Paola Di Donato Associate Researcher

Paola Di DonatoPaola Di DonatoAssociate ResearcherAssociate Researcher

Agro-industry vegetable residues valorisation : Agro-industry vegetable residues valorisation : a waste biorefinery a waste biorefinery

([email protected])

Institute of Biomolecular ChemistryVia Campi Flegrei 34, (80078) Napoli - ITALY

Institute of Biomolecular ChemistryVia Campi Flegrei 34, (80078) Napoli - ITALY

November 20th, 2012 Città della Scienza, Naples, ItalyNovember 20th, 2012 Città della Scienza, Naples, Italy

31 institutes 31 institutes

31 institutes31 institutes

45 institutes45 institutes

Naples Naples Rome Rome

Sassari Sassari

Catania Catania

Padova Padova

Institute of Biomolecular ChemistryPozzuoli, Napoli

Institute of Biomolecular ChemistryPozzuoli, Napoli


•Born in 1967 as “Istituto per la Chimica e Fisica delle Molecole di Interesse Biologico” (ICMIB), “Institute for the Chemistry and Physics of Biologically Interesting Molecules”.

• In 2002 it moved to the new building in Pozzuoli (NA) and took the name of “Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB-CNR)”. Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry that today includes also the Roma, Catania, Sassari and Padova branches.

• Main research activities in ICB are in the fields of organic chemistry, biochemistry and microbiology with main topics including environmental, pharmaceutical, food and biotechnological applications.


According the Directive 2001/77/EC of the According the Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Community biomass is “the European Community biomass is “the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from agriculture (including vegetal residues from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related and animal substances), forestry and related industries, as well as the biodegradable industries, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste”fraction of industrial and municipal waste”

According the Directive 2001/77/EC of the According the Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Community European Community biomassbiomass is “the is “the biodegradable fraction of products, biodegradable fraction of products, waste and waste and residuesresidues from agriculture (including vegetal from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related and animal substances), forestry and related industries, as well as the biodegradable industries, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste”fraction of industrial and municipal waste”

Agro-industry residues: a waste biomassAgro-industry residues: a waste biomass

Source: http://www.ecomena.org/biomass-resources-in-middle-east/Source: http://www.ecomena.org/biomass-resources-in-middle-east/


BIOMASS QUANTITY

Animal residues 150.000.000 t/y

Agro-industrial wastes 12.000.000 t/y

Slaughter wastes 1.000.000 t/y

Sewage sludges 3.000.000 t/y

Municipal wastes (organic fraction) 9.000.000 t/y

Forestry and crop residues 10.000.000 t/y

(source: C.R.P.A., Animal Production Research Centre, Italy)

Residual biomass: yearly production in ItalyResidual biomass: yearly production in Italy


Industry Biomass available(thousand tons/year)

Actual re-use strategy

Wood transformation 4.400 Energy production

Wood recycling 8.000 Energy production

Paper Industry 270 Energy production

Food Oil 450 Energy, composting

Winery 450 Energy, composting

Canning and market packaging

340Energy, composting

Rice transformation 330 Energy, composting

(source: Itabia )

Agro-industry residual biomass in Italy: yearly amounts Agro-industry residual biomass in Italy: yearly amounts


Environmental problem

Economical issue

by-products that can represent the starting material for other processes raw materials not in competition with food chain

proteins, fibres, polysaccharides, sugars, polyphenols, carotenoids

drugs nutraceuticals

cosmetics

biopolymers

biofuels

Agro-industry residual biomass: a resource that Agro-industry residual biomass: a resource that can be valorisedcan be valorised

…. but a significant fraction of biomolecules is lost after industrial processing, being discarded

into the residual matter…..


The biorefinery approachThe biorefinery approach

Adapted from Kamm, B.; Kamm, M. (2004). Principles of Biorefineries. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (AMB), 64: 137-145.

BIOMASSBIOMASS

TransformatioTransformation n

technologiestechnologies

Energy and Energy and chemicalschemicals

• Food industry wastes (vegetables processing residues)• Agriculture and crop residues

•Bioprocesses (bacteria, enzymes)•Chemical Processes•Physical Processes

•Biofuels•Antioxidants•Biopolymers

Agro-industry residual biomass: a resource that Agro-industry residual biomass: a resource that can be valorisedcan be valorised


Agro-industry wastes biorefinery: ongoing research Agro-industry wastes biorefinery: ongoing research at the Institute of Biomolecular Chemistryat the Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry

Crop production Industry Waste fraction

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

5.125.000 t/y Canning for juice and paste 1,8-2,3 %

(peels, seeds, immature and damaged fruits)

Lemon (Citrus limon)

488.000 t/y Liquor production 60 %

(peels, pulps)

Carrot (Daucus carota)

630.000 t/y Packing for whole sale market;

juices production 30-40 %

(immature or damaged fruits)

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. Dulce)

600.000 t/y Packing for whole sale market 40 %

(leaves, damaged fruits)

Data from INRAN (Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione)

dry waste gross dry waste gross compositioncompositionTomato Lemon Carrot Fennel


Polysaccharides recovery

II generation bioethanol

Antioxidants recovery



Isolation of tomato’s wastes polysaccharidesIsolation of tomato’s wastes polysaccharides

Tomato waste peels


Alkali treatment at r.t.

Polysaccharide

MW (Da)>1.000.000; High viscosity; High thermal resistance; []D25-0,189.0

Glc/Xil/Gal/GalN/GlcN/Fuc (1:0.9:0.5:0.4:0.2:tr)

Chemical and physical characterization of

isolated polysaccharides

Container and object constructionInnovative material for

containers or for green house applications

•Collaboration with Dr. Mario Malinconico and Dr. Barbara Immirzi (ICTP – CNR)


Isolation of tomato’s wastes polysaccharidesIsolation of tomato’s wastes polysaccharides

Tomato waste peels

Alkali treatment at r.t.

