Parameters of Care: 16 17 18 19 20 21 DENTAL AND ... and Craniomaxillofacial Implant Surgery ... 58...

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Parameters of Care: 12

Clinical Practice Guidelines 13

for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 14

(AAOMS ParCare 2017) 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

DENTAL AND CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL 22

IMPLANT SURGERY 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

©Copyright 2017 by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 38 This document may not be copied or reproduced 39

without the express written permission of the 40 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 41

All rights reserved. 42 J Oral Maxillofac Surg 43

44 45 46

THIS SECTION IS 1 OF 11 CLINICAL SECTIONS INCLUDED IN AAOMS 47 PARCARE 2017, WHICH IS VIEWED AS A LIVING DOCUMENT APPLICABLE 48

TO THE PRACTICE OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY. IT WILL BE UPDATED 49 AT DESIGNATED INTERVALS TO REFLECT NEW INFORMATION CONCERNING THE 50

PRACTICE OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 51 52

53

AAOMS ParCare 2017 Dental and Craniomaxillofacial Implant Surgery ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

54

INTRODUCTION 55 56 Reconstructive dental and craniomaxillofacial implant surgery encompasses the use of implants to rehabilitate and 57 restore form and function to the edentulous or partially edentulous jaws and the craniomaxillofacial skeleton of 58 patients using fixed and removable prostheses. Implants also assist in the stabilization of prostheses that replace 59 missing maxillofacial parts, such as the nose, eyes, and ears. Implant reconstruction enables patients to regain 60 normal mastication, speech, and deglutition; resolves pain, gagging, and dysfunction from conventional 61 removable prostheses; and improves the symmetry and appearance of the face. Thus, it promotes self-esteem and 62 restores both masticatory function and a sense of well-being in patients with congenital, developmental, and 63 acquired orofacial deficits and deformities. The conditions are described generically and listed without any 64 judgment regarding priority. 65

Advances in implant science, biomaterials, and biotechnology, together with a better understanding of the 66 biology of osseointegration, the bone-implant interface, and biomechanics, have resulted in improved outcomes 67 and expanded applications for implants. Improved methods of imaging for diagnosis, a diverse availability of 68 implants with varied geometry and surfaces, and refinement of augmentation and reconstructive techniques have 69 enabled previously rejected or inadequately rehabilitated patients to be treated. Nanotechnology manipulates 70 biomaterials on an atomic and molecular scale. The reconstruction techniques include guided bone regeneration, 71 autogenous grafting from the maxillofacial region and other sites, and use of bone substitutes, composite grafts, 72 and bone. The techniques involve materials using the concepts of osteogenesis, osteoinduction, osteoconduction, 73 and osteopromotion. Soft tissue procedures, in combination with implant surgery, have improved the health and 74 aesthetics of the peri-implant tissues. Increased understanding of biologic, biomechanical, and patient- and 75 clinician-related risk factors, as well as a growing consensus of biologically acceptable patient treatment 76 protocols, has improved the safety and efficacy of dental and craniomaxillofacial implant surgery. 77

The use of implants (temporary, provisional) may provide function and aesthetics during the reconstructive 78 phase of treatment. 79

The team approach, involving a restorative dentist, in the management of dental implant patients emphasizes 80 that the restoration is the primary factor that drives the implant placement and the requirements for adjunctive 81 grafting procedures. It is essential that there is proper patient selection and presurgical consultation with a 82 restorative dentist involved in the treatment planning using appropriate available assessment tools. Implant 83 dentistry is a recognized method for reconstruction and rehabilitation of missing parts in the maxillofacial region. 84

85

86

GENERAL CRITERIA, PARAMETERS, AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR 87

DENTAL AND CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL IMPLANT SURGERY 88 89 INFORMED CONSENT: All surgery must be preceded by the patient's or legal guardian’s consent, unless an 90 emergent situation dictates otherwise. These circumstances should be documented in the patient’s record. 91 Informed consent is obtained after the patient or the legal guardian has been informed of the indications for the 92 procedure(s), the goals of treatment, the known benefits and risks of the procedure(s), the factors that may affect 93 the risk, the treatment options, and the potential favorable and unfavorable outcomes. 94 95 PERIOPERATIVE ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY: In certain circumstances, the use of antimicrobial rinses and 96 systemic antibiotics may be indicated to prevent failure of and infections related to surgery. The decision to 97 employ prophylactic perioperative antibiotics is at the discretion of the treating surgeon and should be based on 98 the patient’s clinical condition as well as other comorbidities which may be present. 99 100 DEALING WITH NEUROLOGIC DEFECITS: Injuries to the terminal branches of the trigeminal nerve (eg, 101 lingual, inferior alveolar, long buccal nerves), as well as the facial nerve, are known risks of oral and maxillofacial 102 surgery. It should be noted that the presence of a pathologic craniomaxillofacial condition, dentoskeletal or 103 craniofacial abnormality, or traumatic craniomaxillofacial injury may result in nerve injury prior to surgical 104 management. In addition, the use of local anesthesia (eg, mandibular block) may increase the risk of nerve injury. 105 Most nerve injuries resolve spontaneously, but some do not, and these may require consideration for non-surgical 106

AAOMS ParCare 2017 Dental and Craniomaxillofacial Implant Surgery

____________________________________________________________________________________________________ and/or surgical intervention. Microneurosurgical repair should be considered when the disability is of concern to 107 the patient, and there is clinical evidence of moderate, severe, or complete neurosensory impairment of various 108 areas of the orofacial region (eg, lips, chin, tongue); paresis or paralysis of facial muscles; loss, decreased, or 109 abnormal taste sensation; or neuropathic pain of peripheral origin. Surgical repair should incorporate specialized 110 microsurgical techniques (eg, operating magnification, nerve grafting), when indicated. Also see the 111 Reconstructive Surgery chapter. 112 113 USE OF IMAGING MODALITIES: Imaging modalities may include panoramic radiograph, periapical and/or 114 occlusal radiographs, maxillary and/or mandibular radiographs, computed tomography, cone beam computed 115 tomography, positron emission tomography, positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and magnetic 116 resonance imaging. In determining studies to be performed for imaging purposes, principles of ALARA (as low 117 as reasonably achievable) should be followed. 118 119 DOCUMENTATION: The AAOMS ParCare 2017 includes documentation of objective findings, diagnoses, and 120 patient management interventions. The ultimate judgment regarding the appropriateness of any specific 121 procedure must be made by the individual surgeon in light of the circumstances presented by each patient. 122 Understandably, there may be good clinical reasons to deviate from these parameters. When a surgeon chooses 123 to deviate from an applicable parameter based on the circumstances of a particular patient, he/she is well advised 124 to note in the patient's record the reason for the procedure followed. Moreover, it should be understood that 125 adherence to the parameters does not guarantee a favorable outcome. 126 127 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC GOALS FOR DENTAL AND CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL IMPLANT 128 SURGERY: 129 130

A. Restored function 131 B. Improved appearance 132 C. Improved social and psychological well-being 133 D. Limited pain (enhanced function, comfort and minimize pain and discomfort) 134 E. Limited period of disability 135 F. Provision of stable anchorage 136 G. Achievement of uncomplicated healing 137 H. Achievement of patient satisfaction 138 I. Appropriate understanding by patient (family and/or significant other) of treatment options and 139

acceptance of treatment plan 140 J. Appropriate understanding and acceptance by patient (family) of favorable outcomes and known risks and 141

complications 142 K. Preservation and protection of existing bone from continual resorption 143

144 GENERAL FACTORS AFFECTING RISK DURING DENTAL AND CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL 145 IMPLANT SURGERY: 146 147

A. Magnitude of deformity/anomaly 148 B. Inadequate quality or quantity of alveolar bone and soft tissues 149 C. Presence of bone and/or soft tissue infection, (eg, periapical and periodontal disease, maxillary sinus) 150 D. Presence of bone and/or soft tissue pathology 151 E. Factors that are known to influence osseointegration adversely 152

1. Implant material 153 2. Implant geometry (macrostructure) 154 3. Implant surface (microstructure) 155 4. Status of recipient bone (eg, inadequate bone quality and volume) 156 5. Trauma to host bone (eg, fracture, thermal injury, dehiscence) 157 6. Bone healing potential 158

F. Inadequate prosthetic or surgical treatment planning 159 G. Unfavorable prosthetic design and loading conditions 160 H. Presence of behavioral, psychological, neurologic, and/or psychiatric disorders, including habits (eg, 161


substance abuse, including tobacco and alcohol), seizure disorders, self-mutilation that may affect 162 surgery, healing, and/or response to therapy 163

I. Degree of patient and/or family understanding of the origin and natural course of the condition or 164 disorder, therapeutic goals, and acceptance of proposed treatment 165

J. Parafunctional habits 166 K. Preexisting neurologic dysfunction 167 L. Presence of local or systemic conditions that may interfere with the normal healing process and 168

subsequent tissue homeostasis (eg, previously irradiated tissue, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal disease, 169 liver disease, blood disorder, steroid therapy, contraceptive medication, immunosuppression, 170 malnutrition), history of local trauma, acute or chronic infection(s) including active or refractory 171 periodontal disease, failed endodontic therapy, osteoporosis, multiple surgical interventions at the site in 172 question that could interfere with healing. Various drug groups that promote the osteonecrosis of the jaw 173 includes intravenous bisphosphonates, oral bisphosphonates, RANK ligand inhibitors, and angiogenesis 174 inhibitors. The prevalence of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is seen more 175 commonly in cancer patients receiving antiresorptive therapy compared to those receiving treatment for 176 osteoporosis alone. The common oral bisphosphonates used are: alendronate sodium, risedronate sodium, 177 and ibandronate sodium. The common intravenous bisphosphonates used are ibandronate, pamidronate 178 disodium, and zoledronate. Denosumab (Xgeva® and Prolia®) is in a new group of medications that are 179 essentially a humanized monoclonal antibody administered subcutaneously. Other antiangiogenic agents 180 include sunitinib and sorafenib (tyrosine kinase inhibitors); bevacizumab, another humanized monoclonal 181 antibody; and sirolimus (rapamycin), an immunosuppressant for patients at risk of organ rejection 182 secondary to renal transplants. 183

M. Degree of patient’s and/or family’s cooperation and/or compliance 184 N. Inadequate hygiene 185 O. Age of patient (eg, developmental status of alveolar bone) 186 P. Proximity of implant placement site to adjacent structures (eg, teeth, other dental implants, nerve, brain, 187

sinus) 188 Q. Presence of coexisting major systemic disease (eg, disease that increases a patient's American Society of 189

Anesthesiologists classification to II, III, or IV) as detailed in the Patient Assessment chapter 190 R. Regulatory and/or third-party decisions concerning access to care, indicated therapy, drugs, devices, 191

and/or materials 192 193 GENERAL FAVORABLE THERAPEUTIC OUTCOMES FOR DENTAL AND 194 CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL IMPLANT SURGERY: 195 196

A. Retained, stable, functional implant(s) capable of supporting a prosthesis for a minimum of 5 years 197 B. Minimal bone height loss after the first year of service 198 C. No evidence of peri-implant radiolucency 199 D. Peri-implant soft tissue health (absence of inflammation, exudate, and bleeding on probing of peri-200

implant soft tissues) 201 E. Patient satisfaction with function, aesthetics, and ability to maintain implants supported prosthesis in a 202

healthy state 203 F. Improved social and psychological well-being 204 G. Limited period of pain and disability 205 H. Patient (family) acceptance of procedure and understanding of outcomes 206

207 GENERAL KNOWN RISKS AND COMPLICATIONS FOR DENTAL AND 208 CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL IMPLANT SURGERY: 209 210

A. Unstable implant 211 B. Loss of implant 212 C. Anesthesia, paresthesia, hyperesthesia, hypoesthesia 213 D. Excessive vertical and horizontal bone loss greater than 2.0 mm 214 E. Presence of signs and symptoms, such as pain, infection, neuropathies, or paresthesia 215 F. Infection (acute and/or chronic) 216


____________________________________________________________________________________________________ G. Unanticipated bony deficiency, dehiscence, or fenestration 217 H. Dental injury during surgery, ie, injury to adjacent teeth 218 I. Mandible fracture 219 J. Unfavorable axial inclination of adjacent teeth 220 K. Failure of bone graft augmentation 221 L. Nasal or sinus fistulae 222 M. Nonrestorable implants 223 N. Implant or component failure (eg, fracture, screw loosening) 224 O. Improper implant positioning, causing prosthetic compromise 225 P. Hemorrhage 226 Q. Hyperplastic soft tissue response 227 R. Aberrant frenum or mobile mucosal tissues 228 S. Prolonged period of disability 229 T. Facial and/or trigeminal nerve dysfunction after surgery 230 U. Unplanned Caldwell-Luc, bronchoscopy, or other exploratory procedures associated with surgery 231 V. Ocular injury during surgery 232 W. Unanticipated repeat Oral and/or Maxillofacial Surgery 233 X. Core temperature of greater than 101ºF 72 hours after elective surgery 234 Y. Postsurgical radiograph indicating presence of foreign body 235 Z. Unplanned transfusion(s) of blood or blood components during or after surgery 236

