1

PARAMETRIC SOLID MODELING PROGRAM

YEAR 3: LECTURE NOTES

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATICS

NUI GALWAY

MECHANICAL / ENERGY SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

2020 -2021

****************

LECTURER:

WARREN DAVIES

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT:

PROFESSOR NATHAN QUINLAN

2

Table of Contents

CONTENTS PAGE

NUMBER

Title Page. 1

Contents. 2

Course Curriculum / Assessment Criteria 3

1.3 Complex Lofting 4

1.4 3D Sketches 12

1.5 Sheet Metal 20

1.6 Frame Generator 35

1.7 Power Transmission Design ( Year 3 ): Design Office 42

1.8 Welding Symbols 53

3

1.1: COURSE CURRICULUM

1.2: ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

Advanced Parts & Drawings

Advanced Assembly & Drawings

Welding

Sheet Metal

Frame Generation

4

1.3: Complex Lofting

Choose sections to act as loft profiles.

Output as a solid or surface.

Merge tangent faces to remove joining lines.

Join the first and last sections to form a closed loop.

Rails are 2D curves, 3D curves, or model edges that determine the loft shape between a

number sections.

Rails must intersect profile sections and must not extend beyond sections

.

Centerline rails keep the loft section normal to the rail. They do not need to intersect the

profiles. Only one centreline can be used as a rail.

Area Loft controls cross sectional areas at points along a centreline.

5

LOFT TOOL – Conditions.

The Conditions tab defines boundary conditions for end sections, and for outermost rails. Apply conditions to rails of

an open section loft that borders adjacent surfaces, or a loft with sections that begin or end at a point. The boundary

conditions control the shape of the loft body near its boundary.

Using Conditions

Click the condition icon, and then select the boundary condition from the list.

Free condition No boundary conditions.

Tangent (G1) condition Available when the section or rail is next to a lateral surface or body, or

when the selection is a face loop. (To project a face boundary automatically, in the Application Options dialog

box, Sketch tab, select Automatic reference edges for new sketch. )

Smooth (G2) condition Available when the section or rail is next to a lateral surface or body, or when

the selection is a face loop. Enables curvature continuity for beginning and end loft sections and rails.

Direction condition Available only when the curve is a 2D sketch. Measures the angle relative to the

section plane.

Sharp point Available only when the beginning or end section is a point. Applies no boundary condition.

Enables a direct transition from an open or closed section to a pointed or cone-shaped tip.

Tangent Available only when the beginning or end section is a point. Applies tangency. Enables the loft

section to transition to a rounded, or dome-shaped point.

Tangent to plane Available only when the beginning or end section is a point. Applies tangency to the

point based on a selected plane. Enables the loft section to transition to a rounded dome shape. Select a

planar face, or work plane. Not available for use with the center line.

6

Angle Represents the transition angle between the section or rail

plane, and the faces created by the loft. The default value of 90 degrees provides a perpendicular transition.

A 180 degree value provides a planar transition. The range is from 0 to 180 degrees.

Weight: A unitless factor that controls the appearance of the loft. Determines how far the section shape

extends before it transitions into the next shape. Large weight values can result in twisting of the lofted

surface and cause a self intersecting surface. Typical weight factors range from 1 to 20. Large and small

values are relative to the size of your model.

Creating Splines

Sketch interpolation splines:

You can create 2d interpolation splines in the 2d sketch environment by positioning points and then drawing the

spline between the points or by entering coordinates in the precise input tool. Interpolation splines are drawn directly

through the points chosen. You normally use absolute Cartesian coordinate points which is the default setting in the

precise input tool and only enter X and Y values. (Use the tab key to switch between input boxes)

You can create 3d interpolation splines in the 3d sketch environment in much the same way with the difference that

you also include a Z coordinate.

7

Edit Interpolation Splines

Drag a point to reposition it.

Drag an end point to resize the shape.

Drag the spline to move or reposition it.

Create a sketch point at a particular coordinate and coincident constrain a point on the

spline to it.

To edit the shape of the curve, right-click a tangent handle and choose Activate Handle. Then, drag the tangent

handle to adjust the spline shape.

To delete a spline, select it and press Delete.

