Paper Structure
-
Upload
aam-kharnamah -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
0
Transcript of Paper Structure
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
1/22
Paper of Tenses
Created by
Aam Karnamah
12211401
STIBA INVADA
Jl. Brigjen Darsono No. 20 By Pass (Cideng) Cirebon
Telp. (0231) 3388321, 209669
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
2/22
A am K arnamah
Paper of Tenses Page i i
PREFACE
Alhamdulillah, Praise to Allah, because His Blessing and mercy to the
writer to complete the paper which very simple its contents. The paper was made
for to fulfill study subject abaout Tenses. Hopefully The Paper can be utilized
as one of the reference, guidance and also guide to reader in education
administration. Thanks to all which have helped and writer cannot be mentioned
one by one, so that this paper be finished.
As the proverb says THERE IS NO IVORY THAT IS NOT CRACKED, of
course this paper writer still many insuffiency. Writer really allows all readers to
give their suggestion to improve its content in order to be made as one of the good
examples for the next paper.
Cirebon, July 2012
Writer
Aam Karnamah
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
3/22
A am Karnamah
Paper of Tenses Page i i i
CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................................................................ ii
Contents .......................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Introduction .............................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
2.1 Present Tenses
1. Simple Present ............................................................................... 32. Present Continuous ........................................................................ 33. Present Perfect ............................................................................... 54. Present Perfect Continuous ............................................................ 5
2.2 Past Tenses
1. Simple Past .................................................................................... 62. Past Continuous ............................................................................. 73. Past Perfect .................................................................................... 74. Past Perfect Continuous ................................................................. 8
2.3 Future Tenses
1. Simple Future ................................................................................ 92. Future Continuous ......................................................................... 103. Future Perfect ................................................................................ 114. Future Perfect Continuous ............................................................. 12
2.4 WH-Questions ..................................................................................... 13
2.5 The Exercises ...................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION
Conclusion ................................................................................................
References ......................................................................................................
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
4/22
A am Karnamah
Paper of Ten ses Page 1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Each language must have rules or we often refer to as the grammar, as well
as with the English language, a lot of rules that must be considered in its use.
Perhaps because it, tenses are one of the matters which often made reason of
difficult for learn English. True, tenses needn't be the scourge of us which wish to
improve English ability. Moreover we as a student who majored in English
Literature, we have deservedly mastered tenses.
In this paper writer will discuss the matter 12 tenses of 16 tenses in
English. The twelfth rule writer mean are : Simple Present Tense, Present
Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Simple Past Tense, Past
Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Simple Future Tense, Future
Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous and asking with WH-
Questions and also examples the exercises that writer practice with writers
friends.
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
5/22
A am Karnamah
Paper of Ten ses Page 2
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
Tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time. Basically,
there are four fundamentals of tense:
Present Past Future Past Future
group above can be grouped again into four kinds of :
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
To be can comprehend it, look at these matrix of tenses below:
Present Past Future Past Future
Simple Simple Present Simple Past Simple FutureSimple Past
Future
ContinuousPresent
Continuous
Past
Continuous
Future
Continuous
Past Future
Continuous
Perfect Present Perfect Past Perfect Future PerfectPast Future
Perfect
Perfect
Continuous
Present Perfect
Continuous
Past Perfect
Continuous
Future Perfect
Continuous
Past Future
Perfect
Continuous
So, every form of tenses will have four different forms as follows:
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
6/22
A am Karnamah
Paper of Ten ses Page 3
2.1PRESENT TENSE1. Simple Present
Simple Present tense used to show habits, facts or general truths.
Examples:
Mr. John works five days a week
I always make my brother a sandwisch every morning
The sun sets in the west
Cows give milk and sheep give wool
In general Simple Present Tense formed with subject then followed
by VI (infinitive), if the third person singular (he, she, it) add "s/es". Then
followed by object/adverb.
For negative on Simple Present, we just add bedo/does and not
before VI. And interrogative sentence made by removing do/does forwards
subject. Look at the table below!
(+) S + VI (s/es) + O/Adv
(-) S + do/ does + Not + VI + O/Adv
(?) do/does + S + VI + O/Adv ?