AA. Readmission for complications or incomplete management from previous surgery 237 BB. Respiratory and/or cardiac arrest 238 CC. Death 239

240

241

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PEDIATRIC DENTAL AND 242

CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL IMPLANT SURGERY 243 244 Craniomaxillofacial implants have three primary applications in the pediatric population: restoration of missing 245 dentition, as an anchoring device for orthopedic manipulation, and for prosthetic reconstruction of the missing 246 structures. 247

Dental implants can provide optimal restoration for children with hypodontia syndrome or with segments of lost 248 dentition. Congenitally missing teeth are referred to as hypodontia (one to five missing teeth), oligodontia (six or 249 more missing teeth), and anodontia (missing all permanent teeth in one or both jaws). Agenesis generally refers to 250 missing individual teeth. Missing teeth in a growing individual can be a disabling condition, which must be 251 addressed with consideration for both physical and psychological development. Achievement and maintenance of 252 osseointegrated implants in healthy children have been shown to be possible. There is no fixed chronologic age at 253 which implants may be placed in children. Children younger than 2 years may have unsuitably soft or thin cortical 254 bone for implant placement. In general, growth and skeletal development should be completed or nearly 255 completed before implants are placed. Skeletal maturity can be assessed in a number of ways, including 256 superimposition of serial cephalometric films obtained at 6-month to 1-year intervals. In cases of anodontia and 257 oligodontia, dental implants may be placed before the pubertal growth period. It must be understood, however, 258 that dental implants will not erupt together with adjacent teeth during dentoalveolar development, and they will 259 not be displaced in space as natural teeth are during growth and development. When dental implants are 260 anticipated to manage situations where primary teeth have no successors, maintenance of the primary dentition to 261 maintain the bone available for future implant placement may to appropriate. Orthodontic movement of teeth into 262 and away from implant sites may also benefit the availability of bone to support implants. 263

Osseous dental implants may serve as anchoring devices for orthodontic and orthopedic mechanisms. In 264 combination with elastic or active spring devices, dental segments may be moved into more ideal positions. This 265 procedure should be undertaken in conjunction with an orthodontist familiar with these mechanisms. 266

Prosthetic reconstruction may be indicated for the missing ear or severe grade II type microtia. Currently, it is 267 still difficult to achieve an aesthetic-appearing ear using autogenous materials and local flaps. A maxillofacial 268 prosthodontist should see the child before surgery to determine the child’s suitability as a candidate for an 269

AAOMS ParCare 2017 Dental and Craniomaxillofacial Implant Surgery ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ extraoral prosthesis and possible implant placement to retain the prosthesis. And that calvarial bone is of adequate 270 dimension to achieve the necessary thickness for implant placement by approximately 5 or 6 years of age. 271

272

273

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS REQUIRING IMPLANTS 274 275 I. Neurologic Dysfunction 276 277

Certain motor disorders affecting the orofacial musculature and sensory disorders affecting the overlying soft 278 tissues adversely affect masticatory function and the patient’s ability to function with a conventional 279 removable prosthesis. 280

281 A. Pain 282

1. Nerve compression 283 2. Soft tissue irritation 284

B. Neuromuscular disorders 285 1. Parkinsonism 286 2. Cerebrovascular accident 287 3. Multiple sclerosis 288 4. Epilepsy 289 5. Orofacial dyskinesia 290 6. Oral mandibular dystonia 291 7. Tardive dyskinesia 292 8. Hyperactive gag reflex 293

C. Parafunctional habits (eg, bruxism, clenching, tongue thrusting, finger sucking) 294 II. Tissue Intolerance 295

Possible reactions to methyl methacrylate or base metal alloys; lack of fixed, keratinized soft tissue; and a 296 propensity to chronic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions (eg, Sjögren’s syndrome) may contribute to 297 masticatory dysfunction with a conventional prosthesis. 298

III. Inadequate Orthodontic or Orthopedic Anchorage 299 Use of implants can enable the orthodontist to manage a variety of clinical problems related to anchorage 300 control and missing teeth. By virtue of its rigid orthopedic anchorage in bone, the osseointegrated implant or 301 the biointegrated implant can be used both to move teeth orthodontically and as root form implants to support 302 single or multiple tooth restorations. 303

Orthodontic implants may also be used as osseous handles to guide orthopedic development and as bone 304 anchors for distraction osteogenesis. 305

Implants may be used as absolute anchorage where the anchoring unit remains stationary under orthodontic 306 forces. Certain skeletal deformities may be corrected using titanium screw anchorage. 307

IV. Patients with congenitally missing teeth or developmental anomalies, including those with ectodermal 308 dysplasia 309

310

311

ADJUNCTIVE DIAGNOSTIC/IMAGING AND SURGICAL PROCEDURES 312 313

A. Imaging for implant treatment planning 314 B. Guided surgery 315 C. Virtual treatment planning 316 D. Implant stability and resonance frequency analysis 317 E. Mini-implants 318 F. Flapless surgery 319 G. Orthodontic tooth extrusion 320 H. Immediate loading protocols 321 I. Vascularized pedicle flaps 322


____________________________________________________________________________________________________ J. Interpositional osteotomy for posterior mandibular ridge augmentation 323 K. Zygomatic implant placement 324 L. Angled implant placement 325 M. Ridge preservation and site development 326 N. Ridge expansion and splitting 327 O. Subepithelial connective tissue grafting 328 P. Bone morphogenetic protein 329 Q. Platelet-rich plasma and platelet-rich fibrin 330 R. Bone marrow concentrates 331

332

GENERAL AND SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS 333

334

335 I. Indications for Therapy 336 337

May include one or more of the following: 338 339

A. General 340 1. Prevention of alveolar bone resorption and loss of osseous support 341 2. Clinical or imaging evidence of hard or soft tissue defect(s) in the maxillofacial region, including 342

defects resulting from tooth loss, oncologic therapy, and trauma (eg, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, 343 orbital, ear) 344

3. Masticatory dysfunction (eg, maxillary and/or mandibular partial edentulism and/or alveolar atrophy) 345 4. Aesthetic deficiency and/or compromise 346 5. Speech impairment 347 6. Behavioral and/or psychological impairment 348 7. Neurologic dysfunction 349

a. Nerve compression 350 b. Soft tissue irritation 351

8. Intolerance to and/or inability to accommodate to tooth and/or soft tissue–borne prostheses 352 9. Reaction to materials used in tooth and/or soft tissue–borne prosthetic reconstruction 353

B. Specific 354 1. Partial edentulous ridge 355

a. Preservation of natural tooth by avoiding tooth preparation for a fixed and/or removable 356 prosthesis 357

b. Inadequate natural teeth to support a fixed and/or removable prosthesis 358 c. Prevention of occlusal overloading of remaining natural dentition 359

2. Isolated Partial Edentulism in the Esthetic Zone 360 a. Restoration or improvement of aesthetics 361 b. Preservation of natural tooth by avoiding tooth preparation for fixed and/or removable prosthesis 362 c. Inadequate natural teeth to support a fixed and/or removable prosthesis 363 d. Prevention of occlusal overloading of remaining natural dentition 364

3. Edentulous Mandible 365 a. Absence of natural teeth to support a fixed and/or removable prosthesis 366 b. Intolerance to and/or inability to accommodate to a complete denture 367

4. Edentulous Maxilla 368 a. Absence of natural teeth to support a fixed and/or removable prosthesis 369 b. Intolerance to and/or inability to accommodate to a complete denture 370 c. Combination syndrome (anterior maxillary resorption, maxillary hyperplasia, bulbous 371

tuberosities) 372 d. Maxillary and/or mandibular vertical, transverse, and anterior-posterior skeletal discrepancies 373

5. Reconstructed Mandible (Partially and Edentulous) 374 a. Preservation of natural tooth by avoiding tooth preparation for fixed and/or removable prosthesis 375 b. Inadequate natural teeth to support a fixed and/or removable prosthesis 376


c. Prevention of occlusal overloading of remaining natural dentition 377 d. Relative position of genial tubercle 378 e. Relative position of the floor of mouth and salivary glands and ducts 379

6. Reconstructed Maxilla (Partially and Edentulous) 380 a. Preservation of natural tooth by avoiding tooth preparation for fixed and/or removable prosthesis 381 b. Inadequate natural teeth to support a fixed and/or removable prosthesis 382 c. Prevention of occlusal overloading of remaining natural dentition 383 d. Combination syndrome (eg, anterior maxillary resorption, papillary hyperplasia, bulbous 384

tuberosities) 385 7. Irradiated Bone 386

a. Unstable obturator 387 b. Provision of a stable prosthesis in the irradiated jaw with low tolerance to soft and hard tissue 388

irritation or trauma 389 c. Provision of retention and anchorage for maxillofacial, nasal, orbital, and ear prosthesis in 390

irradiated tissue 391 d. Provision of retention and support of a prosthesis in a xerostomic patient 392

8. Reconstructed Alveolar Cleft 393 a. Inadequate ridge for prosthetic reconstruction (eg, implant placement) 394 b. Preservation of the natural tooth by avoiding preparation for fixed and/or removable prosthesis 395 c. Inadequate natural teeth to support a fixed and/or removable prosthesis 396 d. Prevention of occlusal overloading of remaining natural dentition 397

9. Developmental or Acquired Craniofacial Deformities 398 a. Improvement on conventional retention of maxillofacial prosthesis 399 b. Clinical or imaging evidence of hard or soft tissue defect (eg, congenital, traumatic, or oncologic 400

loss of eye, ear, nose, hair, or other hard or soft tissue structure) 401 c. Intolerance to and/or inability to accommodate a conventional prosthesis 402 d. Adverse reaction to materials used in prosthesis construction 403

II. Therapeutic Goals 404 A. General 405

406 The goal of therapy is to restore form and/or function. However, risk factors and potential complications may 407 preclude complete restoration of form and/or function. 408

409 The primary goal of implant reconstruction is to provide long-term, stable anchorage for a prosthesis. The 410 implant, in combination with the prosthesis, may then provide one or more of the following: 411

412 1. Presence of a general therapeutic goal, as listed in the section entitled General Criteria, Parameters, 413

and Considerations for Dental and Craniomaxillofacial Implant Surgery 414 2. Prevention of alveolar atrophy and loss of supportive bone 415 3. Improved mastication 416 4. Improved speech 417 5. Improved deglutition 418 6. Prevention of gagging 419 7. Enhanced aesthetics 420

B. Specific 421 1. Partial Edentulism 422

a. Preservation of remaining natural dentition 423 b. Prevention of occlusal overloading of remaining natural dentition 424 c. Enabling of successful orthodontic treatment 425 d. Improved stability of obturators 426

2. Isolated Partial Edentulism in the Esthetic Zone 427 a. Maintenance or improvement of aesthetics 428 b. Preservation of remaining natural dentition 429 c. Prevention of alveolar atrophy and loss of supportive bone 430 d. Prevention of occlusal overloading of remaining natural dentition 431


____________________________________________________________________________________________________ e. Improved patient social confidence and self esteem 432

3. Reconstructed Mandible (Partially and Edentulous) 433 a. Prevention of occlusal overloading of remaining natural dentition 434 b. Prevention of loss of reconstructed alveolar and supporting bone 435 c. Preservation of overlying soft tissue 436

4. Reconstructed Maxilla (Partially and Edentulous) 437 a. Prevention of loss of reconstructed alveolar and supporting bone 438 b. Preservation of overlying soft tissue 439 c. Prevention of occlusal overloading of remaining natural dentition 440

5. Irritated bone 441 a. Prevention of loss of soft tissue integrity to minimize contribution to osteoradionecrosis 442 b. Provision of anchorage of maxillofacial, nasal, orbital, and ear prosthesis 443 c. Diminished risk of osteoradionecrosis secondary to trauma from conventional removable 444

prosthesis 445 d. Preservation of remaining natural dentition 446 e. Improved stability of obturators 447 f. Provision of anchorage of maxillofacial, nasal, orbital, and ear prosthesis 448

6. Reconstructed Alveolar Cleft 449 a. Prevention of loss of reconstructed alveolar bone 450 b. Preservation of overlying soft tissue 451 c. Prevention of occlusal overloading of remaining natural dentition 452

III. Factors Affecting Risk 453 A. General 454

455 Severity factors that increase risk and the potential for known complications: 456

457 1. Presence of a general factor affecting risk, as listed in the section entitled General Criteria, 458

Parameters, and Considerations for Dental and Craniomaxillofacial Implant Surgery 459 2. Ridge relationship of opposing arch (eg, retrognathia, laterognathia, prognathia) 460 3. Unfavorable ridge morphologic features 461 4. Unfavorable access (eg, trismus, macroglossia) 462 5. Presence of severe atrophy 463 6. Prior radiation 464 7. Quality and quantity of alveolar bone 465

