Parajumbles Concepts

7/27/2019 Parajumbles Concepts

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ARAJUMBLES

he smartest approach

The best approach to solving PJ questions is the 'free fall' onat is, develop a high reading speed and scan all 4-5 sentencey to get a feel of what the passage is about.

for example the options are,a) BDAC b) BCAD c) CABD d) CBen you know for sure that this paragraph has to start either wor C. A quick look at B and C will tell you which one looks like tter opening sentence and already your choices will be halve

milarly, with options, a) BDCA b) CDBA c) DCAB d) ACDB thee know that it has to end with either B or A. So browse sentenand B and see if any one of them look like a concludingntence.

r example,if three of the five options start with A and the otheo with C/B/D there is a good probability that A is the startingntence.

say, a link CB occurs in more than 2 options then it is somethorth paying attention to.

strategies to save time and increase accuracy

rategy 1: Once upon a time long ago... / ...and they lived

ppily after: Identify the opening/closing sentence using what scussed above. Either the tone of the paragraph or the optionmination method.


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rategy 2: Where's the interlock ? Identify links between twontences and try to see if that link exists in multiple answertions (a sure way to know that you are on the right track). A

mbination of 1 and 2 will take you home most of the time.MANDATORY PAIR

: Proctor and Gamble will set up a subsidiary.This will operata holding company.

ace your magnifying glass on the following,

rategy 2a: Make it 'personal'. Look out for personalonouns (he, she, it, him, her, you, they). Personal pronounsways refer to a person, place or thing. Therefore, if a sentences a personal pronoun without mentioning the person, place oject it is referring to, mark it in your head and scan theragraph for the original person, place or object that itfers to.

rategy 2b: Look for 'Poriborton' (Change, in Mamatanerjee's tongue). Certain words called 'transition words' hee author to shift from one thought flow to another.

other words, they usher in change. Some transition words thapear regularly are --- hence, besides, simultaneously, in

nclusion.While you practice PJs whenever you come across aansition word --- note it down.

rategy 2c: Demonstrate! Look for demonstrative pronoun


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is, that, these, those, etc. Try to find what is this and thth respect to the paragraph.

rategy 3:Main samay hoon! Sometimes the events mentionthe paragraph can be arranged in a chronological orderaking it easy for you to identify the sequence. Example,

Alexander Bain, Scottish clockmaker, patented the electricock.

The next development in accuracy occurred after 1656 with tvention of the pendulum clock.

Clocks have played an important role in man's history.

Spring-driven clocks appeared during the 15th century,hough they are often erroneously credited to Nuremberg

atchmaker Peter Henlen around 1511.

rategy 4:

e Chota Rajan Approach. Sometimes you will find that for sorms in the paragraph both the full form and the abbreviationve been used.

r Example

F --- International Monetary Fund,

arles Dickens --- Dickens,


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Manmohan Singh --- Dr Singh. In these cases where both therm as well as the abbreviation is present in different sentenceen the sentence containing the -

ll form will obviously come before the sentencentaining the abbreviation.

rategy 5:What an Idea Sirji!

there are two sentences, one containing an idea and another

ving examples of the same idea then the sentence containingea should come before the sentence containing the examplest they need not necessarily be exactly side by side. Example

Russia possesses the largest stockpiles of weapons of massstruction in the world.

489 missiles carrying up to 1,788 warheads and 12 submarinrrying up to 609 warheads form a looming threat.

will come before B in this case, even though there might bentences in between.

rategy 6: An article of faith.


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s highly unlikely that the definite article 'the' will be part of aening sentence. If'a/an' and 'the' both are used for the sameun then the sentence containing 'the' will come after the

ntence containing a/an.

RANSITION WORDS:

bserving the transition words found in a sentence can often give you a c

out the sentence that will come before/after that particular sentence. G

ow are some commonly used transition words:

o, again, as well as, besides, furthermore, in addition, likewise,

oreover, similarly, consequently, hence, otherwise, subsequently,

erefore, thus, as a rule, generally, for instance, for example, for one thi

ove all, aside from, barring, besides, in other words, in short, instead,

ewise, on one hand, on the other hand, rather, similarly, yet, but, howe

ll, nevertheless, first of all, to begin with, at the same time, for now, for

me being, in time, later on, meanwhile, next, then, soon, the meantime,er, while, earlier, simultaneously, afterward, in conclusion, with this in

nd, after all, all in all, to sum up.

