limited has not given its prior written consent, is at that person's own risk.
Cover photograph: View across Valley Road into Kaitawa Reserve (KCDC Ecosite K150) and existing 110 kV transmission line, © Matiu Park,
2013
W12086_Transpower_PRM_220kV_Connection_Ecology_FINAL_20130508.docx
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction 3
1.1 This assessment 3
2.0 Assessment Methodology 6
2.1 Route Selection Process (Project Shaping) 6
2.2 Desktop assessment 6
2.3 Field assessment 7
3.0 Resource Description 7
3.1 Ecological context 7
3.2 Protected natural areas 8
3.3 Other areas of biological importance 8
3.4 Rivers and streams 9
3.5 Indigenous Flora 9
3.6 Native fauna 9
3.7 Landform and soils 9
4.0 Land Use and Statutory Context 10
4.1 Vegetation Clearance Rules 10
5.0 The project proposal 12
6.0 Assessment of Effects 14
6.1 Protected Natural Areas and Significant Natural Areas 14
6.2 Other Vegetation and Terrestrial Habitats 15
6.3 Rare and threatened flora 17
6.4 Rare and threatened fauna 17
6.5 Waterbodies 18
6.6 Earthworks and sediment control 18
6.7 Additional positive effects 19
6.8 Summary 19
7.0 Recommendations 19
8.0 Conclusions 20
9.0 References 21
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects ii
Figures
Figure 1 Site context .......................................................................................... 5
Appendices
Appendix 1 Botanical Species List ....................................................................... 23
Appendix 2 Site Photos .......................................................................................... 27
Appendix 3 Proposed site access tracks ............................................................ 28
Appendix 4 Policy 23 ecological significance assessment ............................. 29
Appendix 5 Conservation Covenant for Bright Property .............................................. 32
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 3
1.0 Introduction
Transpower New Zealand Limited (‘Transpower’) is seeking resource consents to construct,
operate and maintain two 220kV single circuit pole transmission lines connections to the
Paraparaumu Substation in Valley Road, Paraparaumu, from existing 220kV lines on the Kāpiti
Coast.
This new supply connection is an alternative to re-aligning the existing 110 kV Paekakariki –
Takapu Road A Line (‘PKK–TKR A’).
Through the investigations into the potential realignment of the 110 kV network, Transpower
investigated various options for a new 220 kV supply connection at Paraparaumu. The preferred
option comprises the construction, operation, maintenance and protection of two new 220kV
pole transmission lines between the Bunnythorpe – Haywards (‘BPE-HAY’) A and B Lines and a
new substation located adjacent to the existing Paraparaumu substation (see Figure 1). This
option would include removal of the existing section of the two 110kV lines extending north from
the existing Paraparaumu substation and connecting to the Bunnythorpe – Haywards A and B
lines. In addition, while not included in this assessment, the section of the 110kV lines between the
Pauatahanui substation and the Paraparaumu substation would be removed as part of the wider
project.
1.1 This assessment
In 2012, Boffa Miskell Ltd (‘BML’) was commissioned by Transpower to provide ecological advice
and assistance for the route selection process, and in 2013 commissioned to prepare an
ecological assessment of the proposed Paraparaumu 220kV transmission line. This report
comprises an assessment of the ecological effects of this proposal, with particular regard to the
ecological matters identified in Sections 5, 6 & 7 of the Resource Management Act. This
assessment covers both terrestrial and aquatic environments, with the objectives being to:
Identify potential adverse effects of the proposed transmission line on the ecological
environment, plants, animals or habitats;
If potential adverse effects are identified, recommend ways to avoid, remedy or mitigate
such effects;
Determine whether ongoing monitoring is required; and
Provide an assessment of whether the proposal is appropriate from an ecological
perspective.
In undertaking the assessment, we have taken into consideration the operative Kāpiti Coast
District Plan, the proposed Kāpiti Coast District Plan, the proposed Wellington Regional Policy
Statement, the Regional Freshwater Plan, the proposed Wellington Regional Policy Statement
(proposed RPS), the Wellington Conservation Management Strategy and the Freshwater Fisheries
Regulations 1983.
The term ‘application site’ includes the immediate area from the existing Paraparaumu
Substation to the 220kV Bunnythorpe – Haywards (‘BPE-HAY’) A and B Lines connection on the
Bright property (area shown in Figure 1), which includes the portion of KCDC Ecosite K150 being
traversed. The term ‘wider study area’ includes the section of 110kV lines between the
Pauatahanui substation and the Paraparaumu substation which would be removed as part of
the wider project (refer to Boffa Miskell, 2012 for the wider area of study).
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 4
This report begins with a description of the assessment methodology and consultation undertaken
for this study, including the site/route selection process. Detailed resource and project
descriptions are provided. This is followed by the assessment of effects, which looks at the range
of potential direct and indirect effects which could occur as a result of the construction and
operation of the proposed transmission line. The report concludes with recommendations for
measures to mitigate the potential adverse effects identified in this assessment.
As the proposal will replace the need for the majority of an existing section of 110kV supply line
between the Pauatahanui and Paraparaumu substations, consideration has also been given to
the potential ecological benefits of removing part of the existing Maugahao to Paekakariki
(‘MHO-PKK’) A and B and the Paekakariki to Takapu Road (PKR-TKR) A lines (approximately 24 km
of line in total).
Figure 1 illustrates the extent of the proposed works associated with this application.
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K168
K095
K150
K145
K150
K150
K150
K150
K168
K150
BPE-H
AY-B
BPE-H
AY-A
MHO-PKK-A
MHO-PK
K-B
°
1: 5,000 @ A3File Ref: W12086_ECO_Fig1_A3.mxd
PA R A PA R A U M U2 2 0 k V
C O N N E C T I O N
Figure 1SITE
CONTEXT
Proposed 220kV Development
Existing 220 kV Line
Existing 110 kV Line
Designation
Ecological Area
Open Space - Conservation
Regenerating Kanuka Forest
Remnant Coastal Broadleaved Kohekohe Forest
Conservation Covenants (Indicative) within Bright Property
Wharemauku Stream & tributaries
Date: April 2013Revision: 0
Plan Prepared for Transpower New Zealand Ltdby Boffa Miskell Limited
Author: MPChecked: PM
www.boffamiskell.co.nz
0 0.1 0.2 km
1
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 6
2.0 Assessment Methodology
2.1 Route Selection Process (Project Shaping)
Ecological involvement in this project commenced following Transpower defining the study area.
We assisted in the route selection process from the original options refinement through to the final
route selection between the existing Paraparaumu substation and the interconnect area with the
existing 220kV transmission line. Thus, the ecological values of the area have been considered
throughout the route selection process.
Following the initial route selection process, a more detailed assessment of the ecological values
of KCDC Ecosite K150 (Kaitawa Reserve) was undertaken to inform the AEE. The preliminary
findings were discussed with Transpower and other consultants in the project team, with
particular attention to maintaining and protecting the ecological values of KCDC Ecosite K150.
Consideration was also given to the underlying conservation covenants on the Bright property
traversed by the proposal. These considerations provided guidance on refinements to the
location of the transmission line to minimise disturbance to areas of ecological value traversed by
the proposal. These changes have resulted in the avoidance of direct effects on KCDC Ecosite
K150, including the associated removal of the existing 110kV transmission line towers located
within this Ecosite, as well as the location of the proposed transmission poles in the less
ecologically valuable locations of the Bright property, ultimately resulting in no loss of indigenous
vegetation and associated potential adverse effects on the ecology of the wider site.
In summary, the ecological input through the project shaping and route selection process has
influenced the final location of the transmission line and associated access track infrastructure
(roads and tower locations) to avoid, remedy or mitigate potential ecological effects within the
application site.
2.2 Desktop assessment
A large number of biological databases and information from published and unpublished
biological inventories were interrogated as part of a desktop review, providing the basis for the
ecological and habitat assessments:
Information on landforms, soils, and erosion was derived from the New Zealand Land Use
Resource Inventory (NZLRI), and Land Environments of New Zealand (LENZ).