B. Specific 466 1. Partial Edentulism 467

a. Position of the roots of the adjacent dentition within the alveolar bone 468 b. Tooth/ridge relationship of opposing arch (eg, overbite, overjet, cross-bite, supraeruption) 469

2. Isolated Partial Edentulism in the Esthetic Zone 470 a. The presence of anatomical variations (eg, “high smile line,” crown length, maxillary 471

hyperplasia) 472 b. Position of the roots of the adjacent dentition within the alveolar bone 473 c. Insufficient or excessive interdental space 474 d. Tooth/ridge relationship of opposing arch (eg, overbite, overjet, cross-bite, supraeruption) 475 e. Unfavorable ridge morphologic features 476 f. Vertical maxillary deficiency with reduced reconstructive soft tissue envelope 477 g. Compromised bone volume on adjacent natural dentition 478 h. Unfavorable axial inclination of adjacent teeth 479 i. Inadequate orthodontic retention 480 j. Unrealistic patient expectations 481 k. Gingival biotype (inadequate orofacial soft tissue thickness less than 2.0 mm required to mask 482

underlying implant components or for lateral biologic width requirements) 483 l. Shape of tooth crowns (triangular indicates high risk; ovoid, medium risk; and square, low risk) 484 m. Restorative status of adjacent teeth (virgin indicates low risk; subgingival restoration with ideal 485

biologic acceptance, medium risk; and subgingival restoration with inflammatory response, high 486


risk) 487 n. Immediate implant placement at aesthetic extraction sites with inadequate facial bone 488 o. Immediate implant placement at aesthetic extraction sites with facial bone defects that 489

compromise the bone crests on the adjacent dentition 490 p. Two or more adjacent implants in the aesthetic zone 491

3. Edentulous Mandible 492 a. Relative position of soft tissue, muscle attachments, and the inferior alveolar and mental nerve 493

foramen 494 b. Location of adjacent vascular structures 495 c. Relative position of genial tubercle 496 d. Relative position of the floor of mouth and salivary glands and ducts 497

4. Edentulous Maxilla 498 a. Relative position of soft tissue and muscle attachments 499 b. Location of adjacent vascular structures 500 c. Pneumatized maxillary sinuses 501 d. Maxillary sinus disease (eg, obstructed ostium) 502 e. Enlarged incisive canal 503

5. Reconstructed Maxilla (Partially and Edentulous) 504 a. Potential vascular compromise of grafted area 505 b. Position of the roots of the adjacent dentition 506 c. Anatomical relationship of maxillary sinus and nasal fossa 507 d. Size and location of incisive canal 508

6. Reconstructed Mandible (Partially and Edentulous) 509 a. Potential vascular compromise of grafted area 510 b. Potential for grafted bone to be inadequately fixated, consolidated, and/or incorporated 511

7. Irradiated Bone 512 a. Tissue hypoxia 513 b. Tissue hypocellularity 514 c. Potential for tumor recurrence 515 d. Xerostomia 516 e. Diminished reparative capability of tissue 517 f. Potential for radiation-induced cervical caries 518 g. Low tolerance of overlying mucosa and skin to trauma 519 h. Radiation dose 520 i. Absorbed radiation dose to the implant region 521 j. Diminished potential for osseointegration 522 k. Correlation between implant lengths and implant losses 523 l. Higher frequency of implant loss in craniofacial bones (frontal bone, followed by zygoma, 524

maxilla, and mastoid process of the temporal bone) 525 m. Interval between irradiation and implant placement 526 n. Smoking habits of patient 527 o. Radiation-associated trismus and with difficult surgical access 528 p. Radiation source (eg, internal source of radiation, such as iridium implants, increase risk for 529

radiation damage) 530 q. Radiation fractionation 531 r. Potential for reparative fibrosis, demineralization of bone, and increased susceptibility to 532

infection and avascular necrosis 533 8. Reconstructed Alveolar Cleft 534

a. Ridge relationship of opposing arch 535 b. Presence of severe atrophy 536 c. Position of the roots of the adjacent dentition 537 d. Size and location of incisive canal 538

9. Developmental or Acquired Craniofacial Deformities 539 a. Relative position of vital structures (eg, nerves, cranial contents, vasculature) 540 b. Relative position of craniofacial sinus 541


____________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Indicated Therapeutic Parameters 542

The presurgical assessment includes, at a minimum, a clinical and imaging evaluation, as well as a prosthetic 543 treatment plan. Also see the Patient Assessment chapter. 544

545 Proper patient selection; flap design; prevention of thermal injury; selection of site, angle, position, and 546 trajectory; and primary implant stability are critical factors in achieving favorable outcomes. Magnitude and 547 time of implant loading must be taken into consideration. 548

549 The following procedures for the management of are not listed in order of preference: 550 551 A. General 552

1. Placement of osseointegrated type implant(s), including, when appropriate, immediate placement and 553 immediate provisionalization with and without occlusal loading 554

2. Augmentation with autogenous, allogeneic, xenogeneic, or alloplastic graft(s) or growth factors, bone 555 morphogenetic protein, and autologous and allogeneic stem cells to facilitate implant reconstruction, 556 including sinus/nasal floor grafts 557

3. Harvesting of autogenous grafts from intraoral or extraoral sites, including but not limited to 558 mandibular ramus, ramus body, symphysis, alveolar ridge and retromolar region, maxillary 559 tuberosity, zygomatic buttress ilium, cranium, tibia 560

4. Supplemental procedures: 561 a. Guided tissue regeneration (resorbable guided tissue regeneration, nonresorbable) 562 b. Soft tissue augmentation (eg, grafts and local flaps) 563 c. Maxillary or mandibular osteotomy with or without bone graft and rigid fixation or osseous 564

distraction 565 d. Ridge preservation at time of extraction and hard or soft tissue site development 566

5. Instructions for posttreatment care and follow-up 567 B. Specific 568

1. Partial Edentulous Ridge 569 2. Isolated Partial Edentulism in the Esthetic Zone 570

a. Placement of osseointegrated type implant(s), including, when appropriate, early and/or 571 immediate placement and immediate provisionalization without occlusal loading 572

3. Edentulous Mandible 573 a. Placement of transosseous implant 574 b. Placement of subperiosteal implant 575

4. Edentulous Maxilla 576 a. Supplemental procedures: 577

i. Placement of pterygoid, zygomatic, and palatal implants 578 ii. Alveoloplasty, alveolectomy, vestibuloplasty 579

5. Reconstructed Mandible (Partially or Edentulous) 580 a. Placement of transosseous implant 581 b. Placement of subperiosteal implant 582

6. Irradiated Bone 583 a. Use of microsurgically revascularized bone grafts 584 b. Use of hyperbaric oxygen 585 c. Instructions for posttreatment care and follow-up (implant maintenance procedure) 586

7. Reconstructed Alveolar Cleft 587 a. Placement of pterygoid, zygomatic, and palatal implants 588

8. Developmental or Acquired Craniofacial Deformities 589 a. Use of absolute anchorage implants for correction of some skeletal deformities 590

V. Outcome Assessment Indices 591 592

Indices are used by the specialty to assess aggregate outcomes of care. Outcomes are assessed through 593 clinical evaluation and may include an imaging evaluation. 594

595 A. General 596


1. Favorable therapeutic outcomes 597 a. General favorable therapeutic outcomes, as listed in the section entitled General Criteria, 598

Parameters, and Considerations for Dental and Craniomaxillofacial Implant Surgery 599 b. Improved speech 600 c. Achievement of favorable aesthetics 601 d. Improved deglutition 602 e. Improved mastication 603 f. Preservation of alveolar supportive bone 604 g. Prevention of gagging 605 h. Improved patient social confidence and self-esteem 606

2. Known risks and complications associated with therapy 607 a. Presence of a general known risk and/or complication, as listed in the section entitled General 608

Criteria, Parameters, and Considerations for Dental and Craniomaxillofacial Implant Surgery 609 B. Specific 610

1. Partial edentulous ridge 611 a. Favorable therapeutic outcomes 612

i. Preservation of natural dentition 613 ii. Prevention of occlusal overloading of remaining natural dentition 614 iii. Successful orthodontic treatment 615 iv. Improved stability of obturators 616

b. Known risks and complications associated with therapy 617 i. Loss of or damage to adjacent dentition 618

2. Isolated Partial Edentulism in the esthetic Zone 619 a. Favorable therapeutic outcomes 620

i. Achievement of favorable or harmonious aesthetics 621 ii. Preservation of natural dentition 622 iii. Prevention of occlusal overloading of remaining natural dentition 623

b. Known risks and complications associated with therapy 624 i. Loss of or damage to adjacent dentition 625 ii. Fibrotic wound healing, resulting in an unaesthetic result 626 iii. Loss of alveolar bone and soft tissues, resulting in aesthetic, phonetic, and functional 627

compromise 628 3. Edentulous Mandible 629

a. Favorable therapeutic outcomes 630 b. Known risks and complications associated with therapy 631

i. Mandibular fracture 632 ii. Salivary duct/gland injuries 633 iii. Soft tissue hyperplasia 634 iv. Life threatening hemorrhage 635

4. Edentulous Maxilla 636 a. Favorable therapeutic outcomes 637

i. Improved stability of obturators 638 b. Known risks and complications associated with therapy 639

i. Oral nasal and oral antral fistulae 640 ii. Maxillary sinus infection and/or disease 641

5. Reconstructed Mandible (Partially and Edentulous) 642 a. Favorable therapeutic outcomes 643 b. Known risks and complications associated with therapy 644

i. Salivary duct/gland injuries 645 6. Reconstructed Maxilla (Partially and Edentulous) 646

a. Favorable therapeutic outcomes 647 i. Prevention of occlusal overloading of remaining natural dentition 648 ii. Improved stability of obturators 649

b. Known risks and complications associated with therapy 650 i. Oral nasal and oral antral fistulae 651


____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ii. Maxillary sinus infection and/or disease 652

7. Irradiated Bone 653 a. Favorable therapeutic outcomes 654

i. Preservation of remaining dentition 655 ii. Improved stability of obturators 656 iii. Provision of anchorage of maxillofacial, nasal, orbital, and ear prosthesis 657 iv. Diminished risk of osteoradionecrosis secondary to trauma from conventional removable 658

prosthesis 659 b. Known risks and complications associated with therapy 660

i. Diminished potential for osseointegration 661 ii. Osteoradionecrosis 662 iii. Delayed healing of overlying mucosa skin 663 iv. Risk of tumor recurrence mimicking inflammation/infection 664 v. Longer healing periods 665

8. Reconstructed Alveolar Cleft 666 a. Favorable therapeutic outcomes 667

i. Prevention of occlusal overloading of remaining natural dentition 668 b. Known risks and complications associated with implant therapy 669

i. Neurosensory disturbances 670 ii. Soft tissue hyperplasia 671 iii. Failed implant 672 iv. Periimplantitis 673

9. Developmental or Acquired Craniofacial Deformities 674 a. Favorable therapeutic outcomes 675

i. Preservation of natural dentition 676 ii. Improved stability of obturators 677 iii. Improved retention of maxillofacial prosthesis 678

b. Known risks and complications associated with therapy 679 i. Loss of remaining soft or hard tissue 680 ii. Need for replacement of implant and/or prosthesis 681 iii. Damage to adjacent structures (eg, intracranial contents, neurovascular structures, 682

craniofacial sinus) 683

684

685

SELECTED REFERENCES – DENTAL AND CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL 686

IMPLANT SURGERY 687 688 This list of selected references is intended only to acknowledge some of the sources of information drawn on in 689 the preparation of this document. Citation of the reference material is not meant to imply endorsement of any 690 statement contained in the reference material. The list is not an exhaustive compilation of information on the 691 topic. Readers should consult other sources to obtain a complete bibliography. 692 693 694

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PEDIATRIC DENTAL AND CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL 695 IMPLANT SURGERY 696

697 1. Behr M, Driemel O, Mertins V, et al: Concepts for the treatment of adolescent patients with missing 698

permanent teeth. Oral Maxillofac Surg 12:49, 2008 699 2. Bergendal B: When should we extract deciduous teeth and place implants in young individuals with tooth 700

agenesis? J Oral Rehabil 35(Suppl):55, 2008 701 3. Bergendal B, Bergendal T, Hallonster AL, et al: A multidisciplinary approach to oral rehabilitation with 702

osseointegrated implants in children and adolescents with multiple aplasia. Eur J Orthod 18:119, 1996 703 4. Bergendal B, Ekman A, Nilsson P: Implant failure in young children with ectodermal dysplasia: a 704

retrospective evaluation of use and outcome of dental implant treatment in children in Sweden. Int J Oral 705