To add a point, right-click the spline and choose Insert Point. Then click the curve to add one or more points.

Press Esc when you’re done.

To close a curve, right-click the starting point and choose Close Curve.

To delete a point, select it and press Delete.

Tip: To delete the spline but preserve the fit points, convert the points to center points, then select the spline

and press Delete.

To split a spline, right-click a point and choose Split Spline.

To reverse an edit, right-click the spline and choose Reset Handle or Reset All Handles.

8

To change the fit method, right-click a spline choose one of the following:

Standard. Creates curves with smooth continuity between points.

Minimum Energy. Creates smooth curves with high visual appeal and better curvature

distribution. Because Minimum Energy splines contain more data, surfaces generated using

them take longer to calculate and create larger files.

AutoCAD. Uses the AutoCAD spline-fitting method. Interpolation splines that use the

AutoCAD fit method do not have handles and are not suitable for creating class A surfaces.

Creating Sketch Points

You can create center or sketch points, change point style, move or delete points, import points from Microsoft Excel,

and import points from a STEP or IGES File.

Sketch points, which represent points in space, can be either points or center points. Inventor places center points by

default, but you can change the type using the Format panel.

9

A sketch point creates a construction point to help position sketch geometry. For example, the Hole command uses

center points to automatically position hole features. In the graphics window, regular

sketch points appear as dots. Center points appear as cross-hair symbols.

You place points on a sketch plane in 2D sketches or in 3D space according to the current plane view. Or, you can

select vertices of existing geometry to place points. Sketch points are created without constraints. You can dimension

or constrain the points to other geometry in the sketch, or constrain points to other sketches or existing model

geometry.

Create Center Points or Sketch Points

1. In an active sketch, do one of the following:

(2D sketch) Click Sketch tab > Create panel > Point .

(3D sketch) 3D Sketch tab > Draw panel Point

2. Click in the graphics window to place points or use precise input to place using absolute or relative Cartesian

coordinates.

3. To precisely position a point on 2D existing geometry, right-click and do one of the following:

Select Point Snaps > Midpoint, and click a line or curve.

Select Point Snaps > Center, and click a circle or ellipse.

Select Point Snaps > Apparent Intersection, and click two intersecting elements.

Select Point Snaps > Intersection, and click intersecting point of two or

more elements.

.

10

Select Point Snaps > Endpoint, and click a line or curve.

Select Point Snaps > Quadrant, and click a circle or ellipse.

Select Point Snaps > Tangent, and click a curve.

Select Point Snaps > Mid of 2 points, and click two points.

• To change between center points and sketch points, click Format panel > Center Point before you create or

import points.

Move or Delete Points

To remove a point from a sketch, select it and press Delete.

To move a 3D sketch point, right-click it and choose 3D Move/Rotate. Then, choose Redefine

Alignment or Position and enter new X, Y, and Z coordinates.

Import Points from Microsoft Excel

You can import points from a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet into an 2D or 3D Inventor sketch. By default, points are

imported as sketch points. Imported points are not associated with the source file. Changes to the source file after

importing do not affect the Inventor geometry. If you’re importing points into a 2D sketch and the spreadsheet

contains Z values, only X and Y values are imported.

Import Points from a STEP or IGES File

1. On the Quick Access toolbar, click Open.

2. In the Open dialog box, choose Files of Type > STEP Files (*.stp; *ste; .step) or Files of Type > IGES Files (.igs;

*.igs;*.ige;*.iges).

Note: You can also import points upon translation when you open a DWG file in Inventor.

11

3. Navigate to and select a file to open.

4. Click Options.

5. In the Import Options dialog box, in Entities to Import, ensure that Points is selected, and set the remaining

options.

6. Click OK and then click Open.

Inventor creates a 3D sketch for the imported points. The sketch is named for the layer or group that

contains the points in the STEP or IGES file or, if no layer or group information is available, the sketch takes

on a default name, such as Sketch1.

Best Practices for Importing Points

When preparing to import points from another application, consider the following:

• The table of points must be the first worksheet in the file and must start at cell A1.

• Any unit of measure that the first cell (A1) contains applies to all points in the spreadsheet. If no units are

specified, the default file units apply.