But in the industrial era destroying the enemy's productive capacity means

mbing the factories which are located in the cities.So in the agrarian era, if you need to destroy the enemy's productive capac

at you want to do is bum his fields, or if you're really vicious, salt them.

Now in the information era, destroying the enemy's productive capacity m

stroying the information infrastructure.
http://thesaurus.reference.com/browse/barringhttp://thesaurus.reference.com/browse/besidehttp://thesaurus.reference.com/browse/besidehttp://thesaurus.reference.com/browse/barring


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How do you do battle with your enemy?

The idea is to destroy the enemy's productive capacity, and depending upo

onomic foundation, that productive capacity is different in each case.

With regard to defence, the purpose of the military is to defend the nation aprepared to do battle with its enemy.

FDEBAC 2. FCABED 3. DEBACF 4. DFEBAC

RSONAL PRONOUNS:

a sentence contains a personal pronoun without mentioning the person

ace or object it is referring to, the person, place or object must have co

the previous sentence.

AT 2001)

Although there are large regional variations, it is not infrequent to find a lmber of people sitting here and there and doing nothing.

Once in office, they receive friends and relatives who feel free to call any

thout prior appointment.

While working, one is struck by the slow and clumsy actions and reactions

different attitudes, procedure rather than outcome orientation, and the lack o

nsideration for others.

Even thosewho are employed often come late to the office and leave early

ess they are forced to be punctual.Work is not intrinsically valued in India.

Quite often people visit ailing friends and relatives or go out of their way t

p them in their personal matters even during office hours.


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ECADBF 2. EADCFB 3. EADBFC 4. ABFCBE

AT 2001)

Passivity is not, of course, universal.

In areas where there are no lords or laws, or in frontier zones where all me

med, the attitude of the peasantry may well be different.

So indeed it may be on the fringe of the unsubmissive.

However, for most of the soil-bound peasants the problem is not whether to b

rmally passive or active, but when to pass from one state to another.This depends on an assessment of the political situation.

BEDAC 2. CDABE 3. EDBAC 4. ABCDE

EMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS:

e demonstrative pronouns are "this," "that," "these," and "those." "This" an

at" are used to refer to singular phrases and "these" and "those" are used to

er to plural phrases. Whenever a sentence contains a demonstrative pronouthout mentioning the noun or the noun phrase, it means that the previous

ntence must be mentioning that noun or noun phrase. Finding that noun or n

rase helps us connect two sentences.


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AT 2001)

Michael Hofman, a poet and translator, accepts this sorry fact without

proval or complaint.

But thanklessness and impossibility do not daunt him.He acknowledges too "in fact he returns to the point often " that best translator

etry always fail at some level.

Hofman feels passionately about his work, and this is clear from his writings.

In terms of the gap between worth and rewards, translators come somewhere n

rses and street-cleaners.

EACDB 2. ADEBC 3. EACBD 4. DCEAB

OMBINING IT ALL WITH LOGIC:

metimes using logic to decide the order of sentences can yield high dividen

the previous example, we had used logic to determine that sentence A wou

me before any other sentence referring Hofman. Keep your eyes open for c

ch as these.

AT 2001)The situations in which violence occurs and the nature of that violence tends t

arly defined at least in theory, as in the proverbial Irishman's question: "Is th

vate fight or can anyone join in?"

So the actual risk to outsiders, though no doubt higher than our societies, i

culable.

Probably the only uncontrolled applications of force are those of social superio

social inferiors and even here there are probably some rules.

However binding the obligation to kill, members of feuding families engagmutual massacre will be genuinely appalled if by some mischance a bystan

outsider is killed.

DABC 2. ACDB 3. CBAD 4. DBAC


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Specific understanding

Option identification and revision

types of structures used in standard writing withinaragraphs:

CAUSE AND EFFECT

GENERIC TO SPECIFIC

CONTRAST

PARALLELISM

IDEA EXPLANATION

CHRONOLOGICAL (based on time dimension)

ACTION SEQUENCE

IDEA TRANSFORMATION

IDEA REITERATION (reinforcing of an idea)

QUESTION ANSWER TYPE

ARAJUMBLES FROM THE ASPECT OF PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE

DENTIFICATION


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nt:DOUBLE CONTRAST

In the twentieth century, John Maynard Keynes has been the most imporholar working in the tradition of the classical political economists.

But his interest, like theirs, was in the analysis of the great issues of his d

e greatest of which in the inter war period was not growth but

employment a problem so acute at that time that in desperation, the

rmans turned to Hitler and to fascism.

The very future of Western democracies was placed at risk.

