ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigmsmodel for derivation.

The case of prefixed privative verbs in Italian

Nabil Hathout1 & Fiammetta Namer2

1 Université de Toulouse & CLLE, 2 Université de Lorraine & ATILF

Revisiting paradigms in word-formationKos ice, 27-30 June 2018

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 1 / 21

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Derivational discrepancies

3 The ParaDis model (Paradigms vs Discrepancies)

4 Applying ParaDis to the Italian data

5 Conclusion

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 2 / 21

Paradigms and derivation (1)

Paradigms: in morphology, strongly related to inflection.I For the last 20 years, the paradigm-based organization of inflectional

morphology has become a standard (languages like French or Italian)I paradigms in inflection: prototype for paradigms in morphology

In derivation, the situation is much more complicated.I Identification of paradigms less easy

F the dimensions that determine abstract paradigms not easy to identify.I derivation traditionally considered as binary and orientedI transpositions to derivation of inflectional paradigms do not always

succeedEvidence: there is still no consensual standard definition of thisconcept in derivation.

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 3 / 21

Paradigms and derivation (2)

Derivational paradigms: superposition of derivational families thatshare the same graph structure [Bonami & Strnadová, 2018].

I Derivational (morphological) family = graph of derivationally relatedlexemes

I The aligned elements in the different families belong to the samederivational class or derivational series.

pred agent action potentialitymanage manager management manageableannounce announcer announcement announceablerecruit recruiter recruitment recruitableemploy employer employment employable

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 4 / 21

Paradigms and derivation (2)

Derivational paradigms: superposition of derivational families thatshare the same graph structure [Bonami & Strnadová, 2018].

I Derivational (morphological) family = graph of derivationally relatedlexemes

I The aligned elements in the different families belong to the samederivational class or derivational series.

pred agent action potentialitymanage manager management manageableannounce announcer announcement announceablerecruit recruiter recruitment recruitableemploy employer employment employable

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 4 / 21

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Derivational discrepancies

3 The ParaDis model (Paradigms vs Discrepancies)

4 Applying ParaDis to the Italian data

5 Conclusion

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 5 / 21

Privative verbs in Italian: data (1)

Data partly inspired from [Todaro, 2017].Derivational familiesSemantic relation between property, causative predicate, privativepredicateThe noun and the causative verb are regularly based on the adjective;several derivation patterns are involved.

PropA PropN CausV PrivV

gonfio gonfiore gonfiare sgonfiarecompatto compattezza compattare decompattarecompatto compattezza compattare scompattarecompatto compattezza compattizzare scompattizzareacido acidità acidificare disacidificareprovinciale provincialità provincializzare sprovincializzaresensibile sensibilità sensibilizzare desensibilizzareumano umanità umanizzare disumanizzare

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 6 / 21

Privative verbs in Italian: data (1)

Data partly inspired from [Todaro, 2017].Derivational familiesSemantic relation between property, causative predicate, privativepredicateThe noun and the causative verb are regularly based on the adjective;several derivation patterns are involved.

PropA PropN CausV PrivV

gonfio gonfiore gonfiare sgonfiarecompatto compattezza compattare decompattarecompatto compattezza compattare scompattarecompatto compattezza compattizzare scompattizzareacido acidità acidificare disacidificareprovinciale provincialità provincializzare sprovincializzaresensibile sensibilità sensibilizzare desensibilizzareumano umanità umanizzare disumanizzare

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 6 / 21

Privative verbs in Italian: data (1)

Data partly inspired from [Todaro, 2017].Derivational familiesSemantic relation between property, causative predicate, privativepredicateThe noun and the causative verb are regularly based on the adjective;several derivation patterns are involved.