A Protected Natural Area (Department of Conservation Protected Natural Areas
Programme) report has been completed for the Foxton Ecological District (Ravine, 1992).
The PNA programme identifies areas within ecological districts whose protection is
necessary to preserve the full range of representative biodiversity. This programme
identifies Recommended Areas of Protections (RAP's) and also other areas of biological
value that do not meet the criteria for a RAP but are nonetheless of local importance.
Kāpiti Coast District Council Ecological Sites Survey undertaken by Wildlands (2003) to
provide KDCD with a schedule to identify and protect areas of significant indigenous
vegetation or significant habitat for indigenous fauna under the Resource Management
Act 1991.
Vegetation communities were identified using high resolution aerial photos provided by
Transpower in combination with the Land Cover Database II (Ministry for the
Environment).
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 7
2.3 Field assessment
Following the desktop ecological exercise undertaken as part of the project shaping phase, a
site visit was undertaken on 18 January 2013 to obtain a familiarisation of the application site and
to investigate the KCDC Ecosite K150 ‘Kaitawa Reserve’. At the time of the site visit, the weather
was fine and sunny.
Investigations undertaken during this site visit included a botanical survey of the upper gully
traversed by the proposed transmission lines (survey inventory attached as Appendix 1). The
terrestrial ecology within and adjacent to the application site was described, and plant
communities identified. In addition, the entire length of the main gully system in Ecosite K150
below the proposed transmission lines was traversed, as were a number of smaller side gullies and
faces to understand the vegetation patterns of the main gully system. Particular attention was
paid to wet areas, gullies and faces with varying aspects. The main gully was also viewed from a
number of raised areas for particular vegetation characteristics and extent of remnant
vegetation (primary forest trees).
Subsequently, a further visit was undertaken on 5 April 2013 to Valley Road and this portion of the
wider Ecosite K150. Staff from the Kāpiti Coast District Council (KCDC) were present during this
visit to discuss the ecological aspects of the proposal.
High-resolution aerials were used to determine the extent of indigenous vegetation and property
boundaries through the project shaping phase, for field work and as part of this assessment.
Google Earth, the Kāpiti Coast District Plan and Kāpiti Coast District Council’s ‘Schedule of
Ecological Sites’ were used to provide ecological context and other considerations.
A number of photographs of the application site and Ecosite K150 are attached as Appendix 2.
3.0 Resource Description
3.1 Ecological context
The application site straddles the Foxton (31.02) and Tararua Ecological Districts (38.01), with the
majority of the project and associated works which are the subject of this assessment being
located within the Foxton Ecological District (ED). Given that the past and current vegetation of
the project area is described in considerable detail in other ecological reports and inventories
(Ravine 1992, Wildlands 2003), this information will not be repeated in any great detail here.
The Foxton ED is part of the Manawatu Ecological Region and contains the largest sand dune
system in New Zealand (Ravine 1992). This ED is defined by the dune topography and associated
vegetation. Wind is a dominant feature of the climate with north-westerly gales common and
affecting the dune landscape, vegetation and land uses. Historically, the Foxton ED would have
been mostly forested, with a great part having swamp forest dominated by kahikatea and
pukatea with plentiful rimu and swamp maire (Ravine, 1992). There is some evidence that these
swamp forest were reduced greatly in extent even before European times by Maori burn-off
(Cowie, Fitzgerald and Owens, 1967).
Today the Foxton ED is almost entirely modified by farming and urbanisation, with pasture,
plantation pine, gorse and regenerating shrublands throughout. Less than 5% of the ED has
predominantly indigenous vegetation with 20 protected natural areas in the district, totalling 2.2%
of the ecological district (Ravine 1992). Suffice to say that the great majority of indigenous plant
communities and habitats once found within the Foxton ED are now absent. This means that any
areas of existing remnant indigenous vegetation or advanced secondary vegetation are of
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 8
ecological value and may be providing habitat and refuges for plant or animal species that are
rare or threatened.
The kohekohe-dominated coastal forest that occurs within the wider KCDC Ecosite K150 (Kaitawa
Reserve) would have dominated much of the area historically. Scattered remnants of this original
forest occur near and adjacent to the application site, including two remnants on the Bright
property.
With the exception of part of the KCDC Ecosite K150 traversed by the proposal and a number of
smaller remnants of coastal broadleaved kohekohe forest and some early regenerating kanuka
forest, the application site is almost entirely dominated by improved pasture. However,
regeneration is occurring in a number of areas within the application site, predominantly pioneer
scrub and shrublands dominated by kanuka.
3.2 Protected natural areas
A portion of one protected natural area, Kaitawa Reserve (Kāpiti Coast District Council Ecosite
K150), is traversed by the proposed transmission line. The Kāpiti Coast District Plan Heritage
Register includes the following information on this area:
Site
Name
Dominant
habitat(s)
or
vegetation
type Are
a (
ha
)
Ra
nk
ing
Justification Recommend
-ation
Eligible for
Ecological
Site
designation
?
Kaitawa
Reserve
Pukatea-
maire
tawake
swamp
forest,
mahoe
forest,
kohekohe-
kanuka
forest
7.59 Local Very small fragments of under-
represented habitat types
including swamp forest. Indicative
of previous diversity of vegetation
type in the area.
Provides habitat for kereru. Active
restoration plan is in place.
Protected in part as Council Scenic
Reserve and part Recreational
Reserve.
Recommend
for
Ecological
Site
designation
Yes
A detailed botanical plant species list, including exotic species, from the upper portion of this
Ecosite traversed by the proposed transmission lines is provided in Appendix 1 of this assessment.
Other than the area of the KCDC Ecosite K150, no other sites located within the application site
are listed as having known biological values under the Protected Natural Areas Programme
(PNA) or the Kāpiti Coast District Council Ecological Sites Survey (Wildlands, 2003).
3.3 Other areas of biological importance
The two small remnants of coastal kohekohe forest (located on the Bright Property) and the other
areas of regenerating vegetation within the application site are not listed within the ecological
sites inventory. The Bright property, where much of the transmission line infrastructure and
associated access tracks are proposed, is subject to a number of conservation covenants –
which are discussed in more detail in section 6.2.4 of this assessment.
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 9
3.4 Rivers and streams
An upper tributary of the Wharemauku Stream is the only permanent waterbody located within
the application site. This stream channel is steeply incised and surrounded by the remnant and
regenerating indigenous vegetation of the Kaitawa Reserve (KCDC Ecosite K150). More detail
on the vegetation of this area is outlined in the assessment of effects.
The Wharemauku Stream is listed in Appendix 1 of the proposed RPS, in Table 16 (Rivers and lakes
with significant indigenous ecosystems). The Wharemauku Stream is also listed in Appendix 1 of
the proposed RPS as “habitat for threatened indigenous fish species” and “habitat for six or more
indigenous fish species in the catchment”.
3.5 Indigenous Flora
The presence of several species of indigenous flora have been noted in the Foxton ED (Ravine,
1992) and the Wellington Conservation Management Strategy (e.g. Korthalsella salicornioides,
dwarf mistletoe). This assessment considered any habitat that would support such species.
Based on the site visit and the botanical survey undertaken, these species are unlikely to occur
within the application site. The proposed transmission line alignment avoids all surface indigenous
vegetation features and therefore habitat for these species.
3.6 Native fauna
The Kāpiti Coast District Plan Heritage Schedule notes the Kaitawa Reserve (KCDC Ecosite K150)
provides habitat for kereru (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae), a species classified by the
Department of Conservation as ‘Not Threatened’ (Miskelly et al. 2008). During the site visits only
limited birdlife was observed including tui and fantail. However, given the site’s context, it is likely
that other native forest birds listed above are present either seasonally or from time to time.
Other Not Threatened native forest avifauna which may occur in this portion of the Kaitawa
Reserve or wider landscape include grey warbler (Gerygone igata), silver-eye (Zosterops l.
lateralis), fantail (Rhipidura fuliginosa placabilis), tomtit (Petroica macrocephala toitoi), tui
(Prosthemadera n. novaeseelandiae), bellbird (Anthornis m. melanura), morepork (Ninox n.
novaeseelandiae) and shining cuckoo (Chrysococcyx l. lucidus).
