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![Page 1: Paola Gianotti - LNF Antiproton Physics @ GSI Overview of the GSI Future Project Scientific Areas and Goals The Antiproton Physics Program Charmonium.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051401/56649dbc5503460f94aae902/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Paola Gianotti - LNFPaola Gianotti - LNF
Antiproton Physics @ GSIAntiproton Physics @ GSI
Overview of the GSI Future Project Scientific Areas and Goals The Antiproton Physics Program
Charmonium spectroscopyHybrids and glueballsMedium modification of hadronsHypernucleiFurther topics
The PANDA Detector concept Conlcusions
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Present GSI FacilityPresent GSI Facility
Energies
• Linear acc.: UNILAC < 20 MeV/u• Heavy-ion sync.: SIS 1-2 GeV/u• Storage&Cooler: ESR < 0.8 GeV/u
UNILAC SIS
FRS
ESR
3 injectors
HSI: 8mA Ar1+
18mA Ar10+
15mA U4+
2.5mA U28+
0.5mA U73+
Upgrade towards the Future Facility
Freqency (power):0.3 Hz 3 Hz
Space charge reduction (vacuum): U73+ U28+
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UNILAC SIS
FRS
ESR
SIS 100/200
HESR
SuperFRS
NESR
CR
p Target
GSI Future FacilityGSI Future Facility Primary Beams
• 238U28+ 1.5 GeV/u; 1012/s ions/pulse • 30 GeV protons; 2.5x1013/s
• 238U73+ up to 25 (- 35) GeV/u; 1010/s
Secondary Beams
• Broad range of radioactive beams up to 1.5 - 2 GeV/u• Antiprotons 3 (0) - 30 GeV
Storage and Cooler Rings
• Radioactive beams• e – A collider
• 1011 stored and cooled p 0.8 - 14.5 GeV
• Cooled beams• Rapidly cycling superconducting magnets
Key Technical Features
• From protons to uranium- In future also atiprotons
• From 1MeV/u to 2 GeV/u- In future up to 30 GeV/u
• 109 to 1011 particles/cycle - In future 1012 particles/cycle• 0.1Hz to 1Hz repetition rate
- In future up to 3 Hz
• From protons to uranium- In future also atiprotons
• From 1MeV/u to 2 GeV/u- In future up to 30 GeV/u
• 109 to 1011 particles/cycle - In future 1012 particles/cycle• 0.1Hz to 1Hz repetition rate
- In future up to 3 Hz
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Research Activities at the GSI Future FacilityResearch Activities at the GSI Future Facility
Structure and Dynamics of Nuclei: Radioactive BeamsNucleonic matterNuclear astrophysics
Fundamental symmetries
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Research Activities at the GSI Future FacilityResearch Activities at the GSI Future Facility
Structure and Dynamics of Nuclei: Radioactive BeamsNucleonic matterNuclear astrophysics
Fundamental symmetries
Nuclear Matter and Quark Gluon Plasma: Relativistic HI BeamsNuclear phase diagramCompressed nuclear/strange matterDeconfinement and chiral symmetry
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Research Activities at the GSI Future FacilityResearch Activities at the GSI Future Facility
Nuclear Matter and Quark Gluon Plasma: Relativistic HI BeamsNuclear phase diagramCompressed nuclear/strange matterDeconfinement and chiral symmetry
Structure and Dynamics of Nuclei: Radioactive BeamsNucleonic matterNuclear astrophysics
Fundamental symmetries
Hadron Structure and Quark Gluon Dynamics: AntiprotonsNon-pertubative QCDQuark-gluon degrees of freedomConfinement and chiral symmetryHypernuclear physics
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Research Activities at the GSI Future FacilityResearch Activities at the GSI Future Facility
Nuclear Matter and Quark Gluon Plasma: Relativistic HI BeamsNuclear phase diagramCompressed nuclear/strange matterDeconfinement and chiral symmetry
Structure and Dynamics of Nuclei: Radioactive BeamsNucleonic matterNuclear astrophysics
Fundamental symmetries
Hadron Structure and Quark Gluon Dynamics: AntiprotonsNon-pertubative QCDQuark-gluon degrees of freedomConfinement and chiral symmetryHypernuclear physics
Physics of Dense Plasmas and Bulk Matter: Bunch CompressionProperties of high density plasmasPhase transitions and equation of stateLaser - ion interaction with and in plasmas
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SIS 18
Ion BeamHeating
Jupiter
Sun Surface
Magnetic Fusion
solid statedensity
Tem
pera
ture
[eV
]
Density [cm-3]
LaserHeating
PHELIX
Ideal plasm
as
Strongly co
upled
plasmas
Sun Core
InertialCofinement
