Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce...

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Parallel Muscles Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a

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Page 1: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Parallel MusclesParallel Muscles

Figure 11–1a

Page 2: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Skeletal MotionSkeletal Motion

Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motionproduce motion

Type of muscle attachment affects Type of muscle attachment affects power, range, and speed of muscle power, range, and speed of muscle movementmovement

Page 3: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

LeversLevers

Mechanically, each bone is a Mechanically, each bone is a leverlever (a (a rigid, moving structure):rigid, moving structure): and each joint a and each joint a fulcrumfulcrum (a fixed point) (a fixed point)

Muscles provide Muscles provide applied forceapplied force (AF): (AF): required to overcome required to overcome resistanceresistance (R) (R)

Page 4: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Functions of a LeverFunctions of a Lever

To change:To change: direction of an AFdirection of an AF distance and speed of movement produced distance and speed of movement produced

by an AFby an AF effective strength of an AFeffective strength of an AF

Page 5: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

First-Class LeversFirst-Class Levers

Figure 11–2a

Page 6: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

First-Class LeversFirst-Class Levers

Seesaw is an exampleSeesaw is an example Center fulcrum between applied force Center fulcrum between applied force

and resistanceand resistance Force and resistance are balancedForce and resistance are balanced

Page 7: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Second–Class LeversSecond–Class Levers

Figure 11–2b

Page 8: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Second-Class LeversSecond-Class Levers

Wheelbarrow is an exampleWheelbarrow is an example Center resistance between applied force Center resistance between applied force

and fulcrumand fulcrum A small force moves a large weightA small force moves a large weight

Page 9: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Third-Class LeversThird-Class Levers

Figure 11–2c

Page 10: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Third-Class LeversThird-Class Levers

Most common levers in the bodyMost common levers in the body Center applied force between resistance Center applied force between resistance

and fulcrumand fulcrum Greater force moves smaller resistanceGreater force moves smaller resistance Maximizes speed and distance traveledMaximizes speed and distance traveled

Page 11: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

KEY CONCEPTKEY CONCEPT

Skeletal muscles can shorten to 70% of Skeletal muscles can shorten to 70% of resting length resting length

Power, speed, and range of movement Power, speed, and range of movement Depend on positions of muscle Depend on positions of muscle

attachment attachment Relative to jointsRelative to joints

Page 12: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

OriginsOrigins and and InsertionsInsertions

Muscles have 1 fixed point of attachment Muscles have 1 fixed point of attachment ((originorigin) and 1 moving point of attachment ) and 1 moving point of attachment ((insertioninsertion) )

Most muscles originate or insert on the Most muscles originate or insert on the skeletonskeleton

Origin is usually proximal to insertionOrigin is usually proximal to insertion

Page 13: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscle TerminologyMuscle Terminology Based on Function Based on Function

Agonist (prime moverAgonist (prime mover):): produces a particular movementproduces a particular movement

AntagonistAntagonist:: opposes movement of a particular agonistopposes movement of a particular agonist

Page 14: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscle Terminology Muscle Terminology Based on FunctionBased on Function

SynergistSynergist:: a smaller muscle that assists a larger a smaller muscle that assists a larger

agonistagonist helps start motion or stabilize origin of helps start motion or stabilize origin of

agonist (agonist (fixatorfixator))

Page 15: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscle Muscle OppositionOpposition

Agonists and antagonists work in pairs:Agonists and antagonists work in pairs: when 1 contracts, the other stretcheswhen 1 contracts, the other stretches i.e.,i.e., flexors–extensors, abductors– flexors–extensors, abductors–

adductors, etc.adductors, etc.

Page 16: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Location in the BodyLocation in the Body

Identifies body regions:Identifies body regions: e.g.,e.g., temporalis muscle temporalis muscle

Page 17: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Origin and InsertionOrigin and Insertion

First part of name indicates originFirst part of name indicates origin Second part of name indicates insertion:Second part of name indicates insertion:

e.g.,e.g., genioglossus muscle genioglossus muscle

Page 18: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Fascicle OrganizationFascicle Organization

Describes fascicle orientation within Describes fascicle orientation within muscle:muscle: i.e.,i.e., rectusrectus (straight), (straight), transversustransversus, , obliqueoblique

Page 19: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Relative PositionRelative Position

ExternusExternus (superficialis)(superficialis):: visible at body surfacevisible at body surface