North Island kaka (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis) and bush falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae
"bush") have also been recorded in the wider landscape; both species are classified as Nationally
Vulnerble (Robertson et al. 2007; Miskelly et al. 2008; Boffa Miskell 2011)
A lizard survey was not undertaken given that all transmission line infrastructure is proposed to be
located within areas of improved pasture. Such areas do not provide important habitat for skink
or gecko species.
3.7 Landform and soils
In terms of landform and soils at the application site, the Land Use Classification (LUC)
classification is predominantly 6e6 (with a small proportion of 6e3 LUC in the northern section of
the proposal), which indicates the application site moderately steep to steep inland greywacke
hill country in areas of moderate rainfall (1,140-1,270 mm p.a.) with seasonal soil moisture
deficiencies. Based on the LUC database, erosion for this LUC area is negligible but with the
potential for moderate soil slip, scree and sheet erosion where forest cover is removed.
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 10
Pastures are prone to scrub reversion and maintenance of a complete vegetation cover is
necessary.
4.0 Land Use and Statutory Context
With the exception of the area of indigenous vegetation within the Kaitawa Reserve (KCDC
Ecosite K150), of which ownership is presumed to be Kāpiti Coast District Council road reserve1, all
the land that is the subject of this application is owned by the Bright’s. The substation is located
within land owned by Transpower. The application is primarily located within land zoned ‘Open
Space’ and ‘Rural’ in the Kāpiti Coast District Plan. The Ecosite K150 portion traversed by the
proposal is located within ‘Residential’ zoned land and comprises Crown Land (subject to the
Land Act 1948). The surrounding land to the immediate north and east comprises similar steep
farmland with gullies with scattered regenerating indigenous vegetation (kanuka). To the west,
there are large areas of regenerating indigenous vegetation dominated by mahoe and kanuka
that are part of a wider Open Space zoning (which includes Ecosite K168 ‘Paraparaumu Quarry
Scrub’). The land to the south of the application site is predominantly residential housing.
The Kāpiti Coast District Plan includes a number of rules in relation to the management of effects
on Ecosites scheduled in the Heritage Register (Part I). These provisions are outlined in the
subsequent sections of this assessment. Large areas of the Bright property, within which the
majority of the proposed PRM 220kV infrastructure is proposed, are subject to a number of
conservation covenants which are discussed in more detail in Section 6.2.4 of this report.
4.1 Vegetation Clearance Rules
4.1.1 Kāpiti Coast District Plan
Under the operative Kāpiti Coast District Plan, the disturbance, removal, damage or destruction
(“modification”) of naturally occurring indigenous vegetation, where such modification is in
accordance with the Permitted Activity Standards (provided in D.2.2.1. and D.6.2.1 Native
Vegetation) is a permitted activity. Any vegetation clearance associated with the earthworks to
construct the access tracks would be able to comply with permitted activity standards within
D.2.2.1 and D6.2.1 Native Vegetation. Indicative access tracks are identified on the map
attached as Appendix 3 and illustrate that all areas of existing indigenous vegetation are able to
be avoided by largely maintaining existing farm access tracks.
Rule 3A.1.5 of the Kāpiti Coast District Plan also restricts clearance of locally indigenous
vegetation, with modification of native vegetation not permitted where that vegetation:
a) exceeds 4 metres in height and which has a trunk circumference greater than 95cm
measured at a point no higher than 1.4 metres above the ground, except for where the
vegetation:
i. is predominantly (50% or greater) mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) or kānuka
(Kunzea ericoides); and
ii. has a canopy of no more than 4 metres tall. Where the modification shall be limited
to a maximum area of 2ha any given 12 month period.
1 We understand that the Kāpiti Coast District Council is undertaking a more detailed investigation of the ownership status of
Kāpiti Coast District Council Ecosite K150 in relation to the Valley Road road reserve.
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 11
b) is within an ecological site (Schedule 3.1);
c) is a rare and threatened vegetation species (Schedule 3.3);
d) is listed as a notable tree (Schedule 10.1);
e) is listed in the schedule of key indigenous tree species (Schedule 3.2) and exceeds
either of the maximum size criteria (diameter or height);
f) forms a contiguous area of more than 100m²; or
g) is within 20 metres of a waterbody (including within the waterbody itself) or the
coastal marine area.
The proposed application complies with the permitted activity standards outlined above.
4.1.2 Proposed Kāpiti Coast District Plan
Under the proposed Kāpiti Coast District Plan, the following rules that have legal effect relating to
clearance of indigenous vegetation that require consideration are as follows:
Rule 3A.2.3 (Buildings and earthworks on sites containing an ecological site) is not
applicable as the proposed track access is not within the ecological site K150.
Furthermore, the track will be not trigger the standards in terms of distance from the
ecological site boundary K150.
Rule 3A.4.2 (Modification of any locally indigenous vegetation) is not applicable as there
are no proposed earthworks within ecological sites (specifically K150), works to a notable
trees, or locally indigenous negation that forms a contiguous area of 100m², outside the
designation.
Rule 3A.4.5 (Buildings and development in and within 10 metres of an ecological site) is
not applicable as there are no proposed earthworks within 10 of ecological sites
(specifically K150), outside the designation.
4.1.3 Regional Policy Statement
Policies 22, 23 and 46 of the proposed Regional Policy Statement for the Wellington Region are
relevant to this proposed application and an ecological significance assessment is attached as
Appendix 4 of this assessment.
The Wharemauku Stream, of which a tributary is traversed by this proposal, is listed in Appendix 1
of the proposed RPS 2009, Table 16 (Rivers and lakes with significant indigenous ecosystems). The
Wharemauku Stream is also listed in Appendix 1 of the proposed RPS 2009 as “habitat for
threatened indigenous fish species” and “habitat for six or more indigenous fish species in the
catchment”. Within the proposed RPS 2009 protection of streams listed in Appendix 1 are
addressed by policies 17, 23 and 42. These policies cover:
Policy 17: Protecting significant values of rivers and lakes – regional plans.
Policy 23: Protecting indigenous ecosystems and habitats with significant indigenous
biodiversity values – district and regional plans.
Policy 42: Protecting aquatic ecological function of water bodies – consideration.
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 12
4.1.4 Regional Freshwater Plan
The Wharemauku Stream and its tributaries are listed in Appendix 3 of the Regional Freshwater
Plan as “Waterbodies with Nationally Threatened Indigenous Fish Recorded in the Catchment”.
The stormwater network within the substation site includes an upgrade of the stormwater run-off
area for the Paraparaumu substation. The discharge is proposed to join the existing network
across Valley Road and into a tributary of the Wharemauku Stream. Therefore it is considered
that there will be no adverse effects on this listed waterbody.
The proposal involves the installation of farm drainage pipes to maintain existing storm flows in
overland flow paths as part of the upgrade of the existing farm access tracks. All farm drainage
pipes will be installed to grade and will be stabilised immediately upon completion. One culvert
is proposed in a small ephemeral watercourse below the forestry block as part of the main
access road from Nikau Valley. Site observations indicate that there is no permanent flow of
water, with a large farm pond having been developed at the base of this gully system historically.
This culvert will be installed to grade to maintain current flows and is not considered to result in
any adverse ecological effects. It is understood that these are permitted activities based on
catchment size.
The installation of these drainage pipes and culvert across this ephemeral stream would be a
permitted activity in that the catchment is less than 50 ha; the natural course of the stream would
not be altered; and provisions 3 and 4 as well as the accompanying standards would be
complied with.
5.0 The project proposal
The proposed PRM 200kV transmission line location extends from the north-east of the existing
Paraparaumu substation and connects with the BPE-HAY A and B lines to cover a total distance
of approximately 800 metres. The transmission line will comprise two single circuit 220kV
conductor lines supported by poles with heights ranging between approximately 16 and 31m.
The pole spacing will vary depending on topography and ground clearance requirements
through the application site. The proposed substation would be located immediately to the
north-east of the existing Paraparaumu substation (see Figure 1).