Fusion
Research Activities at the GSI Future FacilityResearch Activities at the GSI Future Facility
Nuclear Matter and Quark Gluon Plasma: Relativistic HI BeamsNuclear phase diagramCompressed nuclear/strange matterDeconfinement and chiral symmetry
Structure and Dynamics of Nuclei: Radioactive BeamsNucleonic matterNuclear astrophysics
Fundamental symmetries
Hadron Structure and Quark Gluon Dynamics: AntiprotonsNon-pertubative QCDQuark-gluon degrees of freedomConfinement and chiral symmetryHypernuclear physics
Physics of Dense Plasmas and Bulk Matter: Bunch CompressionProperties of high density plasmasPhase transitions and equation of stateLaser - ion interaction with and in plasmas
Ultra High EM Fields and Applications: Ions & Petawatt LaserQED and critical fieldsIon - laser interactionIon - matter interaction
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Antiproton Physics ProgramAntiproton Physics Program
Charmonium (cc ) spectroscopy: precision measurements of mass, width, decay branches of all charmonium states, especially for extracting information on qq models of mesons.
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Antiproton Physics ProgramAntiproton Physics Program
Charmonium (cc ) spectroscopy: precision measurements of mass, width, decay branches of all charmonium states, especially for extracting information on qq models of mesons.
Search for gluonic excitations (charmed hybrids, glueballs) in the charmonium mass range (3 – 5 GeV/c2).
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Antiproton Physics ProgramAntiproton Physics Program
Charmonium (cc ) spectroscopy: precision measurements of mass, width, decay branches of all charmonium states, especially for extracting information on qq models of mesons.
Search for gluonic excitations (charmed hybrids, glueballs) in the charmonium mass range (3 – 5 GeV/c2).
Search for modifications of meson properties in the nuclear medium,and their possible relationship to the partial restoration of chiral symmetry for light quarks.
pionic atoms
KAOS/FOPI
HESR
π
K
D
vacuum nuclear mediumρρ
π+
π-
K-
K+
D+
D-
25 MeV
100 MeV
50 MeV
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Charmonium (cc ) spectroscopy: precision measurements of mass, width, decay branches of all charmonium states, especially for extracting information on qq models of mesons.
Search for gluonic excitations (charmed hybrids, glueballs) in the charmonium mass range (3 – 5 GeV/c2).
Search for modifications of meson properties in the nuclear medium,and their possible relationship to the partial restoration of chiral symmetry for light quarks.
D
50 MeVD
D+
vacuumvacuumnuclear mediumnuclear medium
π
K
25 MeV
100 MeV
K+
K
π
π
Precision -ray spectroscopy of single and double hypernuclei for Extracting information on their structure and on the hyperon-nucleon and hyperon-hyperon interaction.
Antiproton Physics ProgramAntiproton Physics Program
-3 GeV/c
KKTrigger
_
secondary target
p
-(dss) p(uud) → (uds) (uds)
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HESR - High Energy Storage RingHESR - High Energy Storage Ring
High luminosity mode High resolution mode
• p/p ~ 10-5 (electron cooling)• Lumin. = 1031 cm-2 s-1
• Lumin. = 2 x 1032 cm-2 s-1 • p/p ~ 10-4 (stochastic cooling)
• Production rate 2x107/sec
• Pbeam = 1 - 15 GeV/c
• Nstored = 5x1010 p
• Internal Target
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Charmonium spectroscopyCharmonium spectroscopy
Charmonium spectrumis becoming more clear…
• 5 new measurements of c mass
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Charmonium spectroscopyCharmonium spectroscopy
Even on the ground state on the simplest parameters thereare consistency problems…
Five new measurements published 2002-2003,four by e+e- experiments
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Charmonium spectroscopyCharmonium spectroscopy
Charmonium spectrumis becaming more clear…
• ’c unambiguously seen
• 5 new measurements of c mass
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Charmonium spectroscopyCharmonium spectroscopy
3580 3600 3620 3640 3660 3680
CBALL 86(2S)→X
’c
3637.7±4.4 MeV
BELLE 02B→K (KSK+π)
BELLE 03e+e-→J/ X
CLEO 03→KSK+π
BABAR 03→KSK+π
Mass (MeV)
New measurementsof mass are consistent!