Time signal Simple Present :
Always Ussually Often Sometimes
Seldom Rarely Never Every
2. Present ContinuousWe use the Present Continuous Tense to talk about :
Activities happening now.Examples
The kids are watching TV.
I am reading a novel.
Activities happening around now, and not necessarily this very moment.
Habits
Facts
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
7/22
A am Karnamah
Paper of Ten ses Page 4
Examples
Sally is studying really hard for her exams this week.
I am reading a really interesting book now. Activities happening in the near future, especially for planned future
events.
Examples
Polly is coming for dinner tomorrow.
in general, the continuous is used to focus on the activity itself or tostress its temporary nature.
Examples
John goes to school by bike, but this Monday, hes going bymotorbike.
Present Continuous Tense formed with subject then followed by verb
phrase composed of forms of auxiliary be (am/is/are) then the present
participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb.
For Negative on Present Continuous, we just put not before V-ing.
And interrogative sentence made by removing am/is/are forwards subject.
Look at the table below!
(+) S + am/is/are + V-ing + O/Adv
(-) S + am/is/are + Not + V-ing + O/Adv
(?) am/is/are + S + V-ing + O/Adv ?
The following verbs arent normally used in the continuous tense:
Verb of sensation (see, hear, feel, smell, taste, notice, recognize, etc.) Verb of emotion (like, refuse, adore, care, forgive, hate, etc.) Verb of thought (believe, expect, forget, know, mind, etc.) Verb of possession (own, possess, belong to, owe, etc.)
Time signal Present Continuous :
Now / right now At present / at the present At this moment / at the moment
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
8/22
A am Karnamah
Paper of Ten ses Page 5
3. Present PerfectWe use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about :
Describe our experience
Examples
I have been to France.
Change that has happened over a period of time.Examples
I have stopped smoking lately.
Present Perfect formed with subject then followed by verb phrase
composed of forms of auxiliary have/has and add the past participle (VIII)
then followed by object/adverb.
For Negative on Present Perfect, we just put not before VIII. And
interrogative sentence made by removing have/has forwards subject. Look
at the table below!
(+) S + have/has + VIII + O/Adv
(-) S + have/has + Not + VIII + O/Adv
(?) have/has + S + VIII + O/Adv ?
Time signal Present Perfect :
For... Since... Just
Already Yet lately
4. Present Perfect ContinuousWe use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something
started in the past and has continued up until now.
Examples:
They have been talking for the last hour.
Sarah has been typing the report for this morning.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense formed with subject then followed
by verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary have/has been and add the
present participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb.
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
9/22
A am Karnamah
Paper of Ten ses Page 6
For Negative on Present Perfect Continuous, we just put not before
Verb-ing. And interrogative sentence made by removing have/has forwards
subject. Look at the table below!
(+) S + have/has been + V-ing + O/Adv
(-) S + have/has been + Not + V-ing + O/Adv
(?) have/has + S + been + V-ing + O/Adv ?
Time signal Present Perfect Continuous :
For The whole day Since
All afternoon Long Lately
2.2 PAST TENSE
1. Simple PastWe used Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and
finished at a specific time in the past. The Simple Past can also be used to
describe a habit which stopped in the past, describe past facts or
generalizations which are no longer true.
Examples:
I saw a movie yesterday.
Last year Vinna always sang in Anne cafe.
In general Simple Past Tense formed with subject then followed by
verbII, then followed by object/adverb.
For negative on Simple Past, we just add bedid and not before
Verb and verb past tense (VII) return became infinitive (VI). And
interrogative sentence made by removing did forwards subject. Look at
the table below!
(+) S + VII + O/Adv
(-) S + did + Not + VI + O/Adv
(?) did + S + VI + O/Adv ?
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
10/22
A am Karnamah
Paper of Ten ses Page 7
Time signal Simple Past :
Yesterday ... ago
Last... Just now
2. Past ContinuousWe use Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past
was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple
Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in
time.
Past Continuous Tense formed with subject then followed by verb
phrase composed of forms of auxiliary be (were/was) and add the present
participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb.
For negative on Simple Past, we just put not before V-ing. And
interrogative sentence made by removing were/was forwards subject.
Look at the table below!