InternusInternus (profundus)(profundus):: deep musclesdeep muscles

ExtrinsicExtrinsic:: muscles outside an organmuscles outside an organ

IntrinsicIntrinsic:: muscles inside an organmuscles inside an organ

Page 20: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Structural CharacteristicsStructural Characteristics

Number of tendons:Number of tendons: bibi = 2, = 2, tritri = 3 = 3

Shape: Shape: trapezius, deltoid, rhomboidtrapezius, deltoid, rhomboid

SizeSize

Page 21: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Names for Muscle Size (1 Names for Muscle Size (1 of 2)of 2)

LongusLongus = long = long LongissimusLongissimus = longest = longest TeresTeres = long and round = long and round BrevisBrevis = short = short MagnusMagnus = large = large

Page 22: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Names For Muscle Size (2 Names For Muscle Size (2 of 2)of 2)

MajorMajor = larger = larger MaximusMaximus = largest = largest MinorMinor = small = small MinimusMinimus = smallest = smallest

Page 23: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

ActionAction

Movements: Movements: e.g.,e.g., flexor, extensor, retractor flexor, extensor, retractor

Occupations or habits: Occupations or habits: e.g., risore.g., risor = laughter = laughter

Page 24: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Divisions of the Muscular Divisions of the Muscular SystemSystem

1.1. Axial musclesAxial muscles:: position head and spinal columnposition head and spinal column move rib cagemove rib cage 60% of skeletal muscles60% of skeletal muscles

2.2. Appendicular musclesAppendicular muscles:: support pectoral and pelvic girdlessupport pectoral and pelvic girdles support limbssupport limbs 40% of skeletal muscles40% of skeletal muscles

Page 25: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

The Axial MusclesThe Axial Muscles

Divisions based on location and function:Divisions based on location and function: muscles of head and neckmuscles of head and neck muscles of vertebral columnmuscles of vertebral column oblique and rectus musclesoblique and rectus muscles muscles of pelvic floormuscles of pelvic floor

Page 26: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles of Facial Muscles of Facial ExpressionExpression

Figure 11–4b

Page 27: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles of Facial Muscles of Facial ExpressionExpression

Orbicularis orisOrbicularis oris:: constricts the mouth openingconstricts the mouth opening

BuccinatorBuccinator:: moves food around the cheeksmoves food around the cheeks

Muscles of the Muscles of the epicraniumepicranium (scalp) (scalp)

Page 28: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles of the Muscles of the EpicraniumEpicranium (Scalp) (Scalp)

TemporoparietalisTemporoparietalis OccipitofrontalisOccipitofrontalis::

frontal and occipital belliesfrontal and occipital bellies separated by separated by epicranial aponeurosisepicranial aponeurosis

PlatysmaPlatysma:: covers anterior surface of neckcovers anterior surface of neck

Page 29: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Extrinsic Eye MusclesExtrinsic Eye Muscles

Also called Also called extra-ocularextra-ocular muscles muscles

Figure 11–5a, b

Page 30: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Extrinsic Eye MusclesExtrinsic Eye Muscles

Figure 11–5c

Page 31: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles of MasticationMuscles of Mastication

Figure 11–6

Page 32: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

3 Muscles of Mastication 3 Muscles of Mastication

MasseterMasseter:: the strongest jaw musclethe strongest jaw muscle

TemporalisTemporalis:: helps lift the mandiblehelps lift the mandible

Pterygoid musclesPterygoid muscles:: position mandible for chewingposition mandible for chewing

Page 33: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles of the TongueMuscles of the Tongue

Figure 11–7

Page 34: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

4 Muscles of the Tongue 4 Muscles of the Tongue

PalatoglossusPalatoglossus:: originates at palateoriginates at palate

StyloglossusStyloglossus:: originates at styloid processoriginates at styloid process

GenioglossusGenioglossus:: originates at chinoriginates at chin

HypoglossusHypoglossus:: originates at hyoid boneoriginates at hyoid bone

Page 35: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles of the PharynxMuscles of the Pharynx

Figure 11–8

Page 36: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

3 Muscles of the Pharynx 3 Muscles of the Pharynx

Pharyngeal constrictor musclesPharyngeal constrictor muscles:: move food into esophagusmove food into esophagus

Laryngeal elevator musclesLaryngeal elevator muscles:: elevate the larynxelevate the larynx

Palatal musclesPalatal muscles:: lift the soft palatelift the soft palate

Page 37: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Anterior Muscles of the Anterior Muscles of the NeckNeck