tot = (19 ± 10) MeV
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Charmonium spectroscopyCharmonium spectroscopy
Charmonium spectrumis becaming more clear…
Open problems…
• 5 new measurements of c mass
• ’c unambiguously seen
• h1c not confirmed
•States above DD thr. are not well established
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Charmonium spectroscopyCharmonium spectroscopy
MassDecay
channelsstudied
Total BR seen (%)Decay
ChannelsWith error <30%
c 2979.9±1.0 20 26.1 0
’c 3637.7±4.4 1
J/ 3096.87±.04 134 41.5 84
’ 3685.96±.09 51 48.0 33
c0 3415.1±0.8 17 10.1 10
c1 3510.51±.12 12 4.0 4
c2 3556.18±.13 18 6.5 8
hc 2 ? 0
3769.9±2.5 2 ~ 0 1
4040±10 6 ~ 0 1
4159±20 1 ~ 0 0
4415±6 2 ~ 0 0
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3500 3520 MeV3510C
Ball
ev./
2 M
eV
100
ECM
CBallE835
1000
E 8
35
ev./
pb
c1
Charmonium PhysicsCharmonium Physics
e+e-→’→ 1,2
→ e+e-→ J
e+e- interactions:
- Only 1-- states are formed- Other states only by secondary decays (moderate mass resolution)
- All states directly formed (very good mass resolution)
→ J→ e+e
p p→ 1,2
pp reactions:
Br(e+e- → ) ·Br( → c) = 2.5 10-5Br(pp → c) = 1.2 10-3
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Exotic hadronsExotic hadrons
In the light meson spectrum exotic statesoverlap with conventional states
The QCD spectrum is much rich than that of the naive quark modelalso the gluons can act as hadron components
The “exotic hadrons” fall in 3 general categories:
(qq) gHybrids
Glueballs
(qq)(qq)Multiquarks
Exoti
c lig
ht
Exoti
c cc
1 -- 1-+
0 2000 4000MeV/c2
10-2
1
102
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Exotic hadronsExotic hadrons
In the light meson spectrum exotic statesoverlap with conventional states
In the cc meson spectrum the density of states is lower and therefore the overlap
The QCD spectrum is much rich than that of the naive quark modelalso the gluons can act as hadron components
The “exotic hadrons” fall in 3 general categories:
(qq) gHybrids
(qq)(qq)Multiquarks
Glueballs
Exoti
c lig
ht
Exoti
c cc
1 -- 1-+
0 2000 4000MeV/c2
10-2
1
102
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“
In the light meson region, about 10 states have been classified as“Exotics”. Almost all of them have been seen in pp…
OBELIXOBELIX
A.Bertin et al.,Physics Letters B385, (1996), 493. A.Bertin et al.,Physics Letters B400, (1997), 226.
A.Bertin et al.,Physics Letters B361, (1995), 187.
F.Nichitiu et al.,Physics Letters B545, (2002), 261.