Maxillofac Implants 23:520, 2008 706 5. Garfinkle JS, Cunningham LL Jr, Beeman CS, et al: Evaluation of orthodontic mini-implant anchorage in 707

premolar extraction therapy in adolescents. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 133:642, 2008 708 6. Guckes AD, Scurria MS, King TS, et al: Prospective clinical trial of dental implants in persons with 709

ectodermal dysplasia. J Prosthet Dent 88:21, 2002 710 7. Itro A, Difalco P, Urciuolo V, et al: The aesthetic and functional restoration in the case of partial edentulism 711

in young patients. Minerva Stomatol 54:281, 2005 712 8. Koch G, Bergendal, Kvint S, et al: Consensus Conference on Oral Implants in Young Patients. The Institute 713

for Postgraduate Dental Education. Stockholm, Sweden, Forlagshuset Gothia AB, 1996 714 9. Kokich VG, Kokich VO: Congenitally missing mandibular second premolars: clinical options. Am J Orthod 715

Dentofacial Orthop 130:437, 2006 716 10. Nacht ES: Dental implants and the pediatric dental patient. J Clin Pediatr Dent 16:4, 1991 717 11. Pena WA, Vargervik K, Sharma A, et al: The role of endosseous implants in the management of alveolar 718

clefts. Pediatr Dent 31:329, 2009 719 12. Perrott DH, Sharma AB, Vargervik K: Endosseous implants for pediatric patients. Oral Maxillofac Surg 720

Clin North Am 6:79, 1994 721 13. Sharma AB, Vargervik K: Using implants for the growing child. J Calif Dent Assoc 34:719, 2006 722 14. Thilander B: Orthodontic space closure versus implant placement in subjects with missing teeth. J Oral 723

Rehabil 35(Suppl):64, 2008 724 725 726

DENTAL AND CRANIOMAXILLOFACIAL IMPLANT SURGERY 727 728 15. 2010 Guidelines of the Academy of Osseointegration for the provision of dental implants and associated 729

patient care. Int J Oral Maxillofac Impl 25:620, 2010 730 16. Adell R, Enksson B, Lekholin U, et al: A longterm follow-up study of osseointegrated implants in the 731

treatment of the totally edentulous jaw. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 5:347, 1990 732 17. Adell R, Lekholm U, Grodahl K, et al: Reconstruction of severely resorbed edentulous maxillae using 733

osseointegrated fixtures in immediate autogenous bone grafts. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 5:233, 1990 734 18. Adell R, Lekholm U, Rockler B, et al: A 15-year study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the 735

edentulous jaw. Int J Oral Surg 10:387, 1981 736 19. Adell R, Lekholm U, Rockler B, et al: Marginal tissue reactions at osseointegrated titanium fixtures. Int J 737

Oral Maxillofac Surg 15:39, 1990 738 20. Albrektsson T, Bergman B, Folmer T, et al: A multicenter report of osseointegrated oral implants. J 739

Prosthet Dent 60:75, 1988 740 21. Albrektsson T, Brånemark P-I, Hansson HA, et al: Osseointegrated titanium implants. Requirements for 741

ensuring a long-lasting direct bone anchorage in man. Acta Orthop Scand 52:155, 1981 742 22. Anderson B, Oedman P, Lindvall AM, et al: Single tooth restorations supported by osseointegrated 743

implants: results and experiences from a prospective study after 2 to 3 years. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 744 10:702, 1995 745

23. Anderson JD, Healey IR: Craniofacial applications for osseointegrated implants. Ont Dent 72:16, 1995 746 24. Arbuckle OR, Nelson CL, Roberts WE: Osseointegrated implants and orthodontics. Oral Maxillofac Surg 747

Clin North Am 3:903, 1991 748 25. Augthun M, Yildirim M, Spiekermann H, et al: Healing of bone defects in combination with immediate 749

implants using the membrane technique. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 10:421, 1995 750 26. Avera SP, Stampley WA, McAllister BS: Histologic and clinical observation of resorbable and 751

nonresorbable barrier membranes used in maxillary sinus graft containment. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 752 12:88, 1997 753

27. Avivi-Arber L, Zarb GA: Clinical effectiveness of implant-supported single-tooth replacement: the Toronto 754 study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 11:311, 1996 755

28. Babbush CA, Kutsko GT, Brokloff J: The All-on-Four Immediate function treatment concept with 756 NobelActive implants—a retrospective study. J Oral Implantol 37:431, 2011 757

29. Bahat O: Treatment planning and placement of implants in the posterior maxillae: report of 732 consecutive 758 Noblepharma implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 8:151, 1993 759

30. Bahat O, Daftary F: Surgical reconstruction – a prerequisite for long-term implant success: a philosophic 760


____________________________________________________________________________________________________ approach. Pract Periodont Aesthet Dent 7:21, 1995 761

31. Bahat O, Fontanesi RV, Preston J: Reconstruction of the hard and soft tissues for optimal placement of 762 osseointegrated implants. Int J Periodont Rest Dent 13:255, 1993 763

32. Baima RF: Implant-supported facial prostheses. J Mich Dent Assoc 78:50, 1996 764 33. Bain CA, Moy PR: The association between the failure of dental implants and cigarette smoking. Int J Oral 765

Maxillofac Implants 38:609, 1993 766 34. Balshi SF, Allen FD, Wolfinger GJ, et al: A resonance frequency analysis assessment of maxillary 767

mandibular immediately loaded implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 20:584, 2005 768 35. Barber HD, Betts NJ: Rehabilitation of maxillofacial trauma patients with dental implants. Implant Dent 769

2:191, 1993 770 36. Barber HD, Fonseca RJ, Betts NJ: The transmandibular implant: implant reconstruction and rehabilitation 771

for the atrophic mandible. Implant Dent 1:297, 1992 772 37. Becker W, Becker BE: Guided tissue regeneration for implants placed into extraction sockets and for 773

implant dehiscences: surgical techniques and case reports. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 10:377, 1990 774 38. Becker W, Becker BE, Israelson H, et al: One-step surgical placement of Brånemark implants. A 775

prospective multicenter clinical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 12:454, 1997 776 39. Becker W, Becker BE, McGuire MK: Localized ridge augmentation using absorbable pins and ePTFE 777

barrier membranes: a new surgical approach. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 14:48, 1994 778 40. Becker W, Becker BE, Polizzi G, et al: Autogenous bone grafting of bone defects adjacent to implants 779

placed into immediate extraction sockets in patients: a prospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 780 9:389, 1994 781

41. Becker W, Lekholm U, Dahlin C, et al: Immediate placement of titanium implants into fresh extraction 782 sockets protected by e-PTFE membrane barriers. A clinical multicenter study. J Periodontol 63:929, 1992 783

42. Becker W, Urist M, Becker BE, et al: Clinical and histologic observations of sites implanted with intraoral 784 autologous bone grafts or allografts. 15 human case reports. J Periodontol 67:1025, 1996 785

43. Berglundh T, Lindhe J: Dimension of the peri-implant mucosa. Biological width revisited. J Clin 786 Periodontol 23:971, 1996 787

44. Betts NJ, Miloro M: Modification of the sinus lift procedure for septa in the maxillary antrum. J Oral 788 Maxillofac Surg 52:332, 1994 789

45. Biesbrock AR, Edgerton M: Evaluation of the clinical predictability of hydroxyapatite-coated endosseous 790 dental implants: a review of the literature. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 10:712, 1995 791

46. Bitter RN: A rotated palatal flap ridge preservation technique to enhance restorative and hard and soft tissue 792 esthetics for tooth replacement in the anterior maxilla. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 30:195, 2010 793

47. Blatz MB, Bergler M, Holst S, et al: Zirconia abutments for single-tooth implants--rationale and clinical 794 guidelines. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 67(Suppl):74, 2009 795

48. Block MS: Placement of implants into fresh molar sites: results of 35 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 69:170, 796 2011 797

49. Block MS, Chandler C: Computed tomography-guided surgery: complications associated with scanning, 798 processing, surgery, and prosthetics. J Oral and Maxillofac Surg 67(Suppl):13, 2009 799

50. Block, MS, Haggerty CJ: Interpositional osteotomy for posterior mandible ridge augmentation. J Oral 800 Maxillofac Surg 67(Suppl):31, 2009 801

51. Block MS, Haggerty CJ, Fisher GR: Nongrafting implant options for restoration of the edentulous maxilla. 802 J Oral Maxillofac Surg 67:872, 2009 803

52. Block MS, Kent JN: Sinus augmentation for dental implants. The use of autogenous bone. J Oral 804 Maxillofac Surg 55:1281, 1997 805

53. Block MS, Mercante DE, Lirette D, et al: Prospective evaluation of immediate and delayed provisional 806 single tooth restorations. J Oral and Maxillofac Surg 67(Suppl):89, 2009 807

54. Blomquist EJ, Alberius P, Isaksson S: Sinus inlay bone augmentation: comparison of implant positioning 808 after one or two staged procedures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 55:804, 1997 809

55. Boyne PJ, James RA: Grafting of the maxillary sinus floor with autogenous marrow and bone. Oral Surg 810 38:613, 1980 811

56. Boyne PJ: Analysis of performance of root-form endosseous implants placed in the maxillary sinus. J Long 812 Term Eff Med Implants 3:143, 1993 813

57. Brägger U, Hämmerle CH, Lang NP: Immediate transmucosal implants using the principle of guided tissue 814 regeneration. II. A cross-sectional study comparing the clinical outcome 1 year after immediate to standard 815


implant placement. Clin Oral Implants Res 7:268, 1996 816 58. Branemark PI, Svensson B, Van Steenberghe D: Ten-year survival rates of fixed prosthesis on four of six 817

implants ad modum Branemark in full edentulism. Clin Oral Implants Res 6:227, 1995 818 59. Breine U, Brånemark PI: Reconstruction of the alveolar jaw bone. An experimental and clinical study of 819

immediate and preformed autologous bone grafts in combination with osseointegrated implants. Scand J 820 Plast Reconstr Surg 14:23, 1980 821

60. Brindis MA, Block MS: Orthodontic tooth extrusion to enhance soft tissue implant esthetics. J Oral and 822 Maxillofac Surg 67 (Suppl):49, 2009 823

61. Brodala N: Flapless surgery and its effect on dental implant outcomes. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 824 24(Suppl):118, 2009 825

62. Buchbinder D, St Hilaire H: The use of free tissue transfer in advanced osteoradionecrosis of the mandible. 826 J Oral Maxillofac Surg 64:961, 2006 827

63. Buchbinder D, Urken ML, Vickery C, et al: Functional mandibular reconstruction of patients with oral 828 cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 68:499, 1989 829

64. Buddula A, Assad DA, Salinas TJ, et al: Survival of dental implants in irradiated head and neck cancer 830 patients: a retrospective analysis. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 14:716, 2012 831

65. Buser D, Belser UC, Lang NP: The original one-stage dental implant system and its clinical applications. J 832 Periodontol 17:106, 1998 833

66. Buser D, Bragger U, Lang NP, et al: Regeneration and enlargement of jaw bone using guided tissue 834 regeneration. Clin Oral Implants Res 1:22, 1990 835

67. Buser D, Dula K, Belser U, et al: Localized ridge augmentation using guided bone regeneration. I. Surgical 836 procedure in the maxilla. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 13:29, 1993 837

68. Buser D, Dula K, Belser UC, et al: Localized ridge augmentation using guided bone regeneration. II. 838 Surgical procedure in the mandible. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 15:11, 1995 839

69. Buser D, Dula K, Hirt HP, et al: Lateral ridge augmentation using autografts and barrier membranes: a 840 clinical study with 40 partially edentulous patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 54:420, 1996 841

70. Buser D, Mericske-Stern R, Bernard JP, et al: Long-term evaluation of non-submerged ITI implants. I. 8-842 year life table analysis of a prospective multi-center study with 2359 implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 843 8:161, 1997 844

71. Buser D, Weber HP, Brägger U, et al: Tissue integration of one-stage ITI implants: 3-year results of a 845 longitudinal study with hollow-cylinder and hollow-screw implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 6:405, 1991 846

72. Caffesse RG, Becker W: Principles and techniques of guided tissue regeneration. Dent Clin North Am 847 35:479, 1991 848

73. Cawood JI, Stoeling PJ, Bonus JJ: Reconstruction of the severely resorbed (class VI) maxilla: a two step 849 procedure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 23:219, 1994 850

74. Celenza F: A case for absolute anchorage. J Calif Dent Assoc 32:979, 2004 851 75. Cervelli V, Migliano E, Giudiceandrea F, et al: Titanium bone-integrated implants in extraoral facial 852

prosthetic rehabilitation: surgical planning and long-term follow-up. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 1:207, 853 1997 854

76. Chanavaz M: Sinus grafting related to implantology. Statistical analysis of 15 years of surgical experience 855 (1979-1994). J Oral Implantol 22:119, 1996 856

77. Chavrier C, Couble ML, Hartmann DJ: Qualitative study of collagenous and noncollagenous glycoproteins 857 of the human healthy keratinized mucosa surrounding implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 5:117, 1994 858

78. Chen ST, Wilson TG, Hammerle CH: Immediate or early placement of implants following tooth extraction: 859 review of biologic basis, clinical procedures, and outcomes. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 19(Suppl):12, 860 2004 861