• Required column order is Column A is the X coordinate, Column B is the Y coordinate, and Column C is the Z

coordinate.

• Cells can contain a formula that calculates to a numeric value.

• Points correspond to the spreadsheet rows. The first imported point corresponds to the first row of

coordinates, and so on. If a spline or line is created automatically, it begins at the first point, and passes

through the other points, based on their order of import.

• When importing with lines into 3D sketches, Inventor automatically generates tangent corner bends if Auto-

Bend with 3D Line Creation is turned on in Tools tab Options panel Application Options Sketch tab.

12

1.4: 3D Sketching Tools

Lines

The 3D Line tool draws lines in 3D space without bends between segments. To apply bends use the bend tool.

13

Alternative ways of producing bends are:

Right-click and do one of the following:

Select Auto-Bend to automatically place 3D arcs at corners of 3D lines using the last set radius.

Clear the Auto-Bend option to disable automatic bends.

To draw the lines

1. In the graphics window, click to set the start point.

2. (Optional) Do any of the following:

o Continue clicking to create contiguous segments.

o Click a different plane on the coordinate triad to place the next sketch point on that plane.

o To restrict selections to a plane, right-click, select Align to Plane, then select the plane. To return to

the standard selection mode, right-click and select Align to Plane again.

o To create a break in a 3D line, click to end the current line. Right-click, select Restart, and then click a

valid point to begin another line.

3. To end, right-click and choose Done.

Create Three Point or Center Point Arcs

The Arc tools create arcs by placing three points — a center point and two endpoints.

1. In an active sketch, click Sketch tab Create panel (2D sketch) or Draw panel (3D sketch) and choose one of

the following:

o Three Point Arc . Creates an arc defined by two endpoints and a point on the arc. The first click sets

the first endpoint, the second sets the other endpoint (chord length), and the third point sets the arc

direction and radius.

o Center Point Arc . Creates an arc defined by its center point and two endpoints. The first click sets

the center point, the second specifies the radius and start point, and the third point completes the

arc.

2. In the graphics window, click to place the first point of the arc.

3. Move the cursor and click to set the second point.

4. Move the cursor to preview the arc direction and click to set the last point.

14

Helical Curves

The Helical Curve tool creates 3D coil shapes, such as springs and threads. Helical curves can be joined with other

sketch entities to create a complex sweep path.

Note: The 2D Coil command differs from the Helical Curve in that it requires a closed 2D sketch profile and an axis to

create a feature.

1. In an active 3D sketch, click 3D Sketch tab Draw panel Helical Curve .

2. In the Helical Shape tab of the Helical Curve dialog box, choose a Type:

o Pitch and Revolution. Creates a helical curve based on a specified pitch and number of revolutions.

o Revolution and Height. Creates a helical curve based on a specified number of revolutions and a

height.

o Pitch and Height. Creates a helical curve based on a specified pitch and height.

o Spiral. Creates a helical curve based on a specified number of revolutions.

15

3. Enter values for the type of shape you specified:

Diameter (Optional). The diameter of the helical curve. Inventor calculates the diameter automatically

based on height, pitch, and revolution. The point on diameter is projected into the plane (normal to

centerline) of the start point.

Height. The height of the helical curve.

Pitch. The elevation gain for each revolution.

Revolutions. The number of revolutions must be greater than zero but can include partial revolutions,

such as 1.5. If specified, the number of revolutions includes the end conditions.

Taper. The taper angle, if needed, for all shape types except Spiral.

4. Click a Rotation option: clockwise or counterclockwise.

5. On the Helix Ends tab of the Helical Curve dialog box, specify conditions for the Start and End points of the

curve:

Natural

The distance (in degrees) over which the curve achieves the transition (normally less than one revolution).

The following example shows the top with a natural end and the bottom end

with a one-quarter turn transition (90 degrees) and no flat angle:

Flat

The distance (in degrees) that the curve extends after transition with no pitch (flat). Provides transition from

the end of the revolved helical curve to a flattened end. The example shows the same helical curve as the

Transition angle in the previous image, but with a half-turn

(180 degree) flat angle specified:

6. In the graphics window, click to define the start point of the curve and then click to define the end point.

16

Complex Modeling

1 - Intersection Curves:

2 - Silhouette Curves:

17

3 - Project Curves to Surface

( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 )

1 Project Along Vector . (Default) Projects the geometry along a specified vector. Allows you to also

select a Direction for the vector.

