PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL...
Transcript of PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL...
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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
MODULE No.10: CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO OB
Subject Commerce
Paper No and Title 1: Management Concepts & Organizational Behaviour
Module No and Title 10: Contributing Disciplines to OB
Module Tag COM_P1_M10
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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
MODULE No.10: CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO OB
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Learning Outcomes
2. Introductions
3. Contributing disciplines to organisational behaviour
a. Psychology
b. Sociology:
c. Social psychology
d. Anthropology
e. Political sciences
f. Economics
g. Medicine
4. Summary
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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
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1. Learning Outcomes
After studying the contributions of various fields of behavioural sciences towards
organizational behaviour, the students may be able to:
1. Analyse the role of Psychology and Social Psychology in predicting the
individual behaviour and its impact on improving individual and organizational
performance.
2. Apply sociological concepts in understanding the group dynamics and its
functioning and its effect on organizational effectiveness.
3. Interpret the Organizational culture from anthropological perspectives and apply
its methodology to understand the formation of organizational culture and its
development.
4. Understand the contributions of political science to study the dynamics of power
bases, formation of conflicts and conflict resolutions strategies etc.
5. Understand the design of organizational structure by using the concepts of
economics and apply medicinal concepts for the wellbeing of individual and
organisation.
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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
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2. Introduction
Organizational behavior (OB) refers to the study of human behaviour in organisational
settings. Since, organisation influences an individual and is influenced by the individual;
one cannot study individual behaviour in isolation. Thus, Stephen P Robins defines ‘OB
is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have
on behavior within an organization, and then applies that knowledge for organisational
betterment.’
People do not work in isolation. When they join an organisation, they come in contact
with other people and the organisation. When come in contact with managers, colleagues,
organisational policies, formal structure with their prior experience, values, culture etc.,
they change. The organisation is also affected by their presence, and eventual absence, of
the individual. Hence, the study of organisational behaviour should consider the ways in
which the individual and the organisation interact.
OB can be defined is an applied behavioural science which is developed from
contributions from a number of behavioural disciplines such as Sociology, Psychology
anthropology, social psychology, and political science. These are the predominant areas.
Each of these disciplines is said to be concerned with human behaviour and nature, there
are only few commonly accepted theories between them
The behavioural scientists are in the process of continuous research to enhance the
predictability of behaviour. People and environments tends to change, their work majorly
focuses to know how most people will tend to behave in a given set of circumstances and
conditions. A different methodology is applied by each discipline to the prediction
problem, and each helps managers with insight into such important areas as individual
differences, cultural influences, motivation and organisational design.
3. CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO ORGANISATINAL
BEHAVIOUR
3.1 Psychology
Psychology is a science of individual behaviour. The term ‘psychology’ is derived from
the Greek word ‘psyche’, which means ‘soul’ or ‘spirit’. It has the maximum influence on
the field of organizational behaviour. Almost all aspects of behaviour are studied by
psychologist. Psychologists are predicting the behaviour of individuals to great extent by
observing the interrelationship of personal, environmental and situational factors learning
theorists, personality theorists, counseling psychologists and most important, industrial
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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
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and organizational psychologist are the people who have
contributed and continue to enhance the knowledge of OB.
Areas of interest in the field of psychology are:
General Psychology
Industrial Psychology
Experimental Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Consumer Psychology
Personality Psychology
Counseling Psychology
Educational Psychology
Understanding Psychological principles help significantly in gaining the knowledge of
determinants of behaviour are attitude, motivation, learning, training process, leadership
determinants of individual behaviour. The major areas researched to understand the
effectiveness, job satisfaction, emotions, individual decision making, performance
appraisal, attitude measurement, employee selection, job design and work stress.
Improvement in personal skill, changes in attitude and development positive approach to
organizational systems can be made if study is conducted in these areas. If one want to
improve the behaviour of an individual on group we have to look into the psychological
needs of an individual and group. Hence the knowledge of psychology can really help in
modifying and improving the behavior of individual and group. If the psychological
satisfaction is given to the people if the Psychological needs are fulfilled and also give
peace of mind, which can improve the ability of an organization
A number of psychological tests are conducted in the organizations for selection of
employees, measuring personality attributes and aptitude. A number of other dimensions
human personality are also measured. The instruments used are scientific and are
finalized after a lot of research.
The most important attributes of psychology includes the emphasis on the scientific study
of behavior. Psychologists understand behaviour on the basis of demonstrable, rational
cause-effect relationships. Motivation and learning are the main focus of psychology,
there immediate applications to the organizational behavior are numerous and
widespread.
3.2 Sociology:
Sociology is the study of social behaviour and relationship among social groups and
societies, and the maintenance of social order. The major focus of sociologists is on
studying the social systems in which individuals fill their roles. The focus of attention is
centered on group dynamics. Sociological concepts, theories, models and techniques help
significantly to study group behaviour in organisations, group dynamics, design of work
teams, organisational culture, formal organisational theory and structure, organisational
technology, communications, power and conflict.
