Pandemonium Model of Mind. Pandemonium? Chaos? Doesn’t pandemonium imply chaotic? – Yes, but...
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Transcript of Pandemonium Model of Mind. Pandemonium? Chaos? Doesn’t pandemonium imply chaotic? – Yes, but...
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Pandemonium Model of Mind
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Pandemonium? Chaos?
Doesn’t pandemonium imply chaotic?– Yes, but ignore that
The “pandemonium” term comes from the arena of demons metaphor or “the dwelling place of demons”
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Selfridge’s Model
Oliver Selfridge (1959) wrote “Pandemonium: A paradigm for learning” for the Symposium on Mechanisation of Thought Processes
This took the then novel approach of suggesting that pattern recognition could be modeled as– Parallel– Connectionist– Adaptive learning
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Selfridge’s Model (cont.)
The Story– Once upon a time there was Pandemonium.– In Pandemonium there dwelt many very ugly and intelligence challenged (a.k.a.
stupid) demons.– There was only one little hole to look out of and only one demon could look out of it.– This image demon could only paint what he saw and show it to the demons in the
row standing behind him.– The demons in the next row, being of stout body and little brain, could each only
recognize one type of feature.– Since there was little else to do in these cramped quarters, the feature demons got
excited and jumped up and down if they recognized their feature.– The demons in the row behind them were unable to see the painted image because
they were too dumb or scared to turn around and were facing the wrong way.– Each of the cognitive demons, however, were connected to specific feature demons
by ropes. Based on the elasticity of the ropes, which varied, the cognitive demons would get painful tugs from their connected feature demons.
– The resulting shrieks from the row of cognitive demons were louder from the demons who had more of their connected feature demons excited.
– Finally, there was the grand high decision demon who really just wanted quiet. Upon hearing the calamity from the cognitive demons, the decision demon would yell out the name of the cognitive demon shrieking the loudest (with a threat to make him turn around and look at his brother demons – a fate worse than death)
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Selfridge’s Model (cont.)
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Selfridge’s Model (cont.)
Selfridge showed that his pandemonium model could distinguish dots from dashes in manually keyed Morse code (1959) and 10 different hand printed characters (1960)
There were two learning mechanisms– Update of link weights (rope elasticity) between feature and
cognitive demons based on a hill climbing technique– Using one of the first examples of genetic algorithms to cull
low valued demons and replace them with new mutated or mated demons based on the highly valued demons
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Jackson’s Model
In 1987, John Jackson extended Selfridge’s model
His model includes demons that can cause actions in the external (outside their Pandemonium box) world and can act on other demons
Rather than the static four levels, think of a chaotic arena with no obvious layering
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Jackson’s Model (cont.)
Demons are still connected to specific other demons through weighted links
One or more demons still serve the purpose of being sensory image demons
However, a dynamically changing set of demons is “on the field” performing their task and, consequently, exciting associated demons in the stands
The demon in the stands that yells the loudest gets to come down to the playing field displacing one of the demons already on the field
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Jackson’s Model (cont.)
The learning mechanism is slightly different than Selfridge’s– Some links are built in– Others are created
How?
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Jackson’s Model (cont.)
The creation of links between demons is an ordered Hebbian scheme– Based on the gain, all demons on the playing field
together have their link strengths adjusted– Demons on the field get stronger adjustments to
newly arriving demon than vice versa
Demon on the playing field
Newly arriving Demon
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Jackson’s Model (cont.)
The gain has an important part to play– Gain is the system’s assessment of how well it is
doing. If everything is going well, the gain will be positive and high, otherwise is could be negative
– This means that demons tend to reappear on the playing field together if they are associated with improved conditions
Demon on the playing field
Newly arriving Demon
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Jackson’s Model (cont.)
Calculating the gain is the manner in which this system determines if it is meeting its goals or not
This is done by the sub-arena The sub-arena also takes care of
– Low-level sensory input– Performing actions instigated by demons on the
playing field
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Jackson’s Model (cont.)
Jackson also has the notion of abstract concepts or “concept” demons– Conglomerations of demons that have become
highly associated into a single demon (think chunking)
– The original singleton demons remain around to do their thing
– Original specifications of concept demons were vague – mainly because Jackson didn’t know how to do them
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Pandemonium in IDA
IDA uses Jackson’s version of the Pandemonium model to learn associations between codelets
The metaphor of an arena is combined with the theater metaphor so that the spotlight of “consciousness” shines on coalitions of codelets on the playing field
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Associations
Association strengths are updated in the manner of Jackson’s Pandemonium model except that codelets not in the spotlight get very weak association updates
Codelets in the spotlight get full association updates
Associations also decay over time so that associations that are not reinforced die away
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Associations (cont.)
Some associations are built in a priori Others are learned The strength of the associations is used to
determine how coalitions are created
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Gain
Gain is calculated using codelets that are designed to recognize particular environmental or internal states
These codelets are considered emotion codelets– States recognized by these codelets elicit an
emotional response manifested as changes to the drives of the system and the gain
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Summary
The result is that codelets become strongly associated if they elicit positive emotional responses
Coalitions, which form the contents of consciousness, change over the course of a run