79. Chiapasco M: Early and immediate restoration and loading of implants in completely edentulous patients. 862 Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 19:76, 2004 863

80. Chiapasco M, Abati S, Romeo E, et al: Implant-retained mandibular overdentures with Branemark system 864 MKII implants: a prospective comparative study between delayed and immediate loading. Int J Oral 865 Maxillofac Implants 16:54, 2001 866

81. Cho HL, Lee JK, Um HS, et al: Esthetic evaluation of maxillary single-tooth implants in the esthetic zone. J 867 Periodontal Implant Sci. 40:188, 2010 868

82. Chow J, Hui E, Lee, PK, et al: Zygomatic implants-protocol for immediate occlusal loading: a preliminary 869 report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 64:804, 2006 870


____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 83. Chu SJ, Tan JH, Stappert CF, et al: Gingival zenith positions and levels of the maxillary anterior dentition. J 871

Esthet Restor Dent 21:113, 2009 872 84. Coccheto R, Vincenzi G: Delayed and immediate loading of implants in the aesthetic zone: a review of 873

treatment options. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 15:691, 2003 874 85. Cochran DL, Douglas HB: Augmentation of osseous tissue around non-submerged endosseous dental 875

implants. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 13:506, 1993 876 86. Cochran DL, Jackson JM, Jones AA, et al: A 5-year prospective multi-center clinical trial of non-877

submerged dental implants with a titanium plasma sprayed surface in 200 patients. J Periodontol 82:990, 878 2011 879

87. Cochran DL, Morton D, Weber HP: Consensus statements and recommended clinical procedures regarding 880 loading protocols for endosseous dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 19(Suppl):109, 2004 881

88. Collins TA: Onlay bone grafting in combination with Branemark implants. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North 882 Am 3:893, 1991 883

89. Collins TA, Nunn W: Autogenous veneer grafting for improved esthetics with dental implants. Compend 884 Contin Educ Dent 15:370, 1994 885

90. Consensus Conferences on Oral Implants in Young Patients, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental 886 Education. Götenborg, Sweden: Graphic Systems AB, 1996 887

91. Cook SD, Thomas KA, Dalton JE, et al: Hydroxylapatite coating of porous implants improves bone 888 ingrowth and interface attachment strength. J Biomed Mater Res 26:989, 1992 889

92. Cooper LF, Rahman A, Moriarty J, et al: Immediate mandibular rehabilitation with endosseous implants: 890 simultaneous extraction, implant placement, and loading. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 17:517, 2002 891

93. Cordaro L, Torsello F, Roccuzzo M: Implant loading protocols for the partially edentulous posterior 892 mandible. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 24(Suppl):158, 2009 893

94. Cronin RJ, Oesterle LJ, Ranly DM: Mandibular implants and the growing patient. Int J Oral Maxillofac 894 Implants 9:55, 1994 895

95. Dahlin C, Andersson L, Linde A: Bone augmentation at fenestrated implants by an osteopromotive 896 membrane technique. A controlled clinical study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2:159, 1991 897

96. Dahlin C, Lekholm U, Becker W, et al: Treatment of fenestration and dehiscence bone defects around oral 898 implants using the guided tissue regeneration technique: a prospective multicenter study. Int J Oral 899 Maxillofac Implants 10:312, 1995 900

97. Danza M, Guidi R, Carinci F: Comparison between implants inserted into piezo split and unsplit alveolar 901 crests. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 67(Suppl):2460, 2009 902

98. Darby I, Chen ST, Buser D: Ridge preservation techniques for implant dentistry. Int J Oral Maxillofac 903 Implants 24(Suppl):260, 2009 904

99. De Farias DG, Starr C: A comprehensive treatment approach focusing on the restoration of the anterior 905 maxilla. Gen Dent 56:704, 2008 906

100. DeBoer J: Edentulous implants: overdenture versus fixed. J Prosthet Dent 69:380, 1993 907 101. Degidi M, Piattelli A: Comparative analysis study of 702 dental implants subjected to immediate functional 908

loading and immediate nonfunctional loading to traditional healing periods with a follow-up of up to 24 909 months. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 20:99, 2004 910

102. Donoff RB: Treatment of the irradiated patient with dental implants: the case against hyperbaric oxygen 911 treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 64:819, 2006 912

103. Donovan MG, Dickerson NC, Hanson LJ, et al: Maxillary and mandibular reconstruction using calvarial 913 bone grafts and Branemark implants: a preliminary report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 52:588, 1994 914

104. Ericsson I, Randow K, Glantz PO, et al: Clinical and radiographical features of submerged and 915 nonsubmerged titanium implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 5:185, 1994 916

105. Esposito M, Gruvosin MG, Talati M, et al: Interventions for replacing missing teeth: antibiotics at dental 917 implant placement to prevent complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 16:CD004152, 2008 918

106. Evans HB, Brown S, Hurst LN: The effects of early postoperative radiation on vascularized bone grafts. 919 Ann Plast Surg 26:505 , 1991 920

107. Flood TR, Russell K: Reconstruction of nasal defects with implant-retained nasal prostheses. Br J Oral 921 Maxillofac Surg 36:341, 1998 922

108. Foster RD, Anthony JP, Sharma A, et al: Vascularized bone flaps versus nonvascularized bone grafts for 923 mandibular reconstruction: an outcome analysis of primary bony union and endosseous implant success. 924 Head Neck 21:66, 1999 925

AAOMS ParCare 2017 Dental and Craniomaxillofacial Implant Surgery ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 109. Frodel JL, Funk GF, Capper DT, et al: Osseointegrated implants: a comparative study of bone thickness in 926

four vascularized bone flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 92:449, 1993 927 110. Fugazzotto PA: Success and failure rates of osseointegrated implants in function in regenerated bone for 6 928

to 51 months: a preliminary report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 12:17, 1997 929 111. Fukuda M, Takahashi T, Yamaguchi T, et al: Placement of endosteal implants combined with chin bone 930

only graft for dental reconstruction in patients with grafted alveolar clefts. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 931 27:440, 1998 932

112. Gagnon WF, Tundiff JH: Dose enhancement from back scattered radiation at tissue-metal interfaces 933 irradiated with high energy electrons. Br J Radiol 53:466, 1980 934

113. Gallucci GO, Morton D, Weber HP: Loading protocols for dental implants in edentulous patients. Int J Oral 935 Maxillofac Implants 24(Suppl):132, 2009 936

114. Ganeles J, Wismeijer D: Early and immediately restored and loaded dental implants for single-tooth and 937 partial-arch applications. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 19(Suppl):92, 2004 938

115. Garber DA: The esthetic implant: letting restoration be the guide. J Am Dent Assoc 126:319, 1995 939 116. Garber DA, Belser UC: Restoration-driven implant placement with restoration-generated site development. 940

Compend Contin Educ Dent 16:796, 1995 941 117. GaRey DJ, Whittaker JM, James RA, et al: The histologic evaluation of the implant interface with 942

heterograft and allograft materials--an eight-month autopsy report, Part II. J Oral Implantol 17:404, 1991 943 118. Gary JJ, Donovan M, Garner FT, et al: Rehabilitation with calvarial bone grafts and osseointegrated 944

implants after partial maxillary resection: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 67:743, 1992 945 119. Gehrke P, Lobert M, Dhom G: Reproducibility of the pink esthetic score--rating soft tissue esthetics around 946

single-implant restorations with regard to dental observer specialization. J Esthet Restor Dent 20:375, 2008 947 120. Gibbs FA, Palos B, Goffinet DR: The metal/tissue interface effect in irradiation of the oral cavity. 948

Radiology 119:705, 1976 949 121. Gitto CA, Plata WG, Schaaf NG: Evaluation of the peri-implant epithelial tissue of percutaneous implant 950

abutments supporting maxillofacial prostheses. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 9:197, 1994 951 122. Glantz PO, Rangert B, Svensson A, et al: On clinical loading of osseointegrated implants: a methodological 952

and clinical study. Clin Oral Implants Res 4:99, 1993 953 123. Gliklich RE, Rounds MF, Cheney ML, et al: Combining free flap reconstruction and craniofacial prosthetic 954

technique for orbit, scalp, and temporal defects. Laryngoscope 108:482, 1998 955 124. Gluckman H: Treatment planning of the anterior maxilla (prosthodontic factors). Part 6. SADJ 65:26, 2010 956 125. Goodacre CA: Gingival esthetics. J Prosthet Dent 64:1, 1990 957 126. Gozneli R, Ozkan Y, Akalin ZF, et al: Rehabilitation of maxillary anterior esthetics by alveolar distraction 958

osteogenesis with immediate implant placement: a case report. Implant Dent 19:468, 2010 959 127. Granstrom G: Placement of dental implants in irradiated bone: the case for using hyperbaric oxygen. J Oral 960

Maxillofac Surg 64:812, 2006 961 128. Granström G, Jacobsson M, Tjelström A: Titanium implants in irradiated tissue: benefits of hyperbaric 962

oxygen. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 7:15, 1992 963 129. Granström G, Tjelström A, Albrektsson T: Post-implantation irradiation for head and neck cancer 964

treatment. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 8:495, 1993 965 130. Granström G, Tjelström A, Brånemark PI, et al: Bone-anchored reconstruction of the irradiated head and 966

neck cancer patient. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 108:334, 1993 967 131. Greenspan G: The side effects of radiation therapy and chemotherapy on the oral structures. Oral 968

Maxillofac Clin North Am 5:347, 1993 969 132. Gross U, Müiller-Mai C, Fritz T, et al: Implant surface roughness and mode of load transmission influence 970

periimplant bone structure. Adv Biomater 9:303, 1990 971 133. Grunder U: Crestal ridge width changes when placing implants at the time of tooth extraction with and 972

without soft tissue augmentation after a healing period of 6 months: report of 24 consecutive cases. Int J 973 Periodontics Restorative Dent 31:9, 2011 974

134. Grütter L, Belser UC: Implant loading protocols for the partially edentulous esthetic zone. Int J Oral 975 Maxillofac Implants 24(Suppl):169, 2009 976

135. Guerra LR, Finger IM, Block MS: Tissue-supported implant overdentures. Impl Dent 1:69, 1992 977 136. Habal MB, Davilla E: Facial rehabilitation by the application of osseointegrated craniofacial implants. J 978

Craniofac Surg 9:388, 1998 979 137. Hammerle CH, Chen ST, Wilson TG: Consensus statements and recommended clinical procedures 980


____________________________________________________________________________________________________ regarding the placement of implants in extraction sockets. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 19(Suppl):26, 981 2004 982

138. Hämmerle CH, Stone P, Jung RE, et al: Consensus statements and recommended clinical procedures 983 regarding computer-assisted implant dentistry. Int J Oral and Maxillofac Implants 24:126, 2009 984

139. Hatcher DC: Operational principles for cone-beam computed tomography. J Am Dent Assoc 985 141(Suppl):3s,2010 986

140. Henri PJ, Laney WR, Jemt T, et al: Osseointegrated implants for single tooth replacement: a prospective 5-987 year multicenter study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 11:450, 1996 988

141. Hirsch JM, Ericsson I: Maxillary sinus augmentation using mandibular bone grafts and simultaneous 989 installation of implants: a surgical technique. Clin Oral Implants Res 2:91, 1991 990

142. Hoffman DR: Implants and orthodontics in endosseous implants for maxillofacial reconstruction. In: Block 991 M, Kent J, Guerra LR, eds: Implants in Dentistry. Philadelphia, PA, WB Saunders, 1995, p. 382 992

143. Holst AI, Nkenke E, Blatz MB, et al: Prosthetic considerations for orthodontic implant site development in 993 the adult patient. J Oral and Maxillofac Surg 67(Suppl):82, 2009 994

144. Horowitz A, Orentlicher G, Goldsmith D: Computerized implantology for the irradiated patient. J Oral 995 Maxillofac Surg 67:619, 2009 996

145. Hurzeler MB, Kirsch A, Ackerman KL, et al: Reconstruction of the severely resorbed maxilla with dental 997 implants in the augmented maxillary sinus: a 5-year clinical investigation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 998 11:466, 1996 999

146. Hürzeler MB, Strub JR: Guided bone regeneration around exposed implants: a new bioresorbable device 1000 and bioresorbable membrane pins. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 7:37, 1995 1001

147. Hutmacher D, Hürzeler MB, Schliephake H: A review of material properties of biodegradable and 1002 bioresorbable polymers and devices for GTR and GBR applications. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 11:667, 1003 1996 1004

148. Jackson IT, Tolman DE, Desjardins RP, et al: A new method for fixation of external prostheses. Plast 1005 Reconstr Surg 77:668, 1986 1006

149. Jacobs R, Wu CH, Goossens K, et al: Perceptual changes in the anterior maxilla after placement of 1007 endosseous implants. Clin Implant Dent Related Res 3:148, 2001 1008