With the exception of a portion of KCDC Ecosite K150 and two small areas of regenerating
indigenous vegetation (all of which are traversed by the proposed transmission line), the entire
route is located within areas of improved pasture.
The alignment of the proposed transmission lines generally resembles the alignment of the existing
MHO-PKK A and B lines and extends to the north-east of the existing Paraparaumu substation
towards an elevated valley which continues north through Nikau Valley. The southern end of the
proposed transmission line spans an upper tributary of the Wharemauku Stream which includes
an area of remnant coastal broadleaved forest (KCDC Ecosite K150) running west-east through
the base of the gully. Beyond this, the line extends through a working rural landscape containing
a predominant cover of grass and scattered areas of regenerating kanuka and two specific
areas of remnant coastal forest retained in the steeper gullies. The top of the line connects with
existing flat top towers along the BPE-HAY A and B lines to the south of Nikau Valley.
The layout of the proposed development, including the configuration of the proposed substation
and transmission line, are shown on Figure 1. A full description of the proposal is included in the
NOR documents.
In ecological terms, the key features of the development are summarised below:
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 13
The substation is constructed on a level platform accessed along Valley Road with a total
area of approximately 2,400m2.
The proposed transmission lines will be constructed along 6 single circuit pole structures (P1 –
P6) which reach between approximately 16 and 31 metres above existing ground level.
The proposed connection will be transmitted along six Simplex Goat conductors which each
have a diameter of 25.97 mm. Two smaller earth wires will also strung along the top of poles.
The upgrade of existing farm access tracks and crossings of ephemeral overland flow paths..
The following table provides a detailed description of the proposed transmission line in relation to
any areas with identified ecological values (i.e. presence of indigenous vegetation or habitat for
indigenous fauna). The transmission line heights provided are based on the approximate height
of the lowest conductor line at maximum operating temp (60 degrees) to the average height of
the existing vegetation (heights provided by AECOM on 17 April 2013) and take into account the
Transpower Growth Limit Zone (GLZ) DIAGRAMS (for trees subject to the Tree Regulation):
Table 1: Route Description for PRM 220kV Transmission Line.
Feature Description
Substation Upgrade of the existing Paraparaumu substation.
Scattered native and exotic shelterbelt and amenity plantings will be lost.
This vegetation is discussed in the Assessment of Landscape and Visual Effects.
Upgrade of the existing stormwater run-off and associated stormwater network to a
tributary of the Wharemauku Stream.
Poles
PRMG1 and
PRMG2
Located within the existing Paraparaumu substation.
Construction access will utilise existing sealed access driveway and Valley Road.
Both lines between Poles PRMG1 / PRMG2 and P5 and P6 traverse a part of Kāpiti Coast
District Council Ecosite K150 ‘Kaitawa Reserve’. This Ecosite comprises kohekohe-
dominated coastal broadleaved forest surrounded by regenerating indigenous shrubland
and Douglas fir. The heights of the transmission lines above the canopy of KCDC Ecosite
K150 range between approximately 18 m at the lowest point to 26 m (in the centre of the
gully).
No indigenous vegetation clearance required.
Poles P5 and
P6
Both poles are located in improved pasture.
Construction access will be from existing farm access tracks located in improved pasture.
Scattered regenerating indigenous scrubland (kanuka) is present below the mid points of
both proposed transmission lines between Poles P6 and P4 and P5 and P3. The heights of
the transmission lines above these areas of indigenous vegetation range between 18 m
and 22 m.
No indigenous vegetation clearance required.
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 14
Feature Description
Poles P3 and
P4.
Both poles are located in improved pasture.
Construction access will be from existing farm access tracks located in improved pasture.
Regenerating indigenous scrubland (kanuka) is present below the mid points of both
proposed transmission lines between Poles P3 and P1 and Poles P4 to P2. The lowest height
of the transmission lines between Poles P4 and P2 is approximately 7 m above this area of
indigenous vegetation. The lowest height of the transmission line between Poles P3 and P1
is approximately 24 m above this area of indigenous vegetation.
No indigenous vegetation clearance required.
Poles P1 and
Tee-B
Pole is located in improved pasture.
Construction access will be from existing farm access tracks located in improved pasture.
No indigenous trees present.
No indigenous vegetation clearance required.
Pole P2 and
Tee-A
Poleis located in improved pasture.
Construction access will be from existing farm access tracks located in improved pasture.
No indigenous trees present.
No indigenous vegetation clearance required.
Construction
access track
All construction and maintenance access tracks are located in improved pasture.
No intermittent or perennial streams are crossed.
No indigenous trees present.
No indigenous vegetation clearance required.
6.0 Assessment of Effects
Based on the project description and existing environment, the principal ecological effects of the
proposal for this assessment are the potential effects of the transmission lines on bird movement
within the wider ecological corridor; of which the KCDC Ecosite K150 forms part of, including the
wider Kaitawa Reserve downstream of the proposal. This assessment also considers the
implications of this proposal on the conservation covenants on the Bright property.
6.1 Protected Natural Areas and Significant Natural Areas
Only a small part of one significant natural area, KCDC Ecosite K150 ‘Kaitawa Reserve’, will be
traversed by the proposed transmission line (between poles PRM G1 / G2 and P5 and P6). This
area of coastal broadleaved forest dominated by kohekohe formed an important component of
the project shaping process described above, including as habitat for indigenous fauna.
The transmission line between poles PRMG1 / PRMG2 and P5 / P6 has been designed to fully span
the entire area of this small portion of KCDC Ecosite K150, which will result in avoidance of direct
effects on this Ecosite. At the lowest point, the proposed transmission line span would be located
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 15
approximately 23 m above the canopy of this Ecosite. No vegetation would be removed and all
construction activities, including earthworks associated with upgrading the access tracks to Poles
P5 and P6, would be located at least 10 m from this Ecosite.
Given the mature nature of much of this remnant vegetation, the future canopy height of
Kaitawa Reserve is unlikely to significantly exceed the current canopy height in the area
proposed to be traversed by the transmission line. Accordingly, no future vegetation clearance
or trimming for line safety and maintenance of conductor swing clearance would be required
within this Ecosite. Recommendations to this effect are outlined below.
As an aside, we note that this proposal will result in the removal of the existing 110kV pole and
associated transmission lines from within this Ecosite. Removal of this existing line is anticipated to
improve the existing ecological values of this portion of the Ecosite through enabling this area of
vegetation to naturally regenerate. This is also discussed below in relation to effects on
indigenous fauna. Recommendations to this effect are outlined below..
6.2 Other Vegetation and Terrestrial Habitats
Aside from the KCDC Ecosite (K150) discussed above, there is no other remnant indigenous
vegetation within or immediately adjacent to the proposed alignment. However, as outlined in
Table 1, there are several locations along the proposed alignment of the PRM 220kV transmission
line which traverse a small number of areas of regenerating indigenous vegetation. While these
areas did not meet the significance assessment criteria necessary to be identified as Significant
Natural Areas / Ecosites by the Kāpiti Coast District Plan Heritage Resister, they provide areas of
habitat for wildlife as well as having a limited role for bird movement within and around the wider
environment.
Given the steeply incised nature of the gully systems and landforms where the majority of
vegetation occurs in close proximity to the proposed transmission line alignment, all indigenous
vegetation and habitat is avoided by the height of the transmission lines and the layout of the
poles and associated access tracks. However, in a couple of specific locations (i.e. on the high
spur between Poles P4 and P2) some minor vegetation clearance or trimming may be necessary
in future to ensure sufficient safety margins associated with conductor swing clearance.
These locations and a description of likely effects are as follows:
6.2.1 Paraparaumu Substation
The upgrade of the Paraparaumu substation would involve the loss of approximately 1,500 m2 of
established native and exotic shelterbelt and amenity plantings. These plants have not been
identified as having ecological value, other than providing occasional habitat and potentially
seasonal food resource for forest birds. The loss of this vegetation is discussed in the Assessment of
Landscape and Visual Effects.
