Paper Bonaccorsi and rosi
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Transcript of Paper Bonaccorsi and rosi
Master on Free Software
Companies and Communities in FLOSS
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Why profit-oriented companies enter the OS field? Intrinsic vs. extrinsic incentives
Cristina Rossi and, Andrea Bonaccorsi 2005
Master on Free Software
Overview
● Introduction● Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in FLOSS● Discrepancy Between Attitudes and Behaviours● Four Different Groups of Firms● Conclusions
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Introduction
● Rossi and Bonaccorsi are economists● Relations between companies and communities
in Floss are studied by:● Software engineers● Economists● Sociologists● Psychologists● Lawyers
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Introduction
● Incentives of firms that engage in the field● Empirical evidence
● Survey on 146 Italian companies● Community-based incentives not into practice● Attitudes vs. Behaviours
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Introduction
● If I say...
Companies know how to act, but then they go and do something else
● What do you think?
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Introduction
Let's come up with a list of fun and for profit motivations for individuals
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Introduction
● Extrinsic motivations for developers● Low opportunity costs● Monetary rewards● Reputation among peers● Future career benefits● Learning● Contributions from the community● Technological concerns● Filling an unfilled market
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Introduction
● Intrinsic motivations for developers● Creative pleasure● Altruism● Sense of belonging to the community● Fight against proprietary software
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Introduction
● How about companies?● They are composed by individuals● Even intrinsically motivated individuals may serve to a profit orientation in their company
● Why would they allocate employees in the production of a collective good?
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Introduction
Let's come up with a list of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for companies
Master on Free Software
Introduction
● Extrinsic motivations for companies● Independence from price and license policies of large software companies
● Supply of software-related services● Indirect revenues by selling related products● Exploitation of the R&D activity from the developers' and the other OS firms
● Software testing by the users' community● Availability of good OSS technicians● Lower hardware costs● Security concerns
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Introduction
● Intrinsic motivations for companies● NONE!!
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Introduction
No, seriously...
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Introduction
● Intrinsic motivations for companies● Conforming to the values of the OSS community (not betraying developers' trust)
● Code sharing with the community (reciprocating to sustain cooperation)
● Fight for software freedom (reducing market power of large software companies)
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Introduction
● Some questions of this study● If companies say that they are intrinsic-driven, do they really act as such?
● If there is discrepancy, is there a characterization?
● If there is not such discrepancy, is there a characterization?
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in FLOSS
● The study● Collection of data from 146 companies● Small companies (1 – 300 employees)● Young companies (51% born after 1998)● Survey, mark 1 agree – 5 disagree● EM 1 – 8 ● IM 1 – 3
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in FLOSS
Let's take a look at EM 1 – 5
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in FLOSS
● OSS allows small enterprises to afford innovation 4.0● Contributions from the OSS community are useful to fix bugs and improve software 3.9● OSS is reliable and of high quality 3.9● Independence from price and license policies of the large software companies 3.8● Availability of good IT specialists in the field of OSS 3.4
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in FLOSS
Let's take a look at EM 6 – 8
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in FLOSS
● Studying the code written by other programmers (using it for new solutions) 3.3● Gaining a reputation among customers and competitors by opening the code 3.1● Having products not available on the proprietary software market 3.0
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in FLOSS
They take (EM 1 – 5) from the community but they do not learn from the community (EM 6 – 8)
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in FLOSS
Let's take a look at IM 1 – 3
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in FLOSS
● Agreement with the values of the OSS movement 3.8● Placing source code and skills at disposal of the OSS community 3.4● Thinking that software should not be a proprietary assets 3.0
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in FLOSS
Do they believe in OSS or is just something they have to deal with?
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in FLOSS
Do you have the feeling that what they do is aimed at sustaining cooperation with developers?
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Attitudes vs Behaviours
● Discrepancy between attitudes and behaviours● In order to compare what they say with what they do
Let's come up with a list of metrics for involvement in OSS
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Attitudes vs Behaviours
● Social links with the OSS community● OSS developers the firm has social contact with 2 (mean)
● Reliability attached to the information received by them 4.1 (1 - 5)
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Attitudes vs Behaviours
● Involvement in OSS advertising activities● Time devoted to OSS advertising activities 42.6 days a year (mean)
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Attitudes vs Behaviours
● Participation in OSS projects● Projects joined since the very start of the OSS activities 3.8 (mean)
● Projects joined in 2002 1.6 (mean)● Projects coordinated since the very start of the OSS activities 1.1 (mean)
● Projects coordinated during 2002 0.5 (mean)● Percentage of LOCs contributed on average to each project 10.6%
● Contributions incorporated in project official versions 6.9 (mean)
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Attitudes vs Behaviours
It does not look like they really get involved
They look more like takers than like givers
They all advertise their activities to a similar extent
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Attitudes vs Behaviours
● The study takes then a closer look at the correlations between attitudes and behaviours● In general, saying that they will does not mean that they really will, does it?
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Attitudes vs Behaviours
● They set up a classification from these results● Non Community Oriented Firms 34.2%● Incognito Community Oriented Firms 8.9%● Community-Oriented Firms 18.5%● Opportunistic Firms 30.8%
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Attitudes vs Behaviours
● Non Community Oriented Firms 34.2%● No problem, they are coherent● They act as takers● They are profit-driven
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Attitudes vs Behaviours
● Incognito Community Oriented Firms 8.9%● Poor empirical evidence in this study (13)● They are consistent with their interests● They may be forced to keep the link with the developers
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Attitudes vs Behaviours
● Community-Oriented Firms 18.5%● Intriguing● They are early adopters● They have the best connections with the community
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Attitudes vs Behaviours
● Opportunistic Firms 30.8%● Extrinsic nature of community-oriented acts● They are not consistent with their sayings
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Attitudes vs Behaviours
So...
What do you think could be the reason for community-oriented firms to act like they do?
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Attitudes vs Behaviours
● The study presents an hypothesis
“Firms whose promoting partners have been previously involved in Open Source activities on
an individual basis are more likely to show community-based attitudes and to behave
consistently with them”
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Attitudes vs Behaviours
● The hypothesis is tested to find that:● 80% of community-oriented firms are likely to be started by open source developers
● They know how to behave and they do it● 60% of opportunistic firms are likely to be started by open source developers
● They know how to pretend and they do it
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Conclusions
● Companies sometimes pretend they care● Companies sometimes care● Companies are starting to learn how to behave like hackers
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Conclusions
What do you think?