PropA PropN CausV PrivV

gonfio gonfiore gonfiare sgonfiarecompatto compattezza compattare decompattarecompatto compattezza compattare scompattarecompatto compattezza compattizzare scompattizzareacido acidità acidificare disacidificareprovinciale provincialità provincializzare sprovincializzaresensibile sensibilità sensibilizzare desensibilizzareumano umanità umanizzare disumanizzare

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 6 / 21

Privative verbs in Italian: data (2)

The stem of the PrivV : always identical to the form of the CausVThe meaning of the privative verb directly depends on the meaning ofthe adjective

I Result: loss of a property previously owned by the referent of thepatient

I (sgonfiare ‘deflate’ : “deprive smth from the property gonfio ‘swollen”’)

PropA PropN CausV PrivV

gonfio gonfiore gonfiare sgonfiarecompatto compattezza compattare decompattarecompatto compattezza compattare scompattarecompatto compattezza compattizzare scompattizzareacido acidità acidificare disacidificareprovinciale provincialità provincializzare sprovincializzaresensibile sensibilità sensibilizzare desensibilizzareumano umanità umanizzare disumanizzare

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 7 / 21

Privative verbs in Italian: data (2)

The stem of the PrivV : always identical to the form of the CausVThe meaning of the privative verb directly depends on the meaning ofthe adjective

I Result: loss of a property previously owned by the referent of thepatient

I (sgonfiare ‘deflate’ : “deprive smth from the property gonfio ‘swollen”’)

PropA PropN CausV PrivV

gonfio gonfiore gonfiare sgonfiarecompatto compattezza compattare decompattarecompatto compattezza compattare scompattarecompatto compattezza compattizzare scompattizzareacido acidità acidificare disacidificareprovinciale provincialità provincializzare sprovincializzaresensibile sensibilità sensibilizzare desensibilizzareumano umanità umanizzare disumanizzare

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 7 / 21

Privative verbs in Italian: data (3)

Discrepancy between form and meaningCompetition between prefixes: s-, de-, dis- ; between formal processthat derive causative verbs: conversion, suffixes -izzare, -ificare,between suffixes that derive property nouns: suffixes -ore, -ezza, -ità.Co-membership of synonymous rival forms (overabundance [Thornton2011,2012])

PropA PropN CausV PrivV

gonfio gonfiore gonfiare sgonfiarecompatto compattezza compattare decompattarecompatto compattezza compattare scompattarecompatto compattezza compattizzare scompattizzareacido acidità acidificare disacidificareprovinciale provincialità provincializzare sprovincializzaresensibile sensibilità sensibilizzare desensibilizzareumano umanità umanizzare disumanizzare

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 8 / 21

Privative verbs in Italian: data (3)

Discrepancy between form and meaningCompetition between prefixes: s-, de-, dis- ; between formal processthat derive causative verbs: conversion, suffixes -izzare, -ificare,between suffixes that derive property nouns: suffixes -ore, -ezza, -ità.Co-membership of synonymous rival forms (overabundance [Thornton2011,2012])

PropA PropN CausV PrivV

gonfio gonfiore gonfiare sgonfiarecompatto compattezza compattare decompattarecompatto compattezza compattare scompattarecompatto compattezza compattizzare scompattizzareacido acidità acidificare disacidificareprovinciale provincialità provincializzare sprovincializzaresensibile sensibilità sensibilizzare desensibilizzareumano umanità umanizzare disumanizzare

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 8 / 21

Privative verbs in Italian: data (3)

Discrepancy between form and meaningCompetition between prefixes: s-, de-, dis- ; between formal processthat derive causative verbs: conversion, suffixes -izzare, -ificare,between suffixes that derive property nouns: suffixes -ore, -ezza, -ità.Co-membership of synonymous rival forms (overabundance [Thornton2011,2012])

PropA PropN CausV PrivV

gonfio gonfiore gonfiare sgonfiarecompatto compattezza compattare decompattarecompatto compattezza compattare scompattarecompatto compattezza compattizzare scompattizzareacido acidità acidificare disacidificareprovinciale provincialità provincializzare sprovincializzaresensibile sensibilità sensibilizzare desensibilizzareumano umanità umanizzare disumanizzare