18

2 Project to Closest Point. Projects onto a surface normal to the closest point.

3 Wrap to Surface Wraps curves or ponts from a 2D sketch onto a face or faces. This type of projection

preserves the curve length. The sketch must be tangent or parallel to a plane that is tangent to one of the selected

faces. The wrap starts from the tangency. You can’t wrap 3D sketch curves and points, model edges, or surface edges.

Tip: A developable face is one that can be wrapped with a plane without stretching or compressing

the plane. Planes, cones, and cylinders are all developable faces.

1. In the graphics window, click to select the face onto which you want to project.

Tip: You can also select surface features in the browser or by right-clicking and choosing Select Other.

2. In the Project Curve to Surface dialog box, click the Curves the selection tool.

Curves selections can include 2D or 3D curves, vertices or work points, sketch points, or part or surface

edges.

This option can be used to create stents by wrapping paths around cylindrical features. Please note however that

approximations of facets in 3d Models in the newer versions of inventor may results in poor 3d Representation.

19

4 - Curves on Face

5 - Include Geometry

20

1.5 – Sheet Metal.

SHEET METAL

1 – BASE FEATURES

2 – SECONDARY FEATURES

3 – SHEET METAL RULES

4 – DOCUMENTING SHEET METAL

21

1. BASE FEATURES:

FACE - The face tool is the simplest feature and creates a simple extrusion of a closed profile

sketch. The height is determined by the material thickness.

CONTOUR FLANGE - Contour flanges utilize open profiles to create more complex shapes with

multiple planes and bends. The height is determined by the material thickness but the

operator has the option to enter a length. If no bend radius is specified in the sketch the

material bend radius is automatically applied.

CONTOUR ROLL - Contour roll is similar to the contour flange but revolves the profile sketch

about an axis. This tool accommodates a number of unroll options. Centroid cylinder, custom

cylinder, developed length and neutral radius.

LOFTED FLANGE - The lofted flange tool creates a sheet metal part by transitioning between

two closed profiles such as a square and round. The tool has the option to choose if the

transition is based on a brake press or die formed. To create a flat pattern shape from a

lofted flange a rip seam must first be created using the rip tool.

22

2 SECONDARY FEATURES:

FLANGE - The Flange tool creates a single planar face and bend for each edge selected

with options for setting the flange height and bend position. It also allows the user to

set relief options at intersections. For single edge flanges the width extent options are

accessed by clicking the >> button in the dialog box. If multiple edges are selected for

flange locations, corner seams are added automatically. The bend and corner seam

dimensions follow the sheet-metal rule

Height Datum.

1 2 3

1- Bend from intersection of the two outer faces: this is the most commonly used feature

as it sets the flange height from the bottom of the part.

2- Bend from the intersection of the two inner faces.

3- Parallel to the flange termination detail face.

23

Bend Position

1 2 3

1- Inside of base face extents 2 – Bend from adjacent face 3- Bend tangent to face

Flange Bend Options

24

Relief Shape

Use this option to accept the Default relief shape specified in the Sheet Metal Style or to

define explicitly the shape as one of three supported reliefs.

Straight A bend relief shape defined by square corners. It is common in

manual shop situations and often produced by a saw kerf. In the following

illustration, "A" indicates the bend relief width, "B" indicates the bend relief depth

beyond the deformation zone, and "C" represents the size of the material remnant left

following the creation of the bend with relief. Each of

these parameters defaults to the value defined in the

Sheet Metal Style, but can be individually edited on a

per-feature basis by using this option.

Tear An acceptable bend relief resulting from material failure. It is common

when tight bends are required and with certain materials. In the following

illustration, "C" represents the size of the material remnant left following the

creation of the bend with relief. This parameter defaults to the value defined

in the Sheet Metal Style, but can be individually edited on a per-feature

basis by using this option.