(+) S + were/was + V-ing + O/Adv
(-) S + were/was + Not + V-ing + O/Adv
(?) were/was + S + V-ing + O/Adv ?
We will find a lot of cases when the two tense forms were used in
one sentence. We can combining Simple Past and Past Continuous.
Examples
When my mother came, I was answering the phone.
The water ran out while I was tooth-brushing my teeth.
Time signal Past Continuous :
When While All...
3. Past PerfectThe Past Perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used
to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It can
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
11/22
A am Karnamah
Paper of Ten ses Page 8
also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. We
can combining Simple Past and Past Perfect.
Examples
After I had locked the door, I went to school
You had studied English before you moved to New York.
Past Perfect formed with subject then followed by verb phrase
composed of forms of auxiliary had and add the past participle (VIII)
then followed by object/adverb.
For Negative on Past Perfect, we just put not before VIII. And
interrogative sentence made by removing had forwards subject. Look at
the table below!
(+) S + had + VIII + O/Adv
(-) S + had + Not + VIII + O/Adv
(?) had + S + VIII + O/Adv ?
Time signal Past Perfect: Before after until as soon as
4. Past Perfect ContinuousWe use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started
in the past and continued up until another time in the past. However, the
duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the
past.
Examples
You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she
finally arrived.
She had been working at that company for three years when it went
out of business.
John was very tired. He had been running.
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
12/22
A am Karnamah
Paper of Ten ses Page 9
Past Perfect Continuous Tense formed with subject then followed
by verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary had and add been before
the present participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb.
For negative on Present Perfect Continuous, we just put not before
Verb-ing. And interrogative sentence made by removing had forwards
subject. Look at the table below!
(+) S + had been + V-ing + O/Adv
(-) S + had been + Not + V-ing + O/Adv
(?) had + S + been + V-ing + O/Adv ?
Time signal Past Perfect Continuous :
When Until
2.3 FUTURE TENSE
1. Simple FutureWe use the simple future tense for actions that will happen in the
future or to make a prediction about the future.
examples:
I think he will phone me later
It will rain tomorrow.
People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
In general Simple Future Tense formed with subject then followed
by will (all subject) / shall (I, we) and add VerbI (infinitive), then
followed by object/adverb.
For negative sentences in Simple Future Tense, we insert not
between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For interrogative sentences
made by removing will/shall forwards subject. Look at the table below!
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
13/22
A am Karnamah
Paper of Tenses Page 10
(+) S + will/shall + VI + O/Adv
(-) S + will/shall + Not + VI + O/Adv
(?) Will/shall + S + VI + O/Adv ?
Sometimes we use form be going to on simple future to replace
will/shall, but be going to and will/shall express different meanings. We
use will/shall express on future simple tense when there is no plan or
decision to do something before we speak. While, be going to for future
event that has been planned before the time of speaking.
Examples:
I am going to go to London this coming May.
Deni is going to send his application tomorrow.
Time signal Simple Future :
Tomorrow Next... Immediately Soon
This... Today Tonight Later this...
2. Future ContinuousWe use the Future Continuous Tense expresses action at a
particular moment in the future. The action will start before that moment
but it will not have finished at that moment.
Examples:
Tomorrow I will starting work at 2 pm and stop work at 6 pm
We also use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action
in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future.
Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:
I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
14/22
A am Karnamah
Paper of Tenses Page 11
Future Continuous Tense formed with subject then followed by
verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary will/shall be and add the
present participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb.
For negative sentences in Future Continuous, we insert not
between will/shall and be. For interrogative sentences made by removing
will/shall forwards subject. Look at the table below!
(+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing + O/Adv
(-) S + will/shall + Not + be + V-ing + O/Adv
(?) Will/shall + S + be + V-ing + O/Adv ?
Time signal Future Continuous :
At this time tomorrow At these hours tomorrow afternoon At six oclock tomorrow morning At eight oclock tonight At this time next year
Note : time signal which used Future Continuous more specific than
Simple Future
3. Future PerfectWe use the Future Perfect talks about the past in the future,
expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the
future.
Examples:
I will have arrived at the office by 8.
By next November, I will have received my promotion.