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 8 / 21

Privative verbs in Italian: data (3)

Discrepancy between form and meaningCompetition between prefixes: s-, de-, dis- ; between formal processthat derive causative verbs: conversion, suffixes -izzare, -ificare,between suffixes that derive property nouns: suffixes -ore, -ezza, -ità.Co-membership of synonymous rival forms (overabundance [Thornton2011,2012])

PropA PropN CausV PrivV

gonfio gonfiore gonfiare sgonfiarecompatto compattezza compattare decompattarecompatto compattezza compattare scompattarecompatto compattezza compattizzare scompattizzareacido acidità acidificare disacidificareprovinciale provincialità provincializzare sprovincializzaresensibile sensibilità sensibilizzare desensibilizzareumano umanità umanizzare disumanizzare

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 8 / 21

Paradigmatic regularity

Form and meaning are predictable for privative verbsI Formal regularity between causative and privative verbs.I Semantic regularity between adjectival property and privative verb.

The form and meaning of the privative verb can be retrieved by theknowledge of the adjective and the causative verb

I A paradigmatic description makes it possible to account for it in a"natural" way

Total semantic co-predictability into families (semantic paradigm)Semantic regularity takes precedence over surface differences.A semantics-driven paradigmatic organization highlights partial formalregularities

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 9 / 21

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Derivational discrepancies

3 The ParaDis model (Paradigms vs Discrepancies)

4 Applying ParaDis to the Italian data

5 Conclusion

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 10 / 21

ParaDis: basic principles (1)

Description and analysis unit: the familyI Connected network of elements with inter-predictable properties

The notion of family is generalized :I Morphological families connect lexemesI Formal families connect phonological formsI Semantic families connect meanings

(Generalized) paradigms are surperposition of familiesI Morphological paradigms are superpositions of morphological familiesI Formal paradigms are superpositions of formal familiesI Semantic paradigms are surperpositions of semantic families

Formal and semantic paradigms are in correspondence with themorphological paradigmsNo direct correspondence between the formal and the semanticparadigms

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 11 / 21

ParaDis: basic principles (2)

Formal and semantic families are independent components;Each component: a concrete and an abstract levels

I concrete formal family: network of phonological formsI abstract formal family: network of formal patterns or seriesI concrete semantic family: network of meaningsI abstract semantic family: network of semantic classes or series

Morphological (derivational) families: in correspondence withconcrete formal and semantic families.

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 12 / 21

ParaDis: basic principles (2)

Formal and semantic families are independent components;Each component: a concrete and an abstract levels

I concrete formal family: network of phonological formsI abstract formal family: network of formal patterns or seriesI concrete semantic family: network of meaningsI abstract semantic family: network of semantic classes or series

Morphological (derivational) families: in correspondence withconcrete formal and semantic families.

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 12 / 21

ParaDis: basic principles (2)

Formal and semantic families are independent components;Each component: a concrete and an abstract levels

I concrete formal family: network of phonological formsI abstract formal family: network of formal patterns or seriesI concrete semantic family: network of meaningsI abstract semantic family: network of semantic classes or series

Morphological (derivational) families: in correspondence withconcrete formal and semantic families.

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 12 / 21

ParaDis: canonical paradigms (1)

staked derivational families are fully isomorphicmembers with the same position in families form formal series(abstracted as formal patterns) and semantic series (abstracted assemantic classes)

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 13 / 21

ParaDis: canonical paradigms (1)

staked derivational families are fully isomorphicmembers with the same position in families form formal series(abstracted as formal patterns) and semantic series (abstracted assemantic classes)

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 13 / 21

ParaDis: canonical paradigms (2)

abstract paradigms are networks of seriesin canonical paradigms, the graphs of formal and semantic series aresuperposable

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 14 / 21

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Derivational discrepancies

3 The ParaDis model (Paradigms vs Discrepancies)

4 Applying ParaDis to the Italian data

5 Conclusion

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 15 / 21

ParaDis: mismatched families (1)

How to account for the form/meaning discrepancy for Italian PrivV ?