6.2.2 Between Poles P3 and P1 and P4 and P2
Two areas of approximately 0.6 and 0.2 ha of regenerating kanuka forest and scrub are located
either under or immediately adjacent to the transmission line spans between Poles P3 and P1 and
P4 and P2. No vegetation clearance is required within these areas as part of the construction of
the transmission poles or associated access roads, consistent with the conservation covenants on
the regenerating indigenous vegetation on the Bright property (discussed in section 6.2.4 below).
However, we note that some limited vegetation trimming may be required in these areas as part
of future line swing and conductor clearance. As noted below, the proposed conductor span
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 16
heights are anticipated to be higher than the existing 110kV lines that already traverse these
areas of regenerating indigenous vegetation on the Bright property.
6.2.3 Coastal broadleaved kohekohe forest
Two small remnants of coastal broadleaved kohekohe forest (approximately 0.5 ha and 0.6 ha in
size) are located approximately 40 metres and 110 metres respectively from the proposed
transmission line on the Bright property. These remnants are considered to have ecological value
and have therefore been avoided by the proposal.
As outlined in the following section, a number of conservation covenants also protect these areas
of remnant indigenous vegetation through restricting indigenous vegetation clearance or
modification.
6.2.4 Conservation covenants (Bright Property)
There are a number of conservation covenants on the Bright property2 which require
consideration as part of this assessment. The conservation covenants are as follows:
1. The Covenantor will comply with all notices and do all things necessary to
control and destroy rabbits and other noxious pests and to control and
eradicate noxious plants on the Zoned Land.
2. The Covenantor will not cut down or remove or allow to be cut down or
removed any of the native bush situated on the Zoned Land.
3. The Covenantor will not develop any part of the Zoned Land or undertake any
activity on the Zoned Land which may affect the native bush without first
obtaining the Council’s consent in writing to such a development or activity.
4. The Covenantor will not develop any exotic forests on the Zoned Land without
first agreeing to a management plan with the Council.
5. The Covenantor will generally manage the Zoned Land in such a way to
protect against unsuitable development in order to preserve and enhance the
Zoned Land’s existing scenic and other environmental qualities.
In considering these conservation covenants, we note that the proposed transmission lines are a
continuation of the existing situation (which existed prior to the covenants being developed).
Firstly, we consider that the proposal largely maintains the existing number of transmission towers
(six) and will involve a similar extent of associated access tracks within the conservation covenant
area on the Bright property. Secondly, the proposed transmission lines traverse largely the same
areas of regenerating kanuka forest and scrub that the existing transmission lines traverse,
however with increased line span heights and therefore reduced requirements for future line
swing maintenance in these areas.
Ultimately, in respect of these conservation covenants, it is our opinion that:
No native bush is proposed to be removed as part of this application.
Council’s consent is being sought for this proposal (outside of the RMA consent
application process that this assessment forms part of).
2 Pursuant to the Reserves Act 1977, the Conservation Covenants are registered on all that parcel of land being Lot 1 on DP
79002 being a subdivision of part of the land contained in Certificate of Title 45A/489 (Wellington Registry) under the Second
Schedule. A copy of the Certificate of Title and associated Conservation Covenants are attached to this assessment as
Appendix 5.
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 17
The applicant does not plan to develop any exotic forest within the application site
(given exotic forestry plantations in close proximity to 220kV transmission lines would be
contrary to the long-term safety of the conductor and line swing clearance zones).
Through the legal property access arrangements proposed (undertaken outside of the
RMA consent application process), the applicant would continue to manage the
transmission line infrastructure, including access tracks, in a manner that continues to
preserve and enhance the Zoned Land’s existing scenic and other environmental
qualities.
Accordingly, we do not consider the application is contrary to these conservation covenants and
no ecological mitigation is recommended for this component of the proposal.
6.3 Rare and threatened flora
With the exception of those areas of indigenous vegetation traversed by the proposal (discussed
in section 6.2 above), the proposed transmission lines and associated access tracks lie entirely in
improved pasture. Our field work has established that the habitats of threatened plants known to
occur within this ecological district are not present within the application site. More importantly,
the Project shaping process has resulted in the avoidance of direct effects on all areas of
indigenous vegetation and habitat.
6.4 Rare and threatened fauna
The proposed transmission lines and associated access tracks lie entirely in improved pasture;
such habitat is not important to any of the threatened fauna (including lizards and snails) known
to occur in this ecological district.
Given the proposed transmission lines location close to the forested Akatarawa and Hemi
Matenga Ranges and the nearby listed ecological areas that form part of Kaitawa Reserve, the
application site is likely to form part of a wider ecological corridor for bird species. However, it is
not anticipated that the current proposal will result in a significant or measurable adverse effect
on birdlife due to loss of habitat.
Avifauna species may be impacted by transmission lines and associated structures either through
electrocution or collisions. New Zealand species known to be affected include New Zealand
falcon, harrier, kea, kereru and kaka (Fox 2010). Electrocution of birds may occur where a bird
lands on transformer boxes or bridge transmission lines that have not been insulated when they
attempt to perch on lines or pylons (i.e. birds acting as a contact between phase wires, or
between a phase wire and earth). Thus, birds can be at greater risk of electrocution on smaller
distribution poles and in substations where the electric phases are closer together, rather than on
larger transmission structures where they are further apart.
The avifauna community that is present at the site currently occurs in an environment containing
the existing transmission lines and associated structures. We consider that the proposed project
will result in less chance of electrocution and collisions due to the design of the structures
compared to those currently present. This is due to a greater distance of the conductors above
the tree canopy, removal of a tower from within the Ecosite, an average distance of 5.5 m
between individual lines on each pole and insulation of transformers. Consequently, it is not
anticipated that the current proposal will result in significant or measurable adverse effect on
birdlife due to electrocution or collision with the transmission line and associated structures.
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 18
6.5 Waterbodies
Only one waterbody is proposed to be traversed by this proposed transmission line: a tributary of
the Wharemauku Stream beneath Poles PRMG1 and PRMG2 and P5 and P6 (which flows through
KCDC Ecosite K150). At this location, the waterbody is deeply incised, with all poles and
associated earthworks (including upgrading of access tracks) proposed some distance from this
waterbody. Given the location, scale and proximity of the proposed earthworks away from the
waterbody, we are satisfied with the statement in the Erosion and Sediment Control Plan that any
earthworks can be undertaken in a manner that will ensure there will be no effects on this
tributary of the Wharemauku Stream or its freshwater communities.
In terms of waterbody crossings, the Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (Southern Skies, 2013)
states that where the farm track crosses an ephemeral overland flow path, farm drainage pipes
will be installed to protect the track. Any farm drainage pipe installed will be installed and grade
and the out of the pipe will be stabilised. For the access to the steeper pole locations (P3, P4, P5
and P6) a construction methodology has been specifically chosen to avoid the requirement to
excavate a formal track into the area. Southern Skies (2013) states that the excavator will simply
track across the grass to avoid land disturbance on the steep visual section of the project. Where
excess spoil is produced through formation of tracks and platforms, the spoil will be stockpiled
adjacent to the foundation for later reinstatement. All erosion and sediment control devices will
be designed and sized in accordance with Greater Wellington Regional Council guideline
“Erosion and Sediment Control Guidelines for the Wellington Region 2002” (reprinted 2006)
(GWRC Guideline).
The Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (Southern Skies, 2013) states that ‘stabilisation or
completion to final specifications forms a key component of the overall environmental strategy’
and notes that the existing access tracks are in ‘good condition and only in parts need minor
grading and the placement of aggregate’.
As outlined above, the Erosion and Sediment Control Plan seeks to ensure that there will be no
effects on waterbodies through a number of stringent site management controls in relation to
construction earthworks.
An upgrade of the existing stormwater run-off area from the Paraparaumu Substation is
proposed. Currently, all stormwater run-off from the Paraparaumu Substation site is diverted into
an underground culvert under Valley Road before entering the tributary of the Wharemauku
Stream. The proposed upgrade of the substation will require the extension of this system to
accommodate a larger substation site, but utilising the existing stormwater pipe. We have
assessed this as a minor change to the existing situation.