25

Round A bend relief shape defined by a cut ending with a semicircle. It is often

produced using laser cutting technology. In the illustration following, "A" indicates the

bend relief width (diameter), "B" indicates the bend relief depth beyond the deformation

zone to the tangent point of the diameter, and "C" represents the size of the material

remnant left following the creation of the bend with relief. Each of these parameters

defaults to the value defined in the Sheet Metal Style but can be individually edited on

a per-feature basis by using this option.

Value field which defines the width of the bend relief. Defaults to the

Relief parameter BendReliefWidth as defined in Sheet Metal Styles. Identified as

Width "A" in the dialog box illustration. Value field which defines the depth of the bend

relief. Defaults to the Relief parameter BendReliefDepth as defined in Sheet Metal

Styles. Identified as Depth "B" in the dialog box illustration.

26

HEMS - Sheet metal hem features are typically added to provide one or more thicknesses of

material along an edge of a face or flange. Hems can be used to provide stiffness to a design

or to provide a smooth, rounded edge along an external edge of a part to prevent accidental

injury.

Type - Drop-down list allowing the selection of a hem of the following types:.

Single Creates a single hem.

Teardrop Creates a teardrop shaped hem.

Rolled Creates a rolled hem.

Double Creates a double hem.

CORNER ROUNDS AND CHAMFERS – these tools are similar to the fillet and chamfer

commands in the standard part module.

Corner Round

27

Corner Chamfer

CORNER SEAMS – the corner seam tools allows the operator to extend or trim face flanges and

select corner relief options.

BEND –In instances where disconnected faces have been created the bend tool allows them to

be combined into a single object.

UNFOLD AND REFOLD – this tool allows the model to be unfolded and then refolded. This is

done to –

• Add features in the unfolded form.

• Refold the bend to analyze the manufacturing order.

• To change the orientation of the folded part.

28

3. SHEET METAL RULES –

When using sheet metal the first thing to do is to set up a set of rules that determined how

the part functions. This set of rules is stored in the style library and makes information more

manageable, reusable and more powerful that using templates to save information. On

networks permission is required to write to the style library and the style will only be available

within the file you are working on.

Create a new rule based on the default style and set the material type, thickness and

miter/rip gap. The bend, corner and unfold rule parameters should be determined and set up

in the style.

In the practical world sheet metal parts are defined by their folded or functional state, but are

fabricated from a flat sheet. The bends that are unfolded to form the flat pattern deform the

material within the bending zone. The amount of deformation depends on some variables.

Transforming the folded model to the flattened state requires accounting for this deformation

using one of three methods.

1. a linear approximation using a defined K Factor

2. measured values captured in a bend table for specific materials, bend angle values

and tooling

3. custom equations that provide uniform deformation within specified angular bounding

conditions

29

The K factor for a material is acquired by completing physical testing on the material you

are using. A value of 0.44 would mean that the deformation of the bend takes places at

4.4mm in from the inside face on a 10mm thick part. Often designers use a k factor of 0.5

which runs centrally in the material and alter this after experimentation. But it is essential

that you account for this when designing precise parts.

A more accurate alternative is to use data gathered through extensive testing of different

thicknesses of sheet metal plates. The data can be stored in bend tables and these accessed

using inventor tools.

Determining the total developed length using the KFactor method uses the equation:

where:

is the total developed length.

is the length of the first bend plate.

is the length of the second bend plate.

is the result of the bend allowance calculation.

The bend allowance is calculated using the following equation:

30

4. DOCUMENTING FLAT PATTERNS –

During the manufacture of sheet metal parts, it is often critical that the physical bends be

created in a particular sequence. This bend order sequence can be defined while the

model is displayed in the flat pattern state. Once defined, the bend sequence can be

extracted to bend table annotation on production drawings. The software supports bend

order annotation on bend centerlines created when formed features are flattened as well

as on cosmetic bend centerlines that have been added manually.

Bend order is indicated on the flattened state of the model with colored glyphs containing a

sequence number. Circular glyphs of one color indicate bends that retain the default

sequence. Square glyphs of another color indicate bends that were edited. The active color

scheme determines the colors used. Bends can be resequenced in three ways:

Directed Reorder - Prompts for the selection of a start glyph and an end glyph. Using an

algorithm that traverses the flat face, bend centerlines that lie between the selected start

and end glyphs are renumbered.