PropA PropN CausV PrivVumano umanità umanizzare disumanizzare‘human’ ‘human’ make become ‘human’ make become not ‘human’/W/ /Wi’ta/ /Widdzare/ /dizWiddzare/

The network of semantic series ...is not isomorphic to the network of formal series

A: ||Y||AN: ||Y||NV+: make smth become ||Y||AV−: make smth become not ||Y||A

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 16 / 21

ParaDis: mismatched families (1)

How to account for the form/meaning discrepancy for Italian PrivV ?

PropA PropN CausV PrivVumano umanità umanizzare disumanizzare‘human’ ‘human’ make become ‘human’ make become not ‘human’/W/ /Wi’ta/ /Widdzare/ /dizWiddzare/

The network of semantic series ...is not isomorphic to the network of formal series

X: ∃ W, /X/ =/W/U: ∃ W, /U/= /Wore/ ∨ /Wetsa/ ∨ /Wità/Z: ∃ W, /Z/=/W/ ∨ /Widdzare/ ∨ /Wifikare/T: ∃ W, /T/=/sW/ ∨ /deW/ ∨ /dizW/

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 16 / 21

ParaDis: mismatched families (2)

Two abstract networks: distinct formal and semantic motivationsHere, asymmetry is made evident by the fact that some relations areformally and semantically motivated, while others are only formal oronly semantic.

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 17 / 21

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Derivational discrepancies

3 The ParaDis model (Paradigms vs Discrepancies)

4 Applying ParaDis to the Italian data

5 Conclusion

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 18 / 21

Concluding remarks (1)

ParaDis: a semantics-driven paradigmatic model of derivationThe description unit is the family (formal, semantic, morphological)Family superpositions are paradigmsMorphological paradigms and formal paradigms and semanticparadigms

I formal and semantic paradigms not directly connected to each otherI formal and semantic paradigms directly connected to the morphological

paradigmParaDis accounts for non-canonical derivational paradigms in anatural way

I Appropriate tool for form-meaning discrepancies (privative verbs inItalian)

I Affix competitionI Overabundance

ParaDis conception is completely cumulative [Bochner, 1993]I Uncomplete families (morphological gaps)I Partial family superposition

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 19 / 21

Concluding remarks (2)

ParaDis: a “Families and Paradigms” approach.

Word & Paradigms Families & Paradigmsunit word families (formal, semantic, mor-

phological)concreteparadigm

structure of words (3 types of) superposition of fam-ilies

abstractparadigm

set of propertiesthat define thisstructure

network of abstract formal and se-mantic series

Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 20 / 21

References

Bochner, Harry (1993). Simplicity in morphology. Berlin & NewYork:Mouton de Gruyter.Bonami, Olivier & Strnadová, Jana (2018). “Paradigm structure andpredictability in derivational morphology”. Morphology,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11525-018-9322-6.Thornton, Anna M. (2011). “Overabundance (Multiple FormsRealizing the Same Cell): A Non-Canonical Phenomenon in ItalianVerb Morphology”. In: Morphological Autonomy: Perspectives fromRomance Inflectional Morphology. Ed. by Martin Maiden et al.Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, pp. 358–381.Thornton, Anna M. (2012). “Reduction and maintenance ofoverabundance. A case study on Italian verb paradigms”. In: WordStructure 5, pp. 183–207.Todaro, Guisi (2017). TNomi (e aggettivi) che diventano verbitramite prefissazione: quel che resta della parasintesi. Tesi didottorato, Università Roma Tre et Université Toulouse Jean-Jaurès.Hathout & Namer ParaDis : a Families-and-Paradigms model 21 / 21