6.6 Earthworks and sediment control
As discussed above, all the transmission poles and access tracks are proposed in areas of
improved pasture with generally easy access via existing farm access tracks. While limited
earthworks will be required in some areas on more steeply sloping land, we consider that these
locations are of sufficient distance from any sensitive receiving environments that close
adherence to the best practice erosion and sediment control techniques proposed (refer
Southern Skies, 2013) will ensure there any potential effects are sufficiently avoided.
We do not believe there is any sedimentation risk associated with construction earthworks on this
tributary of the Wharemauku Stream.
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 19
6.7 Additional positive effects
Following completion of this project, the associated removal of approximately 24 kilometres of
the existing 110kV line between Paraparaumu and Pauatahanui (the Maugahao to Paekakariki
(MHO-PKK) A and B and Paekakariki to Takapu Road (PKR-TKR) A lines), as part of this wider
proposal, would ultimately result in the removal of up to a total of 156 poles and poles and
improve the potential for natural regeneration within these areas.
Overall, we consider that this scale of removal will generate positive ecological effects,
particularly where the existing 110kV transmission line is located within or adjacent to indigenous
vegetation or located in areas of habitat for avifauna species known to be at risk of electrocution
or collisions associated with transmission lines and associated structures. We note that falcon and
kaka have been recorded in areas where the existing 110kV line is located (Boffa Miskell, 2011).
6.8 Summary
It is our overall assessment that the proposed substation and 220kV transmission lines will have
negligible adverse effects on the local ecology. All areas of indigenous vegetation and habitat
for indigenous species have been avoided through project shaping and design and the long-
term maintenance of the transmission lines is anticipated to result in ultimately less vegetation line
clearance than the existing 110kV transmission lines. The proposed 220kV transmission line poles
largely replace the existing 110kV poles in this area, with overall ecological benefits in terms of
pole placement outside of areas of indigenous vegetation and increased line clearance above
areas of indigenous vegetation. Taking into consideration the conservation covenants on the
application property, we consider the project has been designed to avoid areas of indigenous
vegetation and habitat. Overall, the proposal is considered to be consistent with the intention of
these conservation covenants in terms of the RMA requirements.
Further, outside of the PRM 220kV application site, the wider transmission line upgrade project will
result in the removal of approximately 24km of line and poles. Overall, this resulting line removal
will reduce potential impacts on indigenous fauna and may facilitate the natural regeneration of
some of these areas, resulting in an overall net ecological benefit of this project.
Given that the proposal involves no loss of indigenous vegetation or habitat, no mitigation is
required.
7.0 Recommendations
Overall, our approach to this project has been to avoid significant ecological effects wherever
possible. As a result, all direct effects on indigenous vegetation have been avoided through a
rigorous and thorough route selection process. The proposal largely maintains, or results in, an
ecological improvement over and above the current 110kV transmission line as a result of the
proposed removal of the existing Transmission Tower P682 within Ecosite K150 and the removal of
other towers further south. While there may be some future adverse effects associated with
future indigenous vegetation trimming of regenerating indigenous vegetation in a small number
of locations within the Bright property, we consider they represent an improvement on the
existing situation and are better aligned with the conservation covenants on this property.
As outlined above, we recommend that as part of the transmission line development, the
following requirements should be taken into account to minimise future indigenous vegetation
line maintenance requirements as far as possible and to ensure the area of the application
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 20
property subject to the conservation covenants can continue to regenerate consistent with the
areas existing scenic and other environmental qualities.
The following are recommended:
1. Requirement for careful removal of the existing Tower P862 from within KCDC Ecosite
K150.
2. Minimise as far as practicable future indigenous vegetation trimming associated with
conductor swing clearance within the area of that parcel of land being Lot 1 on
Deposited Plan 79002 being a subdivision of part of the land contained in Certificate
of Title 45A/489 (Wellington Registry).
3. Any future indigenous vegetation trimming or modification associated with conductor
swing clearance trimming or line shall be undertaken by a qualified arborist.
8.0 Conclusions
In summary, it is our assessment that the potential ecological effects associated with the
proposed new PRM 220kV transmission line and associated upgrade to the Paraparaumu
Substation are negligible. When considered in conjunction with the proposed removal of 24 km
of transmission line and associated towers from the existing Maugahao to Paekakariki (MHO-PKK)
A and B and Paekakariki to Takapu Road (PKR-TKR) A lines resulting from this project further south,
we assess that the project will result in a net ecological benefit in the medium to long-term.
Overall, we consider that that the proposal will ensure the long-term maintenance and
protection of areas of indigenous vegetation and this will have some ecological benefits across
the wider study area.
Matiu Park
Senior Ecologist
Boffa Miskell Limited
8 May 2013
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 21
9.0 References
Ecological References
AECOM. 2013. Preliminary NOR Information – PRM Deviation. Draft Report prepared by AECOM
for Transpower New Zealand Ltd. for the 220kV PRM DEV A & B Transmission Lines.
Boffa Miskell. 2011. Transmission Gully Report 8 Avifauna & Bat: Description and Values. Prepared
by Boffa Miskell Limited for New Zealand Transport Agency and Porirua City Council as part of
the AEE application documentation.
Boffa Miskell. 2012. Pauatahanui to Paraparaumu 110kV Line Removal: Landscape and Visual
Considerations. Report produced by Boffa Miskell Ltd. for Transpower New Zealand Ltd.
Report No. W12086_018A.
Boffa Miskell. 2013. PRM 220kV Supply Connection Landscape and Visual Effects Assessment.
Report prepared for Transpower New Zealand Limited as part of the AEE application
documentation.
de Lange, P. J., et.al. 2009. Threatened and uncommon plants of New Zealand (2008 revision).
New Zealand Journal of Botany 47: 61-96.
Department of Conservation: BIOWEB Threatened Plants Database. Unpublished database.
Cowie, J. D.; Fitzgerald, P.; Owers, W. 1967: Soils of the Manawatu-Rangitikei sand country. Soil
Bureau Bulletin 29
Fox, N. 2010. New Zealand falcons zapped. Wingspan 14: 20-22
Heine, J.C. 1975: Interim Report on soils of the Wellington Region. N.Z. Soil Bureau Record 39,
Internal Report, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
Hitchmough, R. (compiler) 2002. New Zealand threat classification system lists—2002. Threatened
species occasional publication 23.
Hitchmough, R.; Bull, L.; Cromarty, P. (comps) 2007: New Zealand Threat Classification System
lists—2005. Department of Conservation, Wellington.
Landcare: Land Environments of New Zealand – Unpublished geographical database.
Leathwick et al. 1996-2003: Land Environments of New Zealand. Produced for Manaaki Whenua
and Ministry for the Environment.
McEwen, W. M. (1887). Ecological Regions and Districts of New Zealand. Third Revised edition in
Four 1:500 000 Maps. Report produced for Department of Conservation, Wellington.
Ministry for the Environment: Landcover Database Version II - Unpublished database.
Miskelly, C.M., Dowding, J.E., Elliot, G.P., Hitchmough, R.A., Powlesland, R.G., Robertson, H.A.,
Sagar, P.M., Scofield, R.P. & Taylor, G.A. (2008): Conservation status of New Zealand birds,
2008. Notornis 55: 117-1350.
Robertson, C.J.R.; Hyvonen, P.; Fraser, M.J.; Pickard, C.R.. 2007: The Atlas of Bird Distribution in New
Zealand – 1999-2004. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.
Norton, D.; Roper-Lindsay, J. 1999: Criteria for assessing ecological significance under Section 6(c)
of the Resource Management Act 1991. Unpublished report prepared for Ministry for the
Environment, Wellington.
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 22
Page, M. J. 1995. Land Use Capability Classification of the Wellington Region. Landcare Research
Science Series No.6.
Ravine, D.A. 1992: Foxton Ecological District, Survey report for the Protected Natural Areas
Programme. Published by the Department of Conservation, Wanganui.
Sawyer, J. 2001: Bibliography of plant checklists and vegetation survey data for Wellington
Conservancy (excluding Chatham Islands). Department of Conservation, Second Edition
June 2001. 76 p.