Sequential Reorder - After selecting an initial bend centerline glyph to change, sequential selections are manually made until the new sequence is complete.

Individual Edit - A specific bend centerline glyph is selected and changed.

Drawings are usually produced of the folded model and also the flat pattern. Dimensions and

text are added using standard annotation tools. Bend tables can be inserted using the general

table tool.

31

5 – Sheet Metal Review.

32

33

34

35

FRAME GENERATOR

Principles of the Frame Generator:

The frame generator automates the process of modeling of frames. To use the frame generator you must

have a skeletal model to add the frame members too. The skeletal modal can be a 3D Sketch or a Part.

Changes to the model update size and position of frame members automatically.

You can attach frames to:

• Lines.

• Edges.

• Points.

The frame generator derives the components of the entire frame into a single part. The tool takes the

structural profiles directly from the content centre but customized profiles are possible using the

publishing tools that are available

36

Frame Generator Functions:

Insert Frame members. Edit Frame members. Analyse Frame Stress

Along 2d and 3d Sketch lines.

Model edges.

Between points.

Along a curve.

Define mitre joints.

Trim to frames.

Extend and trim frames.

Create notches.

Lengthen and Shorten

frames.

Change Members

Determine loads.

Calculate bending forces.

Skeletal Models.

You need a skeletal model part in your assembly before you can use the frame generator. This can be a

solid/surface part or a 3D sketch. You can add lines to these forms to develop your skeleton. Points on the

lines or edges can also be used to insert frame members.

As frames are inserted end treatments can be added to the frame member joints. These include.

• Mitres

• Notches.

• Trims and Extends.

37

End Treatments.

MITER CORNERS

Applies miter cuts as end treatments between frame members. Applies accumulative miters. For example,

where frame members form a cube, you can apply miters to the three frame members that meet to form a

corner.

Access: Ribbon: Design tab Frame panel

Miters the ends of two frame members. In the Select box, specify the Frame Member, distance of the Miter Cut, and the style of the cut.

Frame Member Selects the first frame member to miter.

Frame Member Selects the second frame member to miter.

Miter Cut Extension Selects or enters a distance between the mitered

cuts. Selects the type of miter:

Miter cut symmetrically to miter both selected frame members at

Miter buttons the same angle with a total gap equal to the Miter Cut Extension.

Miter cut at one side to create a gap on the first frame member equal to the Miter Cut Extension..NoteThe command fails if frame members are parallel or collinear.

Miter

38

When selected, deletes the existing end treatments on the miter end Delete existing end treatments before

the command is executed.

When selected, creates a simple angle cut at the intersection. The edges of the frame members do not meet. Bi-sect Miter

When cleared, computes an appropriate angle for an edge-to-edge mitered intersection. This setting is the default.

TRIM AND EXTEND TO FACE:

Trims or extends multiple frame members to a model face or work plane. Cuts a frame member with a

model face or work plane. Access: Ribbon: Design tab Frame panel Trim/Extend

39

TRIM TO FRAME:

Trims and extends two frame members at their ends.

NOTCHING:

Notches one frame member to fit another, using one profile to cut the other.

REMOVE END TREATMENTS:

Returns a frame member to its original creation state.

40

Review: Frame Generator.

41

42

1.7 DESIGN ACCELERATOR

INVENTOR DESIGN ACCELERATOR

POWER TRANSMISSION TOOLS

Use the Shaft Component Generator to design the shape of a shaft, add and calculate loads

and supports, and other calculation parameters. Perform a strength check and generate the

shaft into the Autodesk Inventor. The shaft is assembled from single sections (cylinder, cone

and polygon) including features (chamfers, fillets, neck-downs, and so on).

Use the Shaft Component Generator to: Design and insert shafts with unlimited number of

sections (cylinders, cones, polygons) and features (fillets, chamfers, threads, and so on.).

Design shaft of a hollow shape. Insert features (chamfers, fillets, threads) onto the inner

bores. Split shaft cylinder and retain the length of the shaft section. Save shafts to templates

library. Add unlimited number of loads and supports to your shaft design

Note

You must be connected to Content Center server and Content Center must be configured on

your computers to insert components using Shaft Generator. Select the following features from

Content Center: Keyway Grooves Plain Keyway: Grooves Keyway: Grooves with rounded end:

Retaining Rings

SHAFTS:

43

Edge Features

Features which can be placed only on the shaft edge, for example: chamfers, fillets, lock nuts, threads. You can place only one feature on the shaft edge.