150. Jacobsson M, Tjellstrom A, Fine L, et al: A retrospective study of osseointegrated skin-penetrating titanium 1009 fixtures for retaining facial prosthesis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 7:523, 1992 1010

151. Jaffin RA, Berman CL: The excessive loss of Brånemark fixtures in type IV bone: a 5-year analysis. J 1011 Periodontol 62:2, 1991 1012

152. Jansen JA, van der Waerden JP, Wolke JG: A histological evaluation of the effect of hydroxylapatite 1013 coating on interfacial response. Mater Sci Mater Med 4:466, 1993 1014

153. Jemt T: Implant treatment in resorbed edentulous upper jaws. A three-year follow-up study in 70 patients. 1015 Clin Oral Implants Res 4:187, 1993 1016

154. Jemt T, Book K, Linden B, et al: Failures and complications in 92 consecutively inserted overdentures 1017 supported by Brånemark implants in severely resorbed edentulous maxillae: a study from prosthetic 1018 treatment to first annual check-up. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 7:162, 1992 1019

155. Jemt T, Carlsson L, Boss A, et al: In vivo load measurements on osseointegrated implants supporting fixed 1020 or removable prostheses: a comparative pilot study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 6:413, 1991 1021

156. Jemt T, Chai J, Harnett J, et al: A 5-year prospective multicenter follow-up report on overdentures 1022 supported by osseointegrated implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 11:291, 1996 1023

157. Jensen J, Reiche-Fischel O, Sindet-Pedersen S: Autogenous mandibular bone graft for malar augmentation. 1024 J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 53:88, 1995 1025

158. Jensen J, Simonsen EK, Sindet-Pedersen S: Reconstruction of the severely resorbed maxilla with bone 1026 grafting and osseointegrated implant: a preliminary report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 48:27, 1990 1027

159. Jensen J, Sindet-Pedersen S: Autogenous mandibular bone grafts and osseointegrated implants for 1028 reconstruction of the severely atrophied maxilla. A preliminary report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 49:1277, 1029 1991 1030

160. Jensen J, Sindet-Pedersen S, Oliver AJ: Varying treatment strategies for reconstruction of maxillary atrophy 1031 with implants: results in 98 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 52:210, 1994 1032

161. Jensen OT: Allogeneic bone or hydroxylapatite for the sinus lift procedure? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 48:771, 1033 1990 1034

162. Jensen OT: Guided bone graft augmentation. In: Buser D, Dahlin C, Schenk RK, eds: Guided Bone 1035


Regeneration in Implant Dentistry. Chicago, IL, Quintessence, 1994, p. 235 1036 163. Jensen OT, Brownd C, Blacker J: Nasofacial prostheses supported by osseointegrated implants. Int J Oral 1037

Maxillofac Implants 7:203, 1992 1038 164. Jensen OT, Perkins S, Van de Water FW: Nasal fossa and maxillary sinus grafting of implants from a 1039

palatal approach. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 50:415, 1992 1040 165. Jensen SS, Aaboe M, Pinholt EM, et al: Tissue reaction and material characteristics of four bone substitutes. 1041

Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 11:55, 1996 1042 166. Johns RB, Jemt T, Heath MR, et al: A multicenter study of overdentures supported by Brånemark implants. 1043

Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 7:513, 1992 1044 167. Johnsson K, Hanson Å, Granström G, et al: The effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on bone-titanium implant 1045

interface strength with and without preceding irradiation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 8:415, 1993 1046 168. Jovanovic SA, Spiekermann H, Richter EJ: Bone regeneration around titanium dental implants in dehisced 1047

defect sites: a clinical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 7:233, 1992 1048 169. Juodzbalys G, Wang HL: Esthetic index for anterior maxillary implant-supported restorations. J Periodontol 1049

81:34, 2010 1050 170. Juodzbalys G, Wang HL: Socket morphology-based treatment for implant esthetics: a pilot study. Int J Oral 1051

Maxillofac Implants. 25:970, 2010 1052 171. Kahnberg KE, Nystrom L, Bartholdsson L: Combined use of bone grafts and Branemark fixtures in the 1053

treatment of severely resorbed maxillae. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 4:297, 1989 1054 172. Kan JY, Rungcharassaeng K, Fillman M, et al: Tissue architecture modification for anterior implant 1055

esthetics: an interdisciplinary approach. Eur J Esthet Dent 4:104, 2009 1056 173. Kan JY, Rungcharassaeng K, Lozada JL, et al: Facial gingival tissue stability following immediate 1057

placement and provisionalization of maxillary anterior single implants: a 2- to 8-year follow-up. Int J Oral 1058 Maxillofac Implants 26:179, 2011 1059

174. Katona TR, Goodacre CJ, Brown DT, et al: Force-moment systems on single maxillary anterior implants: 1060 effects of incisal guidance, fixture orientation, and loss of bone support. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1061 8:512, 1993 1062

175. Kearns G, Perrott DH, Sharma A, et al: Placement of endosseous implants in grafted alveolar clefts. Cleft 1063 Palate Craniofac J 34:520, 1997 1064

176. Keller EE, Eckert SE, Tolman DE: Maxillary central and one-stage inlay composite bone graft: preliminary 1065 report on 30 recipient sites. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 52:438, 1994 1066

177. Keller EE, van Roekel NB, Desjardins RP, et al: Prosthetic-surgical reconstruction of the severely resorbed 1067 maxilla with iliac bone grafting and tissue-integrated prostheses. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2:155, 1987 1068

178. Kent JN, Block MS: Simultaneous maxillary sinus floor bone grafting and placement of hydroxylapatite-1069 coated implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 47:238, 1989 1070

179. Koo S, Dibart S, Weber HP: Ridge-splitting technique with simultaneous implant placement. Compend 1071 Contin Educ Dent 29:106,2008 1072

180. Kopp CD: Overdentures and osseointegration. Dent Clin North Am 34:729, 1990 1073 181. Kordatzis K, Wright PS, Meljer JA: Posterior mandibular residual ridge resorption in patients with 1074

conventional dentures and implant overdentures. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 18:447, 2003 1075 182. Kosmidou L, Toljanic JA, Moran WJ, et al: The use of percutaneous implants for the prosthetic 1076

rehabilitation of orbital defects in irradiated cancer patients: a report of clinical outcomes and 1077 complications. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 13:121, 1998 1078

183. Kourkouta S, Dedi KD, Paquette DW, et al: Interproximal tissue dimensions in relation to adjacent implants 1079 in the anterior maxilla: clinical observations and patient aesthetic evaluation. Clin Oral Implants Res 1080 20:1375, 2009 1081

184. Koutrach M, Nimmo A: Preservation of existing soft-tissue contours in the transition from a tooth to an 1082 implant restoration in the esthetic zone using a flapless approach: a clinical report. J Prosthodont 19:391, 1083 2010 1084

185. Krämer A, Weber H, Benzing J: Implant and prosthetic treatment of the edentulous maxilla using a bar 1085 supported prosthesis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 7:251, 1992 1086

186. Laine J, Vahatalo K, Peltola J, et al: Rehabilitation of patients with congenital unrepaired cleft palate 1087 defects using free iliac crest bone grafts and dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 17:573, 2002 1088

187. Landsberg CJ, Bichacho N: A modified surgical/prosthetic approach for an optimal single implant 1089 supported crown. I. The socket seal surgery. Pract Periodont Aesthet Dent 6:11, 1994 1090


____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 188. Laney WR, Torsten J, Harris D, et al: Osseointegrated implants for single-tooth replacement: progress 1091

report from a multicenter prospective study after 3 years. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 9:49, 1994 1092 189. Lang BR, Razzoog ME: Lingualized integration: tooth molds and an occlusal scheme for edentulous 1093

implant patients. Impl Dent 1:204, 1992 1094 190. Lau SL, Chow J, Li W, et al: Classification of maxillary central incisors--implications for immediate 1095

implant in the esthetic zone. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 69:142, 2011 1096 191. Lee CY, Hasegawa H: Immediate load and esthetic zone considerations to replace maxillary incisor teeth 1097

using a new Zirconia implant abutment in the bone grafted anterior maxilla. J Oral Implantol 34:259, 2008 1098 192. Lekholm U, van Steenberghe D, Herrmann I, et al: Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of partially 1099

edentulous jaws: a prospective 5-year multicenter study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 9:627, 1994 1100 193. Lew D, Marino AA, Startzell M, et al: A comparative study of osseointegration of titanium implants in 1101

corticocancellous block and corticocancellous chip grafts in canine ilium. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 52:952, 1102 1994 1103

194. Liljenberg B, Gualini F, Berglundh T, et al: Composition of plaque-associated lesions in the gingiva and the 1104 peri-implant mucosa in partially edentulous subjects. J Clin Periodontol 24:119, 1997 1105

195. Liljenberg B, Gualini F, Berglundh T, et al: Some characteristics of the ridge mucosa before and after 1106 implant installation. A prospective study in humans. J Clin Periodontol 23:1008, 1996 1107

196. Listgarten MA, Buser D, Steinemann SG, et al: Light and transmission electron microscopy of the intact 1108 interfaces between non-submerged titanium-coated epoxy resin implants and bone or gingiva. J Dent Res 1109 71:364, 1992 1110

197. Listgarten MA, Lang NP, Schroeder HE, et al: Periodontal tissues and their counterpart around endosseous 1111 implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 21:1, 1991 1112

198. Lozada JL, Emanuelli S, James RA, et al: Root-form implants placed in subantral graft sites. J Calif Dent 1113 Assoc 21:31, 1993 1114

199. Lundgren AK, Lundgren D, Sennerby L, et al: Augmentation of skull bone using a bioresorbable barrier 1115 supported by autologous bone grafts. Clin Oral Implants Res 8:90, 1997 1116

200. Lundgren AK, Sennerby L, Lundgren D, et al: Bone augmentation at titanium implants using autologous 1117 bone grafts and a bioresorbable barrier. Clin Oral Implants Res 8:82, 1997 1118

201. Lundgren D, Sennerby L, Falk H, et al: The use of a new bioresorbable barrier for guided bone regeneration 1119 in connection with implant installation. Clin Oral Implants Res 5:177, 1994 1120

202. Lundgren S, Moy PK, Beumer J 3rd, et al: Surgical considerations for endosseous implants in the 1121 craniofacial region: a 3-year report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 22:272, 1993 1122

203. Magne P, Magne M, Belser UC: Natural and restorative oral esthetics. I. Rationale and basic strategies for 1123 successful esthetic rehabilitations. J Esthet Dent 5:161, 1993 1124

204. Magne P, Magne M, Belser UC: Natural and restorative oral esthetics. III. Fixed partial dentures. J Esthet 1125 Dent 6:15, 1994 1126

205. Magne P, Magne M, Belser UC: The diagnostic template: a key element to the comprehensive esthetic 1127 treatment concept. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 16:561, 1996 1128

206. Maiorana C, Santoro F: Maxillary and mandibular bone reconstruction with hip grafts and implants using 1129 Frialit-2 implants. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 22:221, 2002 1130

207. Malo P, de Araujo Nobre M, Lopes A, et al: A longitudinal study of the survival of All-on-4 implants in the 1131 mandible with up to 10 years of follow-up. J Am Dent Assoc 142:310, 2011 1132

208. Margolin MD, Taylor ML, Cogan A, et al: Residual lateral wall defects following sinus augmentation with 1133 RHOP-1. J Dent Res 76:1232, 1997 1134

209. Marx RE: Philosophy and particulars of autogenous bone grafting. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1135 5:599, 1993 1136

210. Mayfield L, Nobréus N, Attström R, et al: Guided bone regeneration in dental implant treatment using a 1137 bioabsorbable membrane. Clin Oral Implants Res 8:10, 1997 1138

211. McCarthy C, Patel RR, Wragg PF, et al: Sinus augmentation bone grafts for the provision of dental 1139 implants: report of clinical outcomes. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 18:377, 2003 1140

212. McComb H: Osseointegrated implants for the attachment of facial prosthesis. Ann Plast Surg 31:225, 1993 1141 213. McCormick SU, Drew SJ: Virtual model surgery for efficient planning and surgical performance. J Oral 1142

Maxillofac Surg 69:638, 2011 1143 214. Mericske-Stern R: Clinical evaluation of overdenture restorations supported by osseointegrated titanium 1144

implants: a retrospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 5:375, 1990 1145

AAOMS ParCare 2017 Dental and Craniomaxillofacial Implant Surgery ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 215. Mericske-Stern R, Steinlin-Schaffner T, Marti P, et al: Peri-implant mucosal aspects of ITI implants 1146

supporting overdentures. A 5-year longitudinal study. Clin Oral Implants Res 5:9, 1994 1147 216. Mericske-Stern R, Zarb AG: Overdentures: an alternative implant methodology for edentulous patients. Int 1148

J Prosthodont 6:203, 1993 1149 217. Misch CE: Density of bone: effect on treatment plans, surgical approach, healing, and progressive bone 1150

loading. Int J Oral Implantol 6:23, 1990 1151 218. Misch CE: Early crestal bone loss etiology and its effect on treatment planning for implants. Postgrad Dent 1152

