Palm%Oil%Planta*on%and%Forest:%% … · 2.Nodeforestaonissuehinderingtradeofpalmoilasfood %%...

38
Palm Oil Planta*on and Forest: The Case of Malaysia Dr. Yusof Basiron CEO, Malaysian Palm Oil Council

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Palm  Oil  Planta*on  and  Forest:    The  Case  of  Malaysia  

Dr.  Yusof  Basiron  CEO,  Malaysian  Palm  Oil  Council  

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Presenta*on  1.  The  argument  for  need  for  forest  conserva=on  

2.  No  deforesta=on  issue  hindering  trade  of  palm  oil  as  food  

3.  No  deforesta=on  issue  hindering  trade  of  palm  oil  as  biofuel  

4.  Are  such  demands  on  palm  oil  real  and  fair?  

5.  How  does  Malaysia  manage    such  demands?  

6.  3P  +  1D  Model  for  Sustainable  Development  

7.  Conclusions  

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1.  The  argument  for  need  for  forest  conserva*on  

Concern  No.1  Ø  Forests  (especially  tropical  forests)  contain  large  amounts  of  

biomass  Ø  When  they  are  cleared  and  burnt,  large  amounts  of  carbon  

dioxide  are    released  into  the  atmosphere  Ø  CO2    is    a  GHG  and  causes  climate  change  Ø  World  must  slow  down  climate  change  Ø  Worst  s=ll  is  when  the  forest  is  siTng  on  peatlands  Ø  Double  whammy  as  CO2  released    from  felling  the  trees  and  

also  draining  peat  soil  (very  high  C  store  will  be  oxidised)    

Concern  No.2  Ø  Biodiversity  loss    (much  quoted  is  orang  utan)  

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1.  The  argument  for  need  for  forest  conserva*on  

Concern  No.1  No  Deforesta*on  :  An  Illusion  Game  

ü  Forest  industry    in  developed  countries  is  clear  cuTng  forest  and  replan=ng  it  again  with  forest  species,  this  is  defined  as  not  deforesta*on  

ü  By  this  defini=on,  Canada  shows  liXle  deforesta=on    sta=s=cs  even  though  there  is  massive  clearing  of  forest  for  =mber,  pulp  and  fuel  

ü  Using  the  same  defini=on,  Malaysian  oil  palm  and  rubber  planta=ons  (being  forest  trees)  should  qualify  as  replan=ng  planta=on  forests  and  therefore  these  areas  do  not  incur  any  deforesta=on  all  along  

ü  Oil  palm  and  rubber  meet  defini=on  of  forest  trees,  produce  harvestable  =mber  and  have  close  canopy  when  matured  and  have  high  rate  of  CO2  sequestra=on  compared  to  tropical  forests  or  boreal  forests  (no  winter  effects)  

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 2.  No  deforesta*on  issue  hindering  trade  of  palm  oil  as  food  

                               ‘s  Responsible  Sourcing  Guideline  Specific  Requirements    for  Palm  oil    Suppliers  to  verify  that  palm  oil:  1.  Does  not  come  from  areas  cleared  of  natural  forest    a2er  November  2005  2. Derived  from  farms  that  operate  in  compliance  with  local  laws  &  regula=ons  3. Respect  FPIC  of  indigenous  &  local  communi=es  on  ac=vi=es  on  their  customary  lands  4.  Protect  peatlands  5.  Protect  forests  of  “high  C”  value  using  methodology  developed    by  TFT,  Greenpeace  &    Golden  Agri  Resources  6. Complies  with  RSPO  P&Cs  

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 2.  No  deforesta*on  issue  hindering  trade  of  palm  oil  as  food    

                                 ‘s  Responsible  Sourcing  Guideline  Specific  Requirements    for  Palm  oil  Unequal  treatment  for  developing  countries  which  need  to  develop    Simplis*c  demand  to  escape  ENGOs  in*mida*on  