Future Perfect formed with subject then followed by verb phrase
composed of forms of auxiliary will/shall and add have before the past
participle (VIII) then followed by object/adverb.
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
15/22
A am Karnamah
Paper of Tenses Page 12
For negative sentences in Future Perfect, we insert not between
will/shall and have. For interrogative sentences made by removing
will/shall forwards subject. Look at the table below!
(+) S + will/shall + have + VIII + O/Adv
(-) S + will/shall + Not + have + VIII + O/Adv
(?) Will/shall + S + have + VIII + O/Adv ?
Time signal Future Perfect :
By4. Future Perfect Continuous
We use the Future Perfect Continuous tense to express situations
that will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the
future. We also use this tense to express certainty about the cause of some
future situation.
Examples:
I will have been swimming by 9 am tomorrow.
Before they come, we will have been cleaning the house for 5
hours.
Future Perfect Continuous formed with subject then followed by
verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary will/shall andadd havebeen
before the present participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb.
For negative sentences on Future Perfect Continuous, we insert not
between will/shall and have been. For interrogative sentences made by
removing will/shall forwards subject. Look at the table below!
(+) S + will/shall + have been + V-ing + O/Adv
(-) S + will/shall + Not + have been + V-ing + O/Adv
(?) Will/shall + S + have been + V-ing + O/Adv ?
Time signal Future Perfect Continuous :
By
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
16/22
A am Karnamah
Paper of Tenses Page 13
For When...before...
2.4WH-QUESTIONSFor open questions and needs more information in the answer, we use
question words to ask certain types of questions. We often called WH-
questions. There are WH-questions - what, when, where, which, who, whom,
whose, why andhow.
We use what when asking for information about something, noun,
name of the person, profession. We use when to ask about the time that
something happened or will happen. We use where to ask questions about
place or position. We use which when asking about choice. We use who
(subject) or whom (object) when asking about someone's identity. We use
whose to ask about possession. We use why to ask for a reason. We use how
to asking about manner, condition or quality. And the derivative of how, there
are: howmuch/many to asking about quantity. We use howfar to asking
about distance andhow long to asking about length (time or space).
What, which and whose can be used with or without a noun as a
question word. Whom can only be used to elicit information about the object
of the sentence.
Formula WH-questions formed with WH-questions then followed by
auxiliary, subject, Object/Complement. Look at the table below!
WH-questions + aux + S + Object/Complement?
Examples:
What is your name?
What homework will you do tonight?
When have you been to London?
Where have they been?
Which colour do you want?
Who opened the door?
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
17/22
A am Karnamah
Paper of Tenses Page 14
Whose turn is it?
Why don't you help her?
How was your exam?
How long will it take?
2.5 THE EXERCISES
Topic : Food
Question (I) Answer (Yolanda)
1. What your favorite food? My favorite food is fried chicken.2. Why do you like it? Because I think fried chicken is very
delicious.
3. Where do you usually buy it? I usually buy it in Oriental Restaurant.4. With whom you buy it? I buy it with my mother.5. Have u ever made it yourself? Yes, I have.6. When did you make it? I made it in last week.
7.
How did you make it?
After chicken has been cut and spiced
then fried it.
8. How long did you make it? I made it about 1 hour.9. Who accompanied you to cook it? I was accompanied by my grandmother.10.When will you cook fried chicken
again?I will cook it in next week.
Narration :
Yolandas favorite food is fried chicken. She likes fried chicken because she feel it
is very delicious. She usually buys it in Oriental Restaurant with her mother. She
have ever made it herself in last week. She explained how to make fried chicken,
after chicken has been cut and spiced then fried. She was accompanied by her
grandmother while she was cooking. And she is going to cook fried chicken again in
next week.
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
18/22
Topic : Hobby
Question (I) Answer (Ika)
1. What your hobby? My hobby is shopping.2. Why do you like shopping? Because I like hang out with my friends.3. Where do you usually go shopping? I usually go shopping to Grage Mall.4. How many times do you go
shopping in month?
I usually go to shopping four times in a
month.
5. Have you ever gone shoppingalone?
No, I havent.
6. When did you go there last time? I went to there last week.7. With whom go to there last week? I went with my classmate.8. Who is her name? She is Indah.9. What things will you buy if you go
shopping again?I will buy baby clothes.