2:3, 1995 1153 219. Misch CE: Prosthetic options in implant dentistry. Int J Oral Implantol 7:17, 1991 1154 220. Misch CM: The pharmacologic management of maxillary sinus elevation surgery. J Oral Implantol 18:15, 1155

1992 1156 221. Misch CM, Misch CE: Autogenous mandibular bone graft for reconstruction of ridge deficiencies prior to 1157

implant placement. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 8:117, 1993 1158 222. Misch CM, Misch CE: The repair of localized severe ridge defects for implant placement using mandibular 1159

bone grafts. Impl Dent 4:261, 1995 1160 223. Misch CM, Misch CE, Resnik R, et al: Reconstruction of maxillary alveolar defects with mandibular 1161

symphysis grafts for dental implants: a preliminary procedural report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 7:360, 1162 1992 1163

224. Mombelli A, Lang NP: Antimicrobial treatment of peri-implant infections. Clin Oral Implants Res 3:162, 1164 1992 1165

225. Momtaheni DM, Schweitzer K, Muenchinger F: Technique for stabilization of autogenous cancellous bone 1166 grafts in sinus lift procedures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 78:14, 1994 1167

226. Morrison A, Chiarot M, Kirby S: Mental nerve function after inferior alveolar nerve transposition for 1168 placement of dental implants. J Can Dent Assoc 68:46, 2002 1169

227. Morton D, Jaffin R, Weber HP: Immediate restoration and loading of dental implants: clinical 1170 considerations and protocols. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 19(Suppl):103, 2004 1171

228. Moy PK, Lundgren S, Beumer J 3rd, et al: Stabilization of craniofacial prostheses using osseointegrated 1172 titanium implants. Laryngoscope 103:1399, 1993 1173

229. Moy PK, Lundgren S, Holmes RE: Maxillary sinus augmentation: histomorphometric analysis of graft 1174 materials for maxillary sinus floor augmentation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 51:857, 1993 1175

230. Mupparapu M, Medication-related osteonecrosis of jaw (MRONJ): Bisphosphonates, antiresorptives, and 1176 antiangiogenic agents. What next? Ouintessence Int 47:7, 2016 1177

231. Naert I, Quirynen M, Theuniers G, et al: Prosthetic aspects of osseointegrated fixtures supporting 1178 overdentures. A 4-year report. J Prosthet Dent 1991;65:671 1179

232. Nathanson D: Current developments in esthetic dentistry. Curr Opin Dent 1:206, 1991 1180 233. Nerad JA, Carter KD, LaVelle WE, et al: The osseointegration technique for the rehabilitation of the 1181

exonerated orbit. Arch Ophthalmol 109:1032, 1991 1182 234. Nevins M, Mellonig JT: The advantages of localized ridge augmentation prior to implant placement. A 1183

staged event. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 14:96, 1994 1184 235. Nishimura RD, Roumanas E, Moy PK: Nasal defects and osseointegrated implants: UCLA experience. J 1185

Prosthet Dent 76:597, 1996 1186 236. Nishimura RD, Roumanas E, Moy PK: Osseointegrated implants in orbital defects: UCLA experience. J 1187

Prosthet Dent 79:304, 1998 1188 237. Nyman S: Bone regeneration using the principle of guided tissue regeneration. J Clin Periodontol 18:494, 1189

1991 1190 238. Nyström E, Kahnberg KE, Albrektsson T: Treatment of the severely resorbed maxillae with bone graft and 1191

titanium implants: histologic review of autopsy specimens. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 8:167, 1993 1192 239. Nystrom E, Kahnberg KE, Gunne J: Bone grafts and Branemark implants in the treatment of the severely 1193

resorbed maxilla: a two year longitudinal study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 8:45, 1993 1194 240. Oesterle LJ, Cronin RJ, Ranly DM: Maxillary implants and the growing patient. Int J Oral Maxillofac 1195

Implants 8:377, 1993 1196 241. Orentlicher G, Abboud M: Guided surgery for implant therapy. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1197

23:239, 2011 1198 242. Orentlicher G, Goldsmith D, Horowitz A: Computer-generated implant planning and surgery: case 1199

selection. Compend Contin Educ Dent 30:162, 2009 1200


____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 243. Orthodontics as a restorative option: implant anchorage to close posterior extraction sites. Orthodontic 1201

Dialogue 7, 1994 1202 244. Panossian AJ, Block MS: Evaluation of the smile: facial and dental considerations. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1203

68:1574, 2010 1204 245. Parodi R, Santarelli G, Carusi G: Application of slow-resorbing collagen membrane to periodontal and peri-1205

implant guided tissue regeneration. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 16:174, 1996 1206 246. Peleg M, Lopez EA: The treatment of osteoradionecrosis of the mandible: The case for hyperbaric oxygen 1207

and bone graft reconstruction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 64:956, 2006 1208 247. Peñarrocha M, Carrillo C, Boronat A, et al: Maximum use of the anterior maxillary buttress in severe 1209

maxillary atrophy with tilted, palatally positioned implants: a preliminary study. Int J Oral Maxillofac 1210 Implants 25:813, 2010 1211

248. Peñarrocha M, Garcia B, Marti E, et al: Rehabilitation of severely atrophic maxillae with fixed implant-1212 supported prostheses using zygomatic implants placed using the sinus slot technique: clinical report on a 1213 series of 21 patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 22:645,2007 1214

249. Persson LG, Ericsson J, Berglundh T, et al: Guided bone regeneration in the treatment of periimplantitis. 1215 Clin Oral Implants Res 7:366, 1996 1216

250. Phillips JH, Rahn BA: Fixation effects on membranous and endochondral onlay bone graft 1217 revascularization and bone deposition. Plast Reconstr Surg 85:891, 1990 1218

251. Pinholt EM, Ruyter IE, Haanaes HR, et al: Chemical, physical, and histologic studies on four commercial 1219 apatites used for alveolar ridge augmentation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 50:859, 1992 1220

252. Priest GP: Predictability of soft tissue form around single-tooth implant restoration. Int J Periodontics 1221 Restorative Dent 23:19, 2003 1222

253. Quincy RE, Brimble E, Hodge M: Maxillary sinusitis from dental osseointegrated implants. J Laryngol Otol 1223 104:333, 1990 1224

254. Quirynen M, Mraiwa N, Van Steenberghe D, et al: Morphology and dimensions of the mandibular jaw bone 1225 in the interforaminal region in patients requiring implants in the distal areas. Clin Oral Impl Res 14:280, 1226 2003 1227

255. Quirynen M, Naert I, van Steenberghe D, et al: The cumulative failure rate of the Brånemark system in the 1228 overdenture, the fixed partial, and the fixed full prostheses design: a prospective study on 1273 fixtures. J 1229 Head Neck Pathol 10:43, 1991 1230

256. Quirynen M, Naert I, van Steenberghe D: Fixture design and overload influence marginal bone loss and 1231 fixture success in the Brånemark system. Clin Oral Implants Res 3:104, 1992 1232

257. Raghoebar GM, Van Oort RP, Roodenburg JL: Fixation of auricular prosthesis by osseointegrated implants. 1233 J Invest Surg 7:283, 1994 1234

258. Rangert BR, Sullivan RM, Jemt TM: Load factor control for implants in the posterior partially edentulous 1235 segment. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 12:360, 1997 1236

259. Reddy MS, Geurs NC, Wang IC, et al: Mandibular growth following implant restoration: Does Wolff’s law 1237 apply to residual ridge resorption? Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 22:315, 2002 1238

260. Redemagni M, Cremonesi S, Garlini G, et al: Soft tissue stability with immediate implants and concave 1239 abutments. Eur J Esthet Dent 4:328, 2009 1240

261. Regev E, Smith RA, Perrott DH, et al: Maxillary sinus complications related to endosseous implants. Int J 1241 Oral Maxillofac Implants 10:451, 1995 1242

262. Reisberg DJ, Habakuk SW: Use of a surgical positioner for bone-anchored facial prostheses. Int J Oral 1243 Maxillofac Implants 12:376, 1997 1244

263. Renouard F, Rangert B: Risk Factors in Implant Dentistry: simplified clinical analysis for predictable 1245 treatment (ed 2). Paris, Chicago, IL, Quintessence International, 2008 1246

264. Rigolizzo MB, Camilli JA, Francischone CE, et al: Zygomatic bone: anatomic basis for osseointegrated 1247 implant anchorage. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 20:441, 2005 1248

265. Roberts WE, Marshal KJ, Mozsary PG: Rigid endosseous implant utilized as anchorage to protract molars 1249 and close an atrophic site. Angle Orthod 60:135, 1990 1250

266. Roberts WE, Smith RA, Zilberman T, et al: Osseous adaptation to continuous loading of rigid endosseous 1251 implants. Am J Orthod 86:95, 1984 1252

267. Romeo E, Chiapasco M, Lazza A, et al: Implant-retained mandibular overdentures with ITI implants. Clin 1253 Oral Impl Res 13:495, 2002 1254

268. Ronchi P, Chiapasco M, Frattini D: Endosseous implants for prosthetic rehabilitation in bone grafted 1255


alveolar clefts. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 23:382, 1995 1256 269. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Assael LA, et al: American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 1257

position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw—2014 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1258 72:1938, 2014 1259

270. Rungcharassaeng K, Kan JY, Caruso JM: Implants as absolute anchorage. J Calif Dent Assoc 33:881, 2005 1260 271. Ryser MR, Block MS, Mercante DE: Correlation of papilla to crestal bone levels around single tooth 1261

implants in immediate or delayed crown protocols. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 63:1184, 2005 1262 272. Salama H, Salama M: The role of orthodontic extrusive remodeling in the enhancement of soft and hard 1263

tissue profiles prior to implant placement: a systematic approach to the management of extraction site 1264 defects. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 13:312, 1993 1265

273. Salama H, Salama M, Garber DA: Techniques for developing optimal peri-implant papillae within the 1266 esthetic zone. I. Guided soft tissue augmentation: the three-stage approach. J Esthet Dent 7:3, 1995 1267

274. Salinas TJ, Finger IM, Thaler JJ, et al: Spark erosion implant-supported overdentures: clinical and 1268 laboratory techniques. Implant Dent 1:246, 1992 1269

275. Schmid J, Hämmerle CH, Olah AJ, et al: Membrane permeability is unnecessary for guided generation of 1270 new bone. Clin Oral Implants Res 5:125, 1994 1271

276. Schmid J, Wallkamm B, Hämmerle CH, et al: The significance of angiogenesis in guided bone 1272 regeneration. A case report of a rabbit experiment. Clin Oral Implants Res 8:244, 1997 1273

277. Schmidt BL, Pogrel MA, Young CW, et al: Reconstruction of extensive maxillary defects using 1274 zygomaticus implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 62:82, 2004 1275

278. Schmitt A, Zarb GA: The longitudinal clinical effectiveness of osseointegrated implants for single-tooth 1276 replacement. Int J Prosthodont 6:197, 1993 1277

279. Schou S, Holmstrup P, Hjorting-Hansen E, et al: Plaque-induced marginal tissue reactions of 1278 osseointegrated oral implants: a review of the literature. Clin Oral Implants Res 3:149, 1992 1279

280. Schroeder A, van der Zypen E, Stich H, et al: The reaction of bone, connective tissue and epithelium to 1280 endosteal implants with sprayed titanium surfaces. J Maxillofac Surg 9:15, 1981 1281

281. Schropp L, Kostopoulos L, Wenzel A: Bone healing following immediate versus delayed placement of 1282 titanium implants into extraction sockets: a prospective clinical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1283 18:189, 2003 1284

282. Schüpbach P, Hürzeler M, Grunder U: Implant-tissue interfaces following treatment of peri-implantitis 1285 using guided tissue regeneration. Clin Oral Implants Res 5:55, 1994 1286

283. Schwartz Z, Mellonig JT, Carnes DR, et al: Ability of commercial demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft 1287 to induce new bone formation. J Periodontol 67:918, 1996 1288

284. Sclar AG: Guidelines for flapless surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65(Suppl):20, 2007 1289 285. Sclar AG: Strategies for management of single-tooth extraction sites in aesthetic implant therapy. J Oral 1290

Maxillofac Surg 62:90, 2004 1291 286. Sclar AG, Ferreira CF, Kaltman SI, et al: Treatment planning and surgical considerations in implant therapy 1292

for patients with agenesis, oligodontia, and ectodermal dysplasia: review and case presentation. J Oral 1293 Maxillofac Surg 67(Suppl):2, 2009 1294

287. Sevor JJ, Meffert RM, Cassingham RJ: Regeneration of dehisced alveolar bone adjacent to endosseous 1295 dental implants utilizing a resorbable collagen membrane: clinical and histologic results. Int J Periodontics 1296 Restorative Dent 13:71, 1993 1297

288. Seymour GJ, Gemmel E, Lenz LJ, et al: Immunohistologic analysis of the inflammatory infiltrates 1298 associated with osseointegrated implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 4:191, 1989 1299