Figure 11–9

Page 38: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

6 Anterior Muscles of the 6 Anterior Muscles of the Neck Neck

DigastricDigastric:: from chin to hyoidfrom chin to hyoid and hyoid to mastoidand hyoid to mastoid

MylohyoidMylohyoid:: floor of the mouthfloor of the mouth

GeniohyoidGeniohyoid:: between hyoid and chinbetween hyoid and chin

Page 39: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

6 Anterior Muscles of the 6 Anterior Muscles of the Neck Neck

StylohyoidStylohyoid:: between hyloid and styloidbetween hyloid and styloid

SternocleidomastoidSternocleidomastoid:: from clavicle and sternum to mastoidfrom clavicle and sternum to mastoid

OmohyoidOmohyoid:: attaches scapula, clavicle, first rib, and hyoidattaches scapula, clavicle, first rib, and hyoid

Page 40: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles of the Vertebral Muscles of the Vertebral ColumnColumn

Figure 11–10a

Page 41: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles of the Vertebral Muscles of the Vertebral ColumnColumn

Figure 11–10b, c

Page 42: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Oblique and Rectus Oblique and Rectus MusclesMuscles

Lie within the body wallLie within the body wall

Figure 11–11a, b

Page 43: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Oblique and Rectus Oblique and Rectus MusclesMuscles

Figure 11–11a, c

Page 44: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles of the Pelvic Muscles of the Pelvic FloorFloor

Figure 11–12a

Page 45: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles of the Pelvic Muscles of the Pelvic FloorFloor

Figure 11–12b

Page 46: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

The The Appendicular Appendicular MusclesMuscles

Figure 11–13a

Page 47: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

The The Appendicular Appendicular MusclesMuscles

Figure 11–13b

Page 48: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

3D Peel-Away of Muscles of the Pectoral GirdlePLAYPLAY

Muscles that Position Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdlethe Pectoral Girdle

Figure 11–14a

Page 49: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles that Position Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdlethe Pectoral Girdle

Figure 11–14b

Page 50: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles that Move the Muscles that Move the ArmArm

Figure 11–15a

Page 51: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles that Move the Muscles that Move the ArmArm

Figure 11–15b

Page 52: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles that Move Muscles that Move the Forearm and Handthe Forearm and Hand

Figure 11–16a

Page 53: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles that Move Muscles that Move the Forearm and Handthe Forearm and Hand

Figure 11–16b

Page 54: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles that Move Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingersthe Hand and Fingers

Figure 11–17a, b

Page 55: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles that Move Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingersthe Hand and Fingers

Figure 11–17c, d

Page 56: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

The Intrinsic Muscles of The Intrinsic Muscles of the Handthe Hand

Figure 11–18a

Page 57: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

The Intrinsic Muscles of The Intrinsic Muscles of the Handthe Hand

Figure 11–18b

Page 58: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles that Move the Muscles that Move the ThighThigh

Figure 11–19a, b

Page 59: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles that Move the Muscles that Move the ThighThigh

Figure 11–19c, d

Page 60: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles that Move the Muscles that Move the LegLeg

Figure 11–20a

Page 61: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles that Move the Muscles that Move the LegLeg

Figure 11–20b, c

Page 62: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles that Move Muscles that Move the Foot and Toesthe Foot and Toes

Figure 11–21a, b

Page 63: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Muscles that Move Muscles that Move the Foot and Toesthe Foot and Toes

Figure 11–21c, d

Page 64: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

The Intrinsic Muscles of The Intrinsic Muscles of the Footthe Foot

Figure 11–22a

Page 65: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

The Intrinsic Muscles of The Intrinsic Muscles of the Footthe Foot

Figure 11–22b, c

Page 66: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Summary: The IntrinsicSummary: The Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Muscles of the Foot

Table 11–19

Page 67: Parallel Muscles Figure 11–1a. Skeletal Motion Skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion Type of muscle attachment affects power, range,

Integration with Integration with Other Systems (1 of 2)Other Systems (1 of 2)

Cardiovascular system:Cardiovascular system: delivers oxygen and fueldelivers oxygen and fuel removes carbon dioxide and wastesremoves carbon dioxide and wastes

Respiratory system:Respiratory system: responds to oxygen demand of musclesresponds to oxygen demand of muscles


10 The Muscular System Part A. Interactions of Skeletal Muscles Skeletal muscles work together or in opposition Muscles only pull (never push) As.

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