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Sociology deals with the following:
1. Human interaction and this interaction is the key influencing factor among people
in social settings.
2. Study of plural behaviour. Plurality pattern of behaviour can be defined as two or
more interacting persons constitute a plural behavior.
3. The systematic study of social systems. A social system is an operational social
unit that is structured to serve a purpose.
Thus, sociologist viewed organizations as consists of a variety of people with different
roles, status and degree of authority.
3.3 Social Psychology
The study of human behaviour in the context of social situations can be defined as social
psychology. The behavioral patterns that take place when an individual takes part in a
group are studied. It mixes concepts from sociology and psychology and it determines
the focus of individuals on one another. Social psychology is social can be
determined from the f that it deals with how people are affected by other people who
are actually physically present or who are imagined to be present or even whose
presence is implied.
In general, sociology focuses on how organizations, social categories, groups and
societies are organized, how they function and change. The unit of analysis is the group
as a whole rather than the individuals who compose the group. Social Psychology deals
with many of the same phenomenal but seeks to explain whole individual human
interaction and human cognition influences culture and is influenced by culture. The unit
of analysis is the individual within the group. In reality, some forms of sociology are
closely related to social psychology.
Social Psychologists take up study of wide range of subjects range of topics including
prejudice, inter-group behavior, discrimination, stereotyping, sexism and racism, small
groups, social categories, crowd behavior, social conflict, social change, decision making
conformity, persuasion, power, influence, obedience, etc. Among them the most critical
topics relevant to organizational behavior field are behavioral change, attitude change,
communication, group process and group decision making. It basically concern with how
to implement something and how to reduce barriers to its acceptance.
3.4 Anthropology
It is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities. It is concerned
with the interactions between people and their environments, especially their cultural
environment. Culture is a major influence on the structure of organisations as well as on
the behaviour of people within organisations. The way in which people view environment
is a part of culture. Culture includes all ideas which are shared by groups of individuals
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and languages by which these ideas are communicated.
Hence, culture can be defined as a system of learned behavior. The study on environment
and culture helps us to know differences in basic and important attitudes, values, and
behaviour between people in different countries and organisations.
The world has numerous number of anthropologists, and human should be studied in a
natural habitat. Knowing the importance of studying man in natural settings over time
enables one to grasp the range of anthropology. They contribute to study the given
aspects in organizational settings – comparative attitudes, comparative values and cross-
cultural analysis between or among the employees.
3.5 Political Sciences:
Contributions of political scientist are significant to the understanding of behavior in
organizations. Political scientists understand the individual behavior and group’s
behavior in a political environment. Their contribution lies in understanding the dynamics
of power structuring of conflict and conflict resolutions tactics, power centers, allocation
of power and how people manipulate power for individual self interest.
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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
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In a business field, theme of interest to political scientists include how and why people
acquire power, political behaviour, decision-making, conflict, the behaviour of interest
groups, and coalition formation.
The knowledge of political science can be utilized to the study the behavior of
employees, executives at micro as well as macro level.
3.6 Economics
Economists study the distribution, consumption, and production of goods and services.
Economics contributes to the behavior of organization by designing the organizational
structure. Organization and its structure is influenced by transaction cost economics. The
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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
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costs components which makes an exchange on the
market is known as transaction cost economics. It identifies the extent to which the
organization structure and size varies in result to attempts to avoid market failures
through lowering production and transaction costs within the limits of human and
environmental factors.
Economic Pressures determine the suitable structure either through markets, hybrid
network structures or hierarchy to organise transactions effectively. A firm can be
deselected from the market if there failure to organize in the best way possible. The
environment are dynamic, organization must respond to change its structure. Shifts from
large firm hierarchies to networks or to market relations are in terms of changing
conditions of the economising function. Labour market dynamics, productivity, human
resource planning and forecasting, and cost-benefit analysis are the common interests
shared by economist.
3.7 Medicine
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Medicine is the applied science of healing or treatment of
diseases to enhance an individual's health and well-being. It has come into play in
connection with the study of human behaviour at work, specifically in the study of stress.
Behaviour of individual and lifestyle patterns play an important role in treating chronic
diseases than treating acute diseases.
These trends have contributed to the growth of wellness programmes in the context of
corporate medicine. These programmes have led to the increasing attention to medicine
in organisational behaviour. Increasingly, research is showing that controlling the causes
and consequences of stress in and out of organisational settings is important for the well-
being of the individual as well as the organisation.
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PAPER No.1: MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS AND ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
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Summary
The behavioral sciences have a significant impact on the field of organizational behavior.
Contemporary organisational behaviour has an interdisciplinary focus. It draws a
reference from other fields and attempts to describe behaviour. Behavioural science
provides a systematic base of theories and theory building to explain behavior and gives
an empirical support to study individuals, group, and organization. Effort are made for
the communication of theories, ideas and research to managers who are practicing.