Sawyer, J. 2004: Plant Conservation Strategy, Wellington Conservancy (excluding Chatham
Islands) 2004–2010. Department of Conservation, Second Edition June 200176 p.
Southern Skies Limited. 2013. PRM 220kV Connection Project Erosion and Sediment Control Plan.
Report prepared for Transpower New Zealand Limited as part of the AEE application
documentation.
Wildlands. 2003. Kāpiti Coast District Council 2002-2003 Ecological Sites Survey. Wildlands
Consultants Contract No.662. Prepared for Kāpiti Coast District Council.
Wildlands. 2007. Kāpiti Coast District Council Potential Ecological Sites Survey 2007. Wildlands
Consultants Ltd Contract Report No.1684. Prepared for Kāpiti Coast District Council.
Williams, P.A., Wiser, S., Clarkson, B., & Stanley, M.C. 2007. New Zealand’s historically rare terrestrial
ecosystems set in a physical and physiognomic framework. New Zealand Journal of Ecology
31(2):119-128.
Statutory Plans and Guidelines
Department of Conservation. 2010: Preliminary Draft Conservation Management Strategy for the
Wellington Region, January 2010. DOCDM - 440469. 151 p.
Greater Wellington Regional Council. 1995: Regional Freshwater Plan for the Wellington Region.
Publication No. WRC/PP.G.95/58.
Greater Wellington Regional Council .1995: Regional Policy Statement for the Wellington Region.
Publication No. WRC/PP.G.95/28. May 1995.
Greater Wellington Regional Council. 2000: Regional Coastal Plan for the Wellington Region.
Publication No. WRC/RP.G.00/02. June 2000.
Greater Wellington Regional Council. 2000: Regional Soil Plan for the Wellington Region.
Publication No. WRC/RP.G.00/5.
Greater Wellington Regional Council. 2002: Erosion and Sediment Control Guidelines for the
Wellington Region. 112 p
Greater Wellington Regional Council. 2009. Proposed Regional Policy Statement for the
Wellington Region.
Greater Wellington Regional Council. 2009: Greater Wellington Regional Pest Management
Strategy. 168 p.
Kāpiti Coast District Council. 1999: Kāpiti Coast District Plan.
Kāpiti Coast District Council. 2012. Proposed Kāpiti Coast District Plan.
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 23
Appendix 1 Botanical Species List
Botanical species list for the upper section of Kaitawa Reserve, Kāpiti Coast District Council SNA
Site K150. Valley Road, Paraparaumu. Centred on R26 790/298. List compiled on 28 January
2013 By P. Enright and M. Park.
* = native but not to the area; ? = id to be confirmed
BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME
VASCULAR NATIVE
MONOCOT TREES
Cordyline australis ti kouka, cabbage tree
Rhopalostylis sapida nikau
DICOT TREES AND SHRUBS
Alectryon excelsus titoki
Aristotelia serrata makomako, wineberry
Beilschmiedia tawa tawa
Brachyglottis repanda rangiora
Coprosma grandifolia Kanono, manono, large-leaved coprosma,
raurekau
Coprosma rhamnoides
Coprosma robusta karamu
Corynocarpus laevigatus * karaka
Dysoxylum spectabile kohekohe
Elaeocarpus dentatus hinau
Geniostoma ligustrifolium var ligustrifolium hangehange
Fuchsia excorticata kotukutuku, tree fuchsia
Hedycarya arborea porokaiwhiri, pigeonwood
Hoheria populnea * houhere, lacebark
Kunzea ericoides kanuka
Melicytus ramiflorus mahoe
Myrsine australis mapou
Olearia rani var. colorata heketara
Pennantia corymbosa kaikomako
Piper excelsum subsp excelsum kawakawa
Pittosporum eugenioides tarata, lemonwood
Pittosporum tenuifolium kohuhu
Pseudopanax arboreus whauwhaupaku, five-finger
Schefflera digitata pate, seven-finger
MONOCOT LIANES
Ripogonum scandens kareao, supplejack
Freycinetia banksii kiekie
DICOT LIANES
Calystegia tuguriorum NZ bindweed
Clematis paniculata puawananga, white clematis
Metrosideros diffusa white climbing rata
Muehlenbeckia australis pohuehue, large-leaved muehlenbeckia
Parsonsia heterophylla kaihua, parsonsia
Passiflora tetrandra kohia, NZ passionflower
FERNS
Asplenium bulbiferum hen and chicken fern
Asplenium flaccidum makawe a Raukatauri, hanging spleenwort
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 24
Asplenium gracillimum hen and chicken fern
Blechnum chambersii nini, lance fern
Blechnum filiforme panako, threadfern
Cyathea dealbata ponga, silver fern
Cyathea medullaris mamaku
Doodia australis rasp fern
Histiopteris incisa Histiopteris, water fern, mata, Bat's wing fern
Hymenophyllum demissum drooping filmy fern, irirangi, piripiri
Hymenophyllum flexuosum irirangi, filmy fern
Hypolepis ambigua
Lastreopsis glabella smooth shield fern
Leptopteris hymenophylloides heruheru, single crepe fern
Loxogramme dictyopteris lance fern
Microsorum pustulatum subsp. pustulatum kowaowao, hound's tongue
Microsorum scandens mokimoki, fragrant fern,
Paesia scaberula lace fern, ring fern, scented fern
Pellaea rotundifolia tarawera, button fern
Pneumatopteris pennigera pakau, gully fern
Poylphlebium endlicherianum
Pteris macilenta titipo, brake
Pteris tremula, shaking or tender brake, Australian bracken
Pyrrosia eleagnifolia ota, leather-leaf fern
GRASSES
Uncinia uncinata Hook sedge, kamu, matau-a-maui
MONOCOT HERBS
Astelia solandri kowharawhara
DICOT HERBS
Hydrocotyle moschata var. moschata hairy pennywort
VASCULAR EXOTIC
Achillea millefolium yarrow
Agapanthus praecox subsp. orientalis agapanthus
Apium nodiflorum water celery
Asparagus scandens climbing asparagus
Calystegia silvatica subsp. disjuncta great bindweed
Carex spicata ?
Chamaecytisus palmensis tree lucerne
Conyza bilbaoana fleabane
Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora montbretia
Dactylis glomerata cocksfoot
Ehrharta erecta veldt grass
Hedychium gardnerianum wild ginger, Kahili ginger
Hedera helix subsp. helix ivy
Holcus lanatus Yorkshire fog
Hypericum androsaemum tutsan
Iris foetidissima stinking iris
Jacobaea vulgaris ragwort
Juncus effusus var. effusus leafless rush
Laurus nobilis Bay tree
Lotus pedunculatus lotus
Orobanche minor broomrape
Passiflora mixta banana passionfruit
Physalis peruviana Cape gooseberry
Pinus radiata radiata pine
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 25
Plantago lanceolata narrow-leaved plantain
Prunus spp. wild cherry
Pseudopanax hybrid (garden escape?)
Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir
Quercus robur European oak
Ranunculus repens creeping buttercup
Rhamnus alaternus evergreen buckthorn
Rubus fruticosus agg. blackberry
Rumex acetosella sheep sorrel
Senecio bipinnatisectus Australian fireweed
Solanum chenopodioides velvety nightshade
Solanum nigrum black nightshade
Stachys sylvatica hedge woundwort
Tradescantia fluminensis wandering Willie
Trifolium pratense red clover
Trifolium repens white clover
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 27
Appendix 2 Site Photos
W12086_PRM_220kV_Transmission_Line_Upgrade_VEG_SitePhotos_A4.indd
W12086_PRM_220kV_Upgrade
Photo 6: Illustra ng nature of typical exis ng farm access tracks in vicinity of proposed 220kV connec on with exis ng 220kV transmission lines.
Photo 2: Interior of KCDC Ecosite K150 looking north-east. Photo 1: Looking across Valley Road towards exis ng 110kV line within KCDC Ecosite K150 ‘Kaitawa Reserve’. Exis ng 110kV transmission line tower within Ecosite visible to right.
Photo 4: Looking across regenera ng kanuka and improved pasture on Bright property (within Conserva on Covenant area) with exis ng Paraparaumu Substaion in centre of image.