10.Whose baby will you be boughtbaby clothes?
My sisters baby.
Narration :
Ikas hobby is shopping. She likes shopping because she likes hang out with her
friends. She usually goes shopping to Grage Mall four times in a month. She never
goes alone. Last time she was going to there in last week with her classmate, Indah.
And she is going to buy baby clothes for her sisters baby if she will go shopping
again.
Topic : Doll
Question (I) Answer (Yulianti)
1. Whose doll is that? Its my daughters doll.2. What kind of doll your daugther
like?She likes Piglet.
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
19/22
3. Why she like Piglet? She likes Piglet because I think Piglet isso cute and funny.
4. How many doll of Piglet does shehave?
She has 20 Piglet.
5. Where did you buy doll of Piglet? I bought it in baby shop.6. Who has she given Piglet in fist
time?My husband gave it for her.
7. Have you ever takes her to preferdoll self in baby shop?
Yes, I have.
8. How her feel while done it? She is very happy.9. With whom her done it? She was doing it with her bother.10.When will you buy doll again for
her?
I will buy doll of piglet again in her
second birthday.
Narration :
That doll is doll of Yuliantis daughter and she likes doll of Piglet. She likes it
because Yulianti think Piglet is so cute and funny. She has 20 doll of Piglet that it
was bought by Yulianti in baby shop. In fist time she was given doll by her father.
She has ever taken to prefer doll self with her bother. Yulianti will buy doll again in
her second birthday.
Topic : Friend
Question (I) Answer (Kasirih)
1. Do you have close friend? Yes, I do.2. Whats her name? Her name is Farida.3. How many rose do you have? I have 10 pots4. Which colour5.6.
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
20/22
7.8.9.10.
Narration :
Kasirih has a close friend, namely Farida. They have
Topic : Comic
Question (I) Answer (Zahro)
1. Are you comic lovers? Yes, I am.2. What comic do you like? I like Detective Conan comic.3. Who characters do you like in that
comic?I like Shinichi Kudo.
4. Why do you like Detective Conancomic?
Because its very interesting to read.
5. How your feel if you read thatcomic?
I was so curious while I was reading it.
6. Which comic was you make socurious?
I was so curious while I was reading
Detective Conan comic vol. 56
7. How many comic do you have? I have 20 comics of Detective Conancomic.
8. Where did you buy it? I bought it in Gramedia book store.9. Do you always buy Detective
Conan comic every published?No, I dont.
10.When will you buy comic again? I will buy comic again next month.Narration :
Zahro is a comic lover. She likes Detective Conan comic and in that comic she likes
Shinichi Kudos character. She likes that comic because its very interesting to read.
She was so curious while she was reading it, especially Detective Conan comic vol.
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
21/22
56. She has 20 comic of Detective Conan that bought in Gramedia book store. But
she not always buys Detective Conan comic. She will buy comic again next month.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
From results discussion about tenses, so we have reviewed conclude that
in using tenses we need to know form of verbs, because form of verbs is whatdistinguishes the use of tenses with other tenses. The form of verbs are verb
infinitive, simple present (VI), present participle (V-ing), Past (VII) and past
participle (VIII).
Each we find be (be, am, is, are, was, were, been), the verb that followed
by present participle (V-ing), except for the passive voice. And each we find have
(have, has, had), the verb that followed by past participle (VIII). And after
auxiliary future, the verb that followed by verb infinitive. And for simple tense,
the verb that followed by VI for simple present and VII for simple past.
in reality, not all tenses are 16 tenses that we use, we only use 12 tenses
just as often it was not simple present, simple past, simple future and present
continuous.
-
7/30/2019 Paper Structure
22/22
REFERENCES
Prayitno, A.M. 2009. Mastering English Language. East Jakarta :
Yayasan Terapan Kuanta Indonesia.
Sulistyo, Ule and Inet Gunawan. 2012. 16 Tenses & Their Secrets. West
Jakarta : PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer.
http://en.wikipedia.org
http://mengerjakantugas.blogspot.com
http://www.eclecticenglish.com
http://www.englishclub.com
http://www.englishpage.com
http://www.learnenglish.de