Crystal BarrelCrystal Barrel
Exotic hadronsExotic hadrons
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Production
all JPC available
Formation
only selected JPC
Exotic states are produced with rates similar to qq conventional systems
All ordinary quantum numbers can be reached ~1 b
All ordinary quantum numbers can be reached ~1 b
p
p_
G
M
p
M
H
p_
p
M
H
p_
Even exotic quantum numbers can be reached ~100 pb
Even exotic quantum numbers can be reached ~100 pb
p
p_
G
p
p_
H
p
p_
H
Glueballs and HybridsGlueballs and Hybrids
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Gluonic excitations of the quark-antiquark-potential
may lead to bound states
LQCD:
– mH ~ 4.2-4.5 GeV ; JPC 1-+
Charmed HybridsCharmed Hybrids
Fluxtube-Model predicts HDD** (+c.c.) decaysIf mH<4290 MeV/c2→
H < 50 MeV/c2
Some exotics can decay neither to DD nor to DD* (+c.c.)– e.g.: JPC(H)=0+-
• fluxtube allowedc0,c0,c2,c2,
c,h1, h1c
• fluxtube forbiddenJ/f2,J/(ππ)S
– Small number of final states with small phase space
r0=0.5fm
BaBar and Belle would expect ~300 evts. each in 5 years not competitive
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• Light gg/ggg-systems are complicated to be identified
• Oddballs:exotic heavy glueballs– m(0+-) = 4740(50)(200) MeV– m(2+-) = 4340(70)(230) MeV
• Width unknown, but!– nature invests more likely in
mass than in momentum good prob. to see in charm channels
– Same run period as hybridsMorningstar und Peardon, PRD60 (1999) 034509Morningstar und Peardon, PRD56 (1997) 4043
GlueballsGlueballs
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MultiMulti--quarks statesquarks states
Recently, different experiments have reported evidences of an exotic baryon with K+n quantum numbers: +(1540); ~ 18 MeV
The+(1540) state cannot be a 3-quarks state. Its minimal quark content is (uudds)
n → K (K+n)n → K (K+n)
T.Nakano et al.,Phys. Rev. Lett. 91,012002 (2003).
KXe → (Kp)Xe’KXe → (Kp)Xe’
V.V. Barmin et al.,hep-ex/0304040.
d → (Kp)(K+n)d → (Kp)(K+n)
S. Stepanyan et al.,hep-ex/0307018.
Theorists [R.Jaffe & F.Wilezek (hep-ph/0307341), M.Karliner & Lipkin (hep-ph/0307343)] predict charm and bottom analogues of the +(1540):
c+ with mass 2985 ± 50 MeV
p could be a good tool to search for multiquark states
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Hadrons in nuclear matterHadrons in nuclear matter
One of the fundamental questions of QCD is the generation of
MASSThe light hadron masses are larger than the sum of the constituentquark masses!
Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking seems to play a decisive rolein the mass generation of light hadrons.
How can we check this?
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Hadrons in nuclear matterHadrons in nuclear matter
Since density increasein nuclear matter is possible a partial restoration of chiral symmetry Light quarks are sensitive to quark condensate
Evidence for mass changes of pions and kaons has been observed
Deeply bound pionic atoms
Nucleus-Nucleus CollisionsProton-Proton Collisions
K-
K+
K-
K+
f*π= 0.78fπ
Kaon-production environments
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pionic atoms
KAOS/FOPI
HESR
π
K
D
vacuum nuclear mediumρ = ρ0
π+
π-
K-
K+
D+
D-
25 MeV
100 MeV
50 MeV
Mass modifications of mesons
With p beam up to 15GeV/c these studieswill be extensed
Subthreshold enhancement for D and Dmeson productionexpected signal:
strong enhancement of the D-meson cross section, relative D+ D- yields, in the near/sub-threshold region.
Hadrons in nuclear matterHadrons in nuclear matter
pp→ D+D-
10-2
10-1
1
10
102
103
(nb)
4 5 6 7
D+
D-
T (GeV)
in-medium
free masses
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Hadrons in nuclear matterHadrons in nuclear matter
• The lowering of the DD thresh.