Photo 5: Looking from Bright property across KCDC Ecosite K150 (with exis ng 110kV tower in centre) towards exis ng Paraparaumu Substa on. Valley Road to right of image.
Photo 3: Close-up of tributary of the Wharemauku Stream within KCDC Ecosite K150. Photo taken January 2013.
28
Appendix 3 Proposed site access tracks
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BPE-H
AY-A
MHO-PKK-A
BPE-H
AY-B
MHO-PKK-B
File Ref: W12086_ECO_AccessRds_A3.mxd
PA R A PA R A U M U2 2 0 k V
C O N N E C T I O N
Appendix 3SITE ACCESS
Date: April 2013Revision: 0
Plan Prepared for Transpower New Zealand Ltdby Boffa Miskell Limited
Author: RGChecked: XX
www.boffamiskell.co.nz
°
Proposed Lines
Proposed Substation
Existing 220 kV Line
Existing 110 kV Line
Upgrade existing farm track
Temporary access
0 50 100 150 200 250m
1
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BPE-H
AY-B
BPE-H
AY-A
MHO-
PKK-
A
MHO-
PKK-
B
File Ref: W12086_ECO_AccessRds_A3.mxd
PA R A PA R A U M U2 2 0 k V
C O N N E C T I O N
Appendix 3SITE ACCESS
Date: April 2013Revision: 0
Plan Prepared for Transpower New Zealand Ltdby Boffa Miskell Limited
Author: RGChecked: XX
www.boffamiskell.co.nz
°
Proposed Lines
Proposed Substation
Existing 220 kV Line
Existing 110 kV Line
Upgrade existing farm track
Temporary access
0 50 100 150 200 250m
2
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 29
Appendix 4 Policy 23 ecological significance assessment
Introduction
There are a range of systems for assessing the ecological significance of natural systems, many
based upon work done by Norton and Roper-Lindsay in 1999 for the Ministry for the Environment3.
Generally the criteria use some or all of the four key criteria outlined in Table 2. For the purposes
of this assessment of significant indigenous ecosystems and habitat, this assessment has relied on
the criteria outlined in the proposed Regional Policy Statement for the Wellington Region (Policy
22).
Table 2: Criteria for Assessing significant indigenous ecosystems and habitat (from Policy 22
of the proposed RPS for the Wellington Region
Criteria Explanation
Representativeness The ecosystems or habitats that are typical and characteristic examples of the full
range of the original or current natural diversity of ecosystem and habitat types in
a district or region, and:
(i) are no longer commonplace (less than about 30% remaining); or
(ii) are poorly represented in existing protected areas (less than about 20%
legally protected).
Rarity The ecosystem or habitat has biological or physical features that are scarce or
threatened in a local, regional or national context. This can include individual
species, rare and distinctive biological communities and physical features that are
unusual or rare.
Diversity The ecosystem or habitat has a natural diversity of ecological units, ecosystems,
species and physical features within an area.
Ecological Context Ecological context of an area: the ecosystem or habitat:
(i) enhances connectivity or otherwise buffers representative, rare or diverse
indigenous ecosystems and habitats; or
(ii) provides seasonal or core habitat for protected or threatened indigenous
species.
Tangata whenua
values
The ecosystem or habitat contains characteristics of special spiritual, historical or
cultural significance to tangata whenua, identified in accordance with tikanga
Maori.
Under Policy 22 of the proposed RPS, an ecosystem or area of indigenous habitat only has to
satisfy one or more of the criteria above to be considered to have significant biodiversity value.
Assessment
Table 2 provides an assessment of the plant communities with an indigenous component that lie
within the proposed application site using the assessment criteria discussed in Table 1 above. This
assessment of significance has also considered Policy 46 of the Wellington Regional Policy
Statement which provides an interim assessment framework4 to assist with the determination as
3 Norton, D.; Roper-Lindsay, J. 1999. Criteria for assessing ecological significance under Section 6(c) of the Resource
Management Act 1991. Unpublished report prepared for Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, N.Z.
4 Policy 46 provides an interim assessment framework based on the criteria set out in Policy 22 of the RPS (refer section 4.1 of
this report). This is primarily to ensure a precautionary approach to potentially significant adverse effects on indigenous
vegetation is adopted until such time as local authorities have had the opportunity to specifically identify areas of
significance and incorporate those within the District Plan. Once these are identified within a District Plan, Policy 46 of the RPS
ceases to have any effect.
30
to whether an activity may affect indigenous ecosystems and habitats or areas with significant
indigenous biodiversity values.
Table 3: Significance Assessment
Site
Ind
igen
ou
s
Rep
rese
nta
tive
nes
s
Rar
ity
Div
ersi
ty
Eco
log
ical
Co
nte
xt
Tan
gat
a w
hen
ua
Coastal broadleaved kohekohe forest: Remnant or advanced regenerating kohekohe forest.
Y Y Y Y Y
NA
Kanuka scrub and shrubland: Monoculture of young, low stature kanuka.
Y Y N Y Y
NA
Y = yes, meets criterion, N = no, does not meet criterion, NA = not assessed
Summary
Before assessing under the Policy 22 criteria, the first step is to determine whether or not the
vegetation or habitat is indigenous. Those sites which are predominantly exotic (non-indigenous)
fall outside the Policy 22 consideration outlined in Table 2 above and are therefore not habitats
of significant indigenous biodiversity value.
The next step in assessing significance is whether the indigenous habitat or vegetation outlined in
Table 2 triggers any one or more of the five assessment criteria outlined above. A Land Cover
Environments of New Zealand (LENZ) analysis of the application site indicates that with the
exception of Kāpiti Coast District Council Ecosite K150 (classified as Acutely threatened), most of
the improved pasture of the application site are classified as At-risk (LENZ Level 4). In summary,
both the indigenous vegetation communities present in the application site fall on a Land
Environment categorised by LENZ threat as being less than 30% remaining. Therefore, both
vegetation communities trigger Policy 22 (a)(i) and under this policy are considered to have
significant indigenous biodiversity value.
Both of the vegetation communities also trigger diversity and ecological context criteria. We did
not carry out an assessment of tangata whenua values, which is one of the criteria of Policy 22,
as this is not a matter of ecological consideration and is outside of our area of ecological
expertise.
The remnant coastal broadleaved kohekohe forest within the Kaitawa Reserve (KCDC Ecosite
K150) comprises significant indigenous vegetation and habitat. The proposal avoids this
vegetation community by traversing the Ecosite.
The regenerating kanuka scrub and shrubland that comprises approximately 0.8 ha within the
application site is a pioneer community that has only recently regenerated within pasture. This
vegetation community lacks diversity, is a relatively common plant community locally (when
considering the Foxton and Tararua Ecological Districts within which this vegetation is located),
does not contain rare plants or habitat for significant fauna, and does not have special
ecological characteristics. No areas of regenerating kanuka scrub and shrubland will be
modified by the proposal.
While few native birds were recorded, the remnant coastal broadleaved kohekohe forest within
the application site is sufficiently diverse and has appropriate stature to provide habitat for
Transpower PRM 220kV Connection, Paraparaumu | Assessment of Ecological Effects 31
common indigenous fauna. Overall these vegetation communities are considered to have high
ecological value with potential to improve. A number of these areas of indigenous vegetation
are also of an age and stature that, for permitted activities, have some protection in terms of the
Kāpiti Coast District Plan.
Overall, all the indigenous vegetation communities present within the application site are
considered to have local ecological importance as remnant forest or advanced successional
stages of natural regeneration, and as habitat for plant and bird species.
32
Appendix 5 Conservation Covenant for Bright Property
A copy of the Conservation Covenant for the Bright Property.
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TERRITORIAL AUTHORITTES:4/9.V..co4A.T.PIATzegr Sum* by_ML4R6tavz_iic' leg_4eRlieNlig,. s.I. 1,5000 _50. frtay-..TucY /194.
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WA POKRISOlt OVECTOR GWRrAIJAW4101 PPS., LCAYINEwros WM/ MO SFORIL■7411. ?CM VALMO 1701411.W .103