Keynes was concerned not just to understand unemployment intellectua

t to put forward practical suggestions as to how the problem could be solThis does not mean that he agreed with everything they wrote.

He believed fervently that, for all its faults, Western liberal democracy

ered the best hope for the world, and he saw himself working to save it.

.DCBA 2.BACD 3.BCDA

DABC

similar structure of parajumbles :

In the 1990s, Sachin , one of the greatest batsmen of all time,

minated cricket like never before.

This does not mean that he always performed in every innings of his life.

But his mere presence was enough to strike fear and awe in the minds of

wlers in the opposition.

xt example is ofIDEA ELABORATION :


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A transplant from my younger brother Philip effectively gave me a second li

Feeling that whatever years I now had ahead of me were a bonus, I initiated

ploration of the western shore of Lake Turkana.

I was lucky.Following our first tentative prospecting came remarkable finds, some of the

hnically stunning, some emotionally thrilling.

The discoveries were worth waiting for, as I shall recount.

1. EDCAB 2.ABDCE 3.BCDEA

4.CABED

EA TRANSFORMATION:

For centuries, philosophers have dealt with aspects of humanness, of humanit

t, surprisingly, there is no agreed - upon definition of the quality of humanne

It is my conviction that we are beginning to identify these components, that w

n see the gradual emergence of humanness in our evolutionary history.

But, if this sense of humanity came into being in the course of evolutionary

tory then it must have component parts, and they in turn, must be identifiable

Those who tried to define humanness found themselves moulding Jell- O : it

pt slipping through the fingers.

It hardly seemed necessary, partly because it appeared so obvious : humanne

at we feel about ourselves.

I am therefore, perplexed by, and impatient with, a popular alternative view t

championed by several scholars.


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ABCD 2.DCBA 3.BCDA 4. CBDA

ENERIC TO SPECIFIC

Economists see the world as a machine.

A very complicated one perhaps, but nevertheless, a machine, whose working

n be understood by putting together carefully and meticulously, its componen

ts.

A lever pulled in a certain part of the machine with certain strength will have

ular and predictable outcomes elsewhere in the machine.

The behaviour of the system as a whole can be deducted from a simple

gregation of these components.

ABDC 2. ABCD 3. ACBD 4.ADBC

ARALLEL THOUGHT PRESENTATION

Fear of destitution is not a motive out of which free creative life can grow, ye

he chief motive which inspires the daily work of most wage earners.

The hope of possessing more wealth and power than any man ought to have

ich is the corresponding motive of the rich ,is quite as bad in its effects; it

mpels men to close their minds against justice, and to prevent themselves from

nking honestly on social questions, while in the depths of their hearts they kn

t their pleasures are brought by the miseries of others.

Then a great fear would be removed from the lives of many , and hope woul

ve to take on a better form in the lives of the few.

The injustice of destitution and wealth alike, ought to be rendered impossible


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ABCD 2.BDAC 3.BCDA 4.ABDC

AT 2008)

So too it is impossible for there to be proposition of ethics. Propositionnnot express that is higher.The sense of the world must lie outside the world. In the world everythas it is, and everything happens as it does happen: in it no value existsd if it did exist, it would have noue. If there is any value that does have

value, it must lie outside the whole sphere of what happens and is these. For all that happens and is the case is accidental. What makes it

naccidental cannot lie within the world, since if it did it would itself becidental. It must lie outside world.t is clear that ethics cannot be put into words. Ethics is transcendenta

All propositions are of equal value.2-1-3-4 B. 1-3-4-2 C. 4-3-1-2 D. 3-1-2-4 E 4-2-1

The fact all contribute only to setting the problem, not to its solution.

How things are in the world is a matter of complete indifference for whher. God does not reveal himself in the world.

To view the world sub specie aetemiis to view it as a whole- a limitedole. Feeling the world as a limited whole- it is this that is mystical.

t is not how things are in the world that is mystical, but that it exists.

1-2-3-4 B. 2-1-4-3 C. 2-1-3-4 D.3-1-43-4-2-1


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The operation is what has to be done to one proposition in order to mher out of it.

Structure of proposition stands in internal relations to one another.

n order to give prominence to these internal relations we can adopt thowing mode of expression: we can represent a proposition as the resoperation that produces it out of

her propositions (which are bases of the operation).

An operation is the expression of a relation between the structures of sult and of its bases.

1-2-3-4 B. 4-3-1-22-1-3-4 D. 4-1-2-3 E. 2-3-4-1

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