– allow ’,c2 charmonium states
to decay into this channel
3
GeV/c2 Mass
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
(13D1)
(13S1)
c(11S0)
(33S1)
c1(13P1)c1(13P0)
DD3,743,64
3,54
vacuum1ρ0
2ρ0
thus resulting in a substantial increase of width of these states
c2(13P2)
(23S1)
– states above DD thresh. would have larger width
• Idea– Study relative changes of yield and width of the charmonium
state (3770). BR into l+l- (10-5 in free space)
Predictions by Ye.S. Golubeva et al., Eur.Phys.J. A 17,(2003)275
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J/J/ Absorption in Nuclei Absorption in Nuclei
e
e+
J/
p Important for the understanding of
heavy ion collisions– Related to QGP
Reaction– p + A J/ + (A-1) →e+e-
A complete set of measurements could be done
– J/,‘, J on different nuclear target
– Longitudinal and transverse Fermi-distribution is measurable
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s
ud
s
dd
s
ds
s
ss
0
• Use pp Interaction to produce a hyperon “beam” (t~10-10 s) which is tagged by the antihyperon or its decay products
Hypernuclear PhysicsHypernuclear Physics
_
(Kaidalov & Volkovitsky)
quark-gluon string model
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-capture:
- p + 28 MeV-
3 GeV/c
Kaons _
trigger
p_
2. Slowing down and capture
of insecondary
target nucleus
2. Slowing down and capture
of insecondary
target nucleus
1.Hyperon-
antihyperonproduction
at threshold
1.Hyperon-
antihyperonproduction
at threshold+28MeV
3. -spectroscopy
with Ge-detectors
3. -spectroscopy
with Ge-detectors
Production of Double HypernucleiProduction of Double Hypernuclei
-(dss) p(uud) (uds) (uds)
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ExpectedExpected Counting Rate Counting Rate
Ingredients (golden events)─ luminosity 2·1032 cm-2s-1 ─ +- cross section 2mb for pp 700 Hz─ p (100-500 MeV/c) p500 0.0005– + reconstruction probability 0.5– stopping and capture probability pCAP 0.20– total captured - 3000 / day
– - to -nucleus conversion probability p 0.05– total hypernucleus production 4500 /month
– gamma emission/event, p 0.5– -ray peak efficiency pGE 0.1
• ~7/day „golden“ -ray events (+ trigger)• ~700/day with KK trigger
high resolution -spectroscopy of double hypernuclei will be feasible
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Other physics topicsOther physics topics
Cross section σ ≈ 2.5pb @ s ≈10 GeV2
L = 2·1032 cm-2 s-1→ 103 events per month
• Reversed Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering
• CP-violation (D/ – sector)- D0D0 mixing
SM prediction < 10-8
- compare angular decay asymmetries for
SM prediction ~ 2·10-5
• Rare D-decays:D+→+ (BR 10-4)
W+
c
d
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QCD systems to be studied at HESRQCD systems to be studied at HESR//
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Final state Cross section # rec. events
Meson resonance + anything
100b 1010
50b 1010
2b 108
DD 250nb 107
J/(→e+e-,+-) 630nb 109
(→ J/) 3.7nb 107
cc 20nb 107
cc 0.1nb 105
HESR/ expected counting ratesHESR/ expected counting rates
One year of data taking ≈ 1-2(fb)-1
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Competition Competition BES, BNL, CLEO-C, DaBES, BNL, CLEO-C, Dane, Hall-D, JHFne, Hall-D, JHF
Topic Competitor
ConfinementCharmonium
all cc states with high resolution
CLEO-C only 1–– statesformed
Gluonic Excitations
charmed hybridsheavy glueballs
CLEO-C light glueballsHall-D light hybrids
Nuclear Interactions
D-mass shiftJ/ absorption (T~0)
Dane K-mass shift
Hypernuclei-spectroscopy of- and -hypernuclei
BNL indirect evidence only JHF single HN
Open Charm Physics
Rare D-DecaysCP-physics in Hadrons
CLEO-C rare D-Decays CP-physics in D-Mesons
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Detector requests:
• nearly 4π solid angle (partial wave analysis)• high rate capability (2107 annihilations/s)• good PID (, e, , π, K, p)• momentum resolution (~1%)• vertex info for D, K0
S, (c= 317 m for D)• efficient trigger (e, , K, D, )• modular design (Hypernuclei experiments)
General Purpose DetectorDetector
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PANDA DetectorPANDA Detector
target spectrometer forward spectrometer
micro vertexdetector
electromagneticcalorimeter
DIRC:Detecting InternallyReflectedCherenkov light
straw tubetracker
mini driftchambers
muon counter
Solenoidalmagnet
iron yoke
The costs for the detector are estimated to be 28 M€, including 13 M€ for the most costly component, the electromagnetic calorimeter.