289. Shipman B, Finger IM, Guerra, LR: Osseointegrated implants in facial prosthetics. Adv Ophthal Plast 1300 Reconst Surg 9:297, 1992 1301

290. Siebers D, Gehrke P, Schliephake H: Delayed function of dental implants: a 1- to 7-year follow-up study of 1302 222 implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 25:1195, 2010 1303

291. Siessegger M, Schneider BT, Mischkowski RA, et al: Use of an image-guided navigation system in dental 1304 implant surgery in anatomically complex operation sites. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 29:276, 2001 1305

292. Simion M, Baldoni M, Rossi P, et al: A comparative study of the effectiveness of e-PTFE membranes with 1306 and without early exposure during the healing period. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 4:167, 1994 1307

293. Simion M, Misitano U, Gionso L, et al: Treatment of dehiscences and fenestrations around dental implants 1308 using resorbable and nonresorbable membranes associated with bone autografts: a comparative clinical 1309 study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 12:159, 1997 1310


____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 294. Simion M, Trisi P, Piattelli A: Vertical ridge augmentation using a membrane technique associated with 1311

osseointegrated implants. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 14:497, 1994 1312 295. Skoglund A, Hising P, Young C: A clinical and histologic examination in humans of the osseous response 1313

to implanted natural bone mineral. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 12:194, 1997 1314 296. Small SA, Zinner ID, Panno FV, et al: Augmenting the maxillary sinus for implants: report on 27 patients. 1315

Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 8:323, 1993 1316 297. Smedberg JI, Lothigius E, Bodin I, et al: A clinical and radiological two-year follow-up study of maxillary 1317

overdentures on osseointegrated implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 4:39, 1993 1318 298. Smiler DG: Surgical solutions to prosthetic problems. J Dent Symp 8:44, 1993 1319 299. Smiler DG, Johnson PW, Lozada JL, et al: Sinus lift grafts and endosseous implants. Treatment of the 1320

atrophic posterior maxilla. Dent Clin North Am 36:151, 1992 1321 300. Stappert CF, Tarnow DP, Tan JH, et al: Proximal contact areas of the maxillary anterior dentition. Int J 1322

Periodontics Restorative Dent. 30:471, 2010 1323 301. Stoll P, Wächter R, Hodapp N, et al: Radiation in osteosynthesis: dosimetry on an irradiation phantom. J 1324

Craniomaxillofac Surg 18:361, 1990 1325 302. Sugawara J, Baik UB, Umemori M, et al: Treatment and posttreatment dentoalveolar changes following 1326

intrusion of mandibular molars with application of a skeletal anchorage system (SAS) for open bite 1327 correction. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthogath Surg 17:243, 2002 1328

303. Summers RB: A new concept in maxillary implant surgery: the osteotome technique. Compend Contin 1329 Educ Dent 15:152, 1994 1330

304. Summers RB: The osteotome technique: Part 3-Less invasive methods of elevating the sinus floor. 1331 Compend Contin Educ Dent 15:698, 1994 1332

305. Summers RB: The osteotome technique: Part 4-Future site development. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1333 16:1090, 1995 1334

306. Sutter F, Weber HP, Sorensen J, et al: The new restorative concept of the ITI Dental Implant System: 1335 design and engineering. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 13:409, 1993 1336

307. Taba Junior M, Novaes AB Jr, Souza SL, et al: Radiographic evaluation of dental implants with different 1337 surface treatments: an experimental study in dogs. Implant Dent 12:252, 2003 1338

308. Takahashi T, Fukuda M, Yamaguchi T, et al: Use of endosseous implants for dental reconstruction of 1339 patients with grafted alveolar clefts. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 55:576, 1997 1340

309. Tatum OH Jr: Maxillary and sinus implant reconstructions. Dent Clin North Am 30:207, 1986 1341 310. Thomason JM, Lund JP, Chehade A, et al: Patient satisfaction with mandibular implant overdentures and 1342

conventional dentures 6 months after delivery. Int J Prosthodont 16:467, 2003 1343 311. Tinti C, Parma-Benfenati S, Polizzi G: Vertical ridge augmentation: what is the limit? Int J Periodontics 1344

Restorative Dent 16:220, 1996 1345 312. Tjellstrom A, Lindstrom J, Hallen O, et al: Osseointegrated titanium implants in the temporal bone. A 1346

clinical study on bone anchored implants. Am J Otol 2:34, 1981 1347 313. Tjellstrom A, Yontchev E, Lindstrom J, et al: Five years' experience with bone-anchored auricular 1348

prostheses. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 93:366, 1995 1349 314. Tolman D: Reconstructive procedures with endosseous implants in grafted bone: a review of the literature. 1350

Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 10:275, 1995 1351 315. Tolman DE, Desjardins RP: Extra oral application of osseointegrated implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1352

49:33, 1991 1353 316. Tolman DE, Desjardins RP, Jackson IT: Complex craniofacial reconstruction using an implant-supported 1354

prosthesis: case report with long-term follow-up. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 12:243, 1997 1355 317. Tolman DE, Keller EE: Endosseous implant placement immediately following dental extraction and 1356

alveoloplasty: preliminary report with 6-year follow-up. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 6:24, 1991 1357 318. Tolman DE, Laney WR: Tissue-integrated prosthesis complications. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 7:477, 1358

1992 1359 319. Tolman DE, Taylor PF: Bone anchored craniofacial prosthesis study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 11:159, 1360

1996 1361 320. Tomsia AP, Launey ME, Lee JS, et al: Nanotechnology approaches to improve dental implants. Int J Oral 1362

Maxillofac Implants 26(Suppl):25, 2011 1363 321. Tong DC, Rioux K, Drangsholt M, et al: A review of survival rates for implants placed in grafted maxillary 1364

sinuses using meta-analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implant 13:175, 1998 1365

AAOMS ParCare 2017 Dental and Craniomaxillofacial Implant Surgery ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 322. Touati B: Improving aesthetics of implant-supported restorations. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 7:81, 1366

1995 1367 323. Traini T, Pettinicchio M, Murmura G, et al: Esthetic outcome of an immediately placed maxillary anterior 1368

single-tooth implant restored with a custom-made zirconia-ceramic abutment and crown: a staged treatment. 1369 Quintessence Int 42:103, 2011 1370

324. Triplett RG, Mason ME, Alfonso WF, et al: Endosseous cylinder implants in severely atrophic mandibles. 1371 Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 6:264, 1991 1372

325. Triplett RG, Schow SR: Autologous bone grafts and endosseous implants: complementary techniques. J 1373 Oral Maxillofac Surg 54:486, 1996 1374

326. Tuan RS: Role of adult stem/progenitor cells in osseointegration and implant loosening. Int J Oral 1375 Maxillofac Implants 26(Suppl):50, 2011 1376

327. Urken ML: Composite free flaps in oromandibular reconstruction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1377 117:724, 1991 1378

328. Urken ML, Buchbinder D, Weinberg H, et al: Functional evaluation following microvascular 1379 oromandibular reconstruction of the oral cancer patient: a comparative study of reconstructed and non-1380 reconstructed patients. Laryngoscope 101:935, 1991 1381

329. Van Steenberghe D, Lekholm U, Bolender C, et al: The applicability of osseointegrated oral implants in the 1382 rehabilitation of partial edentulism: a prospective multicenter study on 558 fixtures. Int J Oral Maxillofac 1383 Implants 3:272, 1990 1384

330. Verdi FJ Jr, SLanzi GL, Cohen SR, et al: Use of the Branemark implant in the cleft palate patient. Cleft 1385 Palate Craniofac J 28:301, 1991 1386

331. Visch LL, van Waas MA, Schmitz PI, et al: A clinical evaluation of implants in irradiated oral cancer 1387 patients. J Dent Res 81:856, 2002 1388

332. Vlassis JM, Hurzeler MB, Quinones CR: Sinus lift augmentation to facilitate placement of nonsubmerged 1389 implants: a clinical and histological report. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 5:15, 1993 1390

333. von Wowern N, Harder F, Hjirting-Hansen E, et al: ITI implants with overdentures: a prevention of bone 1391 loss in edentulous mandibles. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 5:135, 1990 1392

334. Wachtel HC, Langford A, Bernimoulin JP, et al: Guided bone regeneration next to osseointegrated implants 1393 in humans. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 6:127, 1991 1394

335. Wagner JR: A 3 1/2-year clinical evaluation of resorbable hydroxylapatite OsteoGen [HA Resorb] used for 1395 sinus lift augmentations in conjunction with the insertion of endosseous implants. J Oral Implantol 17:152, 1396 1991 1397

336. Wallace SS, Froum SJ, Tarnow DP: Histologic evaluation of sinus elevation procedure: a clinical report. Int 1398 J Periodontics Restorative Dent 16:47, 1991 1399

337. Weber H, Buser D, Fiorellini J, et al: Radiographic evaluation of crestal bone levels adjacent to 1400 nonsubmerged titanium implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 3:181, 1992 1401

338. Weber HP, Morton D, Gallucci GO, et al: Consensus statements and recommended clinical procedures 1402 regarding loading protocols. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 24(Suppl):180, 2009 1403

339. Weinländer M, Lekovic V, Spadijer-Gostovic S, et al: Gingivomorphometry - esthetic evaluation of the 1404 crown-mucogingival complex: a new method for collection and measurement of standardized and 1405 reproducible data in oral photography. Clin Oral Implants Res 20:526, 2009 1406

340. Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T, Andersson B, et al: A histometric and removal torque study on screw-1407 shaped titanium implants with three different surface topographies. Clin Oral Implants Res 6:24, 1995 1408

341. Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T, Lausmaa J: A torque and histomorphometric evaluation of c.p. titanium 1409 screws, blasted with 25 and 75um sized particles of A1203. J Biomed Mater Res 30:251, 1996 1410

342. Werts ED, Johnson MJ, DeGowin RL: Post-irradiation hemopoietic repopulation and stromal cell viability. 1411 Radiat Res 71:214, 1997 1412

343. Wetzel AC, Stich H, Caffesse RG: Bone apposition onto oral implants in the sinus area filled with different 1413 grafting materials. Clin Oral Implants Res 6:155, 1995 1414

344. Wheeler SL: Sinus augmentation for dental implants: the use of alloplast materials. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1415 55:1287, 1997 1416

345. Wheeler SL, Holmes RE, Calhoun CJ: Six-year clinical and histologic study of sinus-lift grafts. Int J Oral 1417 Maxillofac Implants 11:26 , 1996 1418

346. Wiens JP: The use of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of patients with trauma. J Prosthet Dent 1419 67:670, 1992 1420


____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 347. Wikesjo UM, Qahash M, Huang YH, et al: Bone morphogenetic proteins for periodontal and alveolar 1421

indications; biological observations–-clinical implications. Orthod Craniofac Res 12:263, 2009 1422 348. Wilkes GH, Wolfaardt JF: Osseointegrated alloplastic versus autogenous ear reconstruction: criteria for 1423

treatment selection. Plast Reconstr Surg 93:967, 1994 1424 349. Winkler S, Mahosky GE: The edentulous mandible opposing maxillary natural teeth: treatment 1425

considerations utilizing implant overdentures. Impl Dent 2:44, 1993 1426 350. Wolfaardt JF, Coss P, Levesque R: Craniofacial osseointegration: technique for bar and acrylic resin 1427

substructure construction for auricular prostheses. J Prosthet Dent 76:603, 1996 1428 351. Wong M, Eulenberger J, Schenk RK, et al: Effect of surface topography on the osseointegration of implant 1429

materials in trabecular bone. J Biomed Mater Res 29:1567, 1995 1430 352. Worthington P, Rubinstein J, Hatcher DC: The role of cone-beam computed tomography in the planning 1431

and placement of implants. J Am Dent Assoc 141(Suppl):19s, 2010 1432 353. Young MP, Quayle AA, Sloan P, et al: A survey of clinical members of the Association of Dental 1433

Implantology in the United Kingdom. Part III. The use of augmentation techniques in dental implant 1434 surgery. Implant Dent 10:291, 2001 1435

354. Zarb GA, Schmitt A: The longitudinal clinical effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants in posterior 1436 partially edentulous jaws. Int J Prosthodont 6:189, 1993 1437

355. Zinner ID, Small SA: Sinus-lift graft: using the maxillary sinuses to support implants. J Am Dent Assoc 1438 127:51, 1996 1439

356. Zlotolow IM, Huryn JM, Piro JD, et al: Osseointegrated implants and functional prosthetic rehabilitation in 1440 microvascular fibula free flap reconstructed mandibles. Am J Surg 164:677, 1992 1441

Parameters of Care: 16 17 18 19 20 21 DENTAL AND ... and Craniomaxillofacial Implant Surgery ... 58...

Documents

Transcript of Parameters of Care: 16 17 18 19 20 21 DENTAL AND ... and Craniomaxillofacial Implant Surgery ... 58...