Polysaccharide

biotechnological applications

Biodegradable film for solarization or mulching

applications•Collaboration with Dr. Mario Malinconico and Dr. Barbara

Immirzi (ICTP – CNR)

Incorrect regulation of NF-κB has been linked to cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, et cetera Incorrect regulation of NF-κB has been linked to cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, et cetera

biological propertiesInhibition of NF-kB/DNA binding

activity

alkali/acid extractionalkali/acid extraction

POLYSACCHARIDES

vegetable wastes polysaccharides extraction: vegetable wastes polysaccharides extraction: ongoing researchongoing research

fennel residues

•Structural analysis (MW;

monomer composition;

spectroscopic analysis)

•Thermogravimetrical

analysis November 20th, 2012 Città della Scienza, Naples, ItalyNovember 20th, 2012 Città della Scienza, Naples, Italy

lemon wastes

(pomace) carrot residues

Biotechnological applications

Biological properties

•Maceration•Ultrasound assisted•Microwaves assisted

MeOH; EtOH; MeOH/H2O; EtOH/H2O

POLYPHENOLS

vegetable wastes polyphenols extraction: vegetable wastes polyphenols extraction: ongoing researchongoing research

•Structural analysis •Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities •Biological activity assay


Biotechnological applications

Biological properties

•Maceration•Ultrasound assisted•Microwaves assisted

tomato residues fennel residues lemon wastes

(pomace) carrot residues

Vegetable wastes polyphenols Vegetable wastes polyphenols extractionextraction

Project PON01_01966 Integrated agro-industrial chains with high energy efficiency for

the development of eco-compatible processes of energy and biochemicals production from renewable sources and for the

land valorisation (EnerbioChem)

work in work in progressprogress…..…..

Naples Naples UniversityUniversity

““Federico II”Federico II” November 20th, 2012 Città della Scienza, Naples, ItalyNovember 20th, 2012 Città della Scienza, Naples, Italy

Agro-industry wastes: production of enzymes for Agro-industry wastes: production of enzymes for second generation bioethanol from second generation bioethanol from

extremophilesextremophiles

•Vegetable wastes under investigation: potato peels, carrot, Vegetable wastes under investigation: potato peels, carrot, tomato, tomato, sugar beet pulp, starch and sugar beet molasses

Bilateral Project Italy-TurkeyBilateral Project Italy-Turkey““Extremophiles Extremophiles for Next-Generation

Biofuels ””

Dr. Barbara Dr. Barbara NicolausNicolaus

Prof. Ebru Toksoy Prof. Ebru Toksoy OnerOner


Yeasts Fermentation (Saccharomyces spp)

I generation bioethanol

dextrins

CH3CH2OH

Agro-industry wastes: production of second Agro-industry wastes: production of second generation bioethanolgeneration bioethanol

Starch degradation and sugar Fermentation by engineered yeasts: expression of raw starch degrading enzymes in Saccharomyces spp

Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation

II generation bioethanolWaste

Biomass*

glucose

* Not in competition with food chain

CH3CH2OH

Starch(energy crops)

Starch(energy crops)


liquefaction by thermostable amylases (starch cooking)

T = 90-100°C

glucose

T = 45°C

saccharification by thermostable amylases

T = 65°C

synthetic media

Agro-industry wastes as culture media Agro-industry wastes as culture media for extremophiles’ fermentationfor extremophiles’ fermentation

Di Donato P., G. Fiorentino G., Anzelmo G., Tommonaro G., Nicolaus B., Poli A. 2011 “Waste

Biomass Valorization” 2: 103-111

tomatotomato

lemonlemon

Complex medium

Lemon medium

16.25 U/mg protein

6.375 U/mg protein

Agro-industry wastes: production of enzymes for Agro-industry wastes: production of enzymes for second generation bioethanol from second generation bioethanol from

extremophilesextremophiles

Geobacillus thermoleovorans

(strain PIZZOT)

Amylolytic thermophile

raw starch degrading amylase

(starch digestion to glucose without cooking

pre-treatment)

Optical microscopy observation of raw starch before (a) and after (b) digestion

by G. thermoleovorans amylase November 20th, 2012 Città della Scienza, Naples, ItalyNovember 20th, 2012 Città della Scienza, Naples, Italy

wastes as culture media for amylase wastes as culture media for amylase productionproduction

Fibers and polysaccharides for biodegradable polymers productionBiomolecules for several applications: antioxidants and bioactive molecules for pharmaceutical, cosmetic or food applicationsMicroorganisms and enzymes for second generation biofuels production

by means of an integrated biorefinery approach waste biomass from agro-industry can be valorised to give

In conclusion…..In conclusion…..


Dott. Barbara NicolausDott. Barbara NicolausDott. Annarita PoliDott. Annarita PoliDott. Licia LamaDott. Licia LamaDott. Giuseppina Dott. Giuseppina Tommonaro Tommonaro

“If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together”

African proverb

Thanks to….Thanks to….


Prof. Ebru Toksoy Prof. Ebru Toksoy OnerOner

Thanks for Thanks for your your

attention!attention!

Thanks for Thanks for your your

attention!attention!Dott. Paola Di DonatoDott. Paola Di [email protected]

[email protected]

Grönlund-Nisunen - Wave of Matter 2012 Grönlund-Nisunen - Wave of Matter 2012

Paola Di Donato Associate Researcher

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