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PANDA DetectorPANDA Detector
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TargetTarget
• A fiber/wire target will be needed for D physics,• An internal cluster-jet/pellet target is under study:
1016 atoms/cm2 for D=20-40 m
Pellet target layoutPellet target layout
Cluster-jet target layoutCluster-jet target layout
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Conversion Prob: ~3%,primary e+e- ~3.6%
Micro Micro VertexVertex DetectorDetector
beam pipe
pelle
t/cl
ust
er
pip
e
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Hypernuclear Physics: Vertex DetectorHypernuclear Physics: Vertex Detector
Development of a Super Segmented Clover Detector for the VEGA array
High photopeak efficiency (ph > 0.3) Good angular resolution to increase Doppler correction capability (up to v/c ~ 0.5)
High rate capability Fast background rejection Operation into high magnetic fields
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Central Tracking DetectorsCentral Tracking Detectors
Light materials, self supporting structure!
Light materials, self supporting structure!
Example event pp → → 4K
• 9000 straw tubes• 15 double layers• 2-14 layers are with angle between 4-9o
• tube length –1.5 m• tube diameters – 4, 6, 8 mm
• 9000 straw tubes• 15 double layers• 2-14 layers are with angle between 4-9o
• tube length –1.5 m• tube diameters – 4, 6, 8 mm
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PID with DIRCPID with DIRC
(DIRC@BaBar)
(DIRC@BaBar)
GEANT4 simulation
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Electromagnetic CalorimeterElectromagnetic Calorimeter
Length = 17 X0
APD readout (in field)
pp J/
e/π-Separation
PbWO4- CsI(Tl) - BGO
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Muon DetectorMuon Detector
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Forward SpectrometerForward Spectrometer
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HADES@GSIHADES@GSI
• 6 layers of sense wires in• 3 double layers (y,u,v)• not stretched radially (mass)• realized at HADES
– high counting rates
– position resolution 70m
Tracking: Forward MDCTracking: Forward MDC
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Radiator n=1.02
Multi pad gas detector
Mismatch photons CsI photon conversion
LHCbLHCb
proximity focusing mirrorsproximity focusing mirrors
PID: Forward RICHPID: Forward RICH
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PANDA CollaborationPANDA Collaboration
•At present a group of 150 physicists
from 40 institutions of 9 Countries.
Bochum, Bonn, Brescia, Catania, Cracow, Dresden, Dubna I + II, Edinburg, Erlangen,
Ferrara, Frascati, Franhfurt, Genova, Giessen, Glasgow, KVI Groningen, GSI, FZ Jülich I + II,
Los Alamos, Mainz, Milano, TU München, Münster, Northwestern, BINP Novosibirsk, Pavia,
Silesia, Stockolm, Torino I + II, Torino Politecnico,Trieste, TSL Uppsala, Tübingen,
Uppsala, SINS Warsaw, AAS Wien
Bochum, Bonn, Brescia, Catania, Cracow, Dresden, Dubna I + II, Edinburg, Erlangen,
Ferrara, Frascati, Franhfurt, Genova, Giessen, Glasgow, KVI Groningen, GSI, FZ Jülich I + II,
Los Alamos, Mainz, Milano, TU München, Münster, Northwestern, BINP Novosibirsk, Pavia,
Silesia, Stockolm, Torino I + II, Torino Politecnico,Trieste, TSL Uppsala, Tübingen,
Uppsala, SINS Warsaw, AAS Wien
http://www.gsi.de/hesr/panda
Spokesperson: Ulrich Wiedner - Uppsala
Austria - Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Poland – Russia – Sweden – U.K. – U.S.
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ConclusionsConclusions
high resolution spectroscopy with p-beam in formation experiments:
E Ebeam
high yields of gluonic excitations: glueballs, hybrids, multi-quark states
≈ 100 pb
partial chiral symmetry restoration by implanting mesons inside the nuclear medium
hyperon-antihyperon taggable beams
Thanks to the new GSI HESR facility p will be used to produce...
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Tracking ResolutionTracking Resolution
J/+-
+- (J/) = 35 MeV/c2
() = 3.8 MeV/c2
Example reaction: pp J/ + (s = 4.4 GeV/c2)
Single track resolution
Invariant mass resolution
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Present GSI FacilityPresent GSI Facility
UNILAC
SIS
FRS
ESR
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Stage Plan for the Facility Construction
HESR & 4 MV e- -Cooling
Civil Construction 4
Built by the Julich machine division
Total Costs: 675 Million Euro