Middle Features

Features which can be placed on the shaft section, for example: keyways, retaining rings, notches, and so on. You can place an unlimited number of these features on a shaft section.

Position markers

Defining points on a section to which the loads and supports are positioned. Use Alt + drag to move a force or support and assign it to another position marker.

Graphical Previews

When designing shaft using Shaft Generator, the 3D graphical preview (with all sections, features, and 3D Grips) is available in theAutodesk Inventor window and 2D preview is available in the Design tab. 2D preview is optional.

When you switch to the Calculation tab, the graphical previews in the Autodesk Inventorwindow and in the Calculation tab changes to preview of loads and supports.

44

KEYWAYS:

BEARINGS:

45

GEARS:

46

47

PULLEYS:

48

DESIGN ACCELERATOR AND SHAFT COMPONENTS

SHAFTS

http://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/sites/default/files/shado/Learned%20Groups/National%20Committ

ees%20and%20Panels/Engineering%20Design/Part%205.pdf

Components that are generally used on shafts include:

• Gears.

• Bearings.

• Collars.

• Couplings.

• Pulleys.

• Retaining rings.

49

BEARINGS

DEEP GROVE BEARINGS ANGULAR CONTACT BALL BEARINGS PLAIN BEARING - BUSHING

Used for radial loads and high

speeds. Suitable for Combined loads,

both radial and axial loads.

Used for combined loads. Axial loads

only in one direction. Used as supports they also allow

for expansion and movement.

THRUST BALL BEARINGS CYLINDRICAL ROLLER BEARINGS TAPERED ROLLER BEARINGS

Used when axial loads are present

and are not suitable when radial

loads are present.

Suitable for heavy loads, high speeds

and rigidity. Used for combined loads.

Used for combined loads.

NEEDLE ROLLER BEARINGS SPHERICAL ROLLER BEARINGS SELF ALIGNING BEARINGS

Used for combined loads.. These are

useful when space is limited.

Used for combined loads. Used when alignment is

important.

50

GEARS

Gears are used to allow transmission of torque, control speed and change direction of transmission.

TYPES OF GEAR

GEARS TYPES

BEVEL GEAR WORM GEAR SPUR GEAR

Used to transmit rotary

motion between

intersecting shafts

Used to transmit rotary motion

between non

parallel and non intersecting

shafts.

Used to transmit rotary motion

between parallel shafts.

SPLINE GEARS HELICAL GEARS RACK AND PINNION

Used for longitudinal

transmission of torque.

Used for non parallel shafts Used for linear translation

51

Gear Box

A retaining ring is a fastener that holds components or assemblies onto a shaft or in a housing/bore

when installed in a groove. Once installed, the exposed portion acts as a shoulder which retains the

specific component or assembly. Self-locking retaining rings may be installed in applications where

no groove exists.

A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the purpose of

transmitting power The primary purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating equipment

while permitting some degree of misalignment or end movement or both.

52

TYPICAL SHAFT DRAWING

53

TYPICAL PULLEY DRAWING

SPUR GEAR TERMINOLOGY

54

1.9: WELDING SYMBOLS

Refer to the following ISO standard for detailed information on weld symbols used in engineering drawings.

ISO 2553:2019 Welding and allied processes — Symbolic representation on drawings — Welded joints

Basic Representation

Complex Representation

Standard Weld Symbols

55

The two systems shown below are used to specify the position and type of weld. Using a dashed reference

line is a different system than using no dashed reference line.

Welds may have additional supplementary symbols to show different face finishes and additional complementary symbols to show additional details.

To identify weld sizes either the chamfer width (z) or the throat depth (a) or (s) is used. A weld length is

also shown if the weld is not full length. Intermittent welds show the number of sections (n) the length of

each section (l) and the gap between sections (e) and can be on one side or staggered on both sides as

shown below.

56

To specify sizes on Fillet welds refer to the table below

To specify sizes on intermittent square butt welds refer to the table below