         Suppliers  to  verify  that  palm  oil:  

1.  Does  not  come  from  areas  cleared  of  natural  forest  a2er  November  2005:    Developed  countries  escape  scruIny  with  2005  deadline.  They  have  no  more  virgin  forests  2. Derived  from  farms  that  operate  in  compliance  with  local  laws  &  regula=ons  3. Respect  FPIC  of  indigenous  &  local  communi=es  on  ac=vi=es  on  their  customary  lands  4.  Protect  peatlands  :  EU  is  second  largest  emiMer  from  agric  peatland.  Peatlands  have  been  drained  for  hundreds  of  years.  5.  Protect  forests  of  “high  C”  value  using  methodology  developed  by  TFT,  Greenpeace  &    Golden  Agri  Resources.  Oil  palm  is  high  C  forest  equivalent  6. Complies  with  RSPO  P&Cs  

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   3.  No  deforesta*on  issue  hindering  trade  of  palm  oil  as  biofuel  

EU  Direc*ve  on  promo*on  of  use  of  energy  from  renewable  sources  Ar#cle  15  Clause  4  

 “Biofuels  and  other  bioliquids  shall  not  be  made  from  raw    material  obtained  from  land  with  high  carbon  stock:  

(a) wetlands,  that  is  to  say  land  that  is  covered  by  water  permanently  or  for  significant  parts  of  the  year,  including  pris#ne  peatland  

(b) con#nuously  forested  areas,  where  land  span  more  than  1  ha  with  trees  higher  than  5  metres  and  canopy  cover  >30%  or  trees  able  to  reach  these  thresholds  in  situ  

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   3.  No  deforesta*on  issue  hindering  trade  of  palm  oil  as  biofuel  

EU  Direc*ve  on  promo*on  of  use  of  energy  from  renewable  sources  Ar#cle  15  Clause  4  “Biofuels  and  other  bioliquids  shall  not  be  made  from  raw  material  obtained  from  land  with  high  carbon  stock:  Land  zoned  for  agriculture  should  be  exempted  for  developing  countries  to  generate  income  

(a) wetlands,  that  is  to  say  land  that  is  covered  by  water  permanently  or  for  significant  parts  of  the  year,  including  pris#ne  peatland.  EU  has  drained  its  peatland  for  agriculture  over  hundreds  of  years.  Oil  palm  is  a  beMer  forest  than  degraded  peat  

(b)   conInuously  forested  areas,  where  land  span  more  than  1  ha  with  trees  higher  than  5  metres  and  canopy  cover  >30%  or  trees  able  to  reach  these  thresholds  in  situ:  EU  has  liMle  forest  le2  to  exploit:  Oil  palm  is  able  to  meet  these  while  producing  biofuel  

   

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Implica*on  of  “no  deforesta*on”  on  palm  oil  industry    

What  is  “  forest?”    FAO  defini=on:  “Forest”  is    -­‐land  where  tree  crown  cover  >10%  -­‐area>0.5  ha  -­‐trees  can  reach  >    5m  at  maturity  

 v  In  tropical  countries  almost  all  areas  can  be  classified  as  forest  by  

following  this  defini=on  

v  Almost  all  land  can  grow  back  to  forest  if  lea  alone  (except  maybe  in  =n  mining  areas)  

v  Does  that  mean  no  more  expansion  of  oil  palm  area?  Or  oil  palm  is  producing  palm  oil  as  a  forest  product?  

   

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0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

UK   US   Germany  Malaysia  Indonesia  Colombia  

%  Forest  

Average:  25.5%   Average:  57%  

4.  Malaysia  is  s*ll  honouring  Rio  Summit  Commitment  by  maintaining      >  half  of  land  under  forest    

• Malaysia  is    s=ll  honouring    her  commitment    22  years  aaer  Rio  Summit  • In  2013,  Malaysia  s=ll  maintained    74%  of  total    land  area  under  forest  cover    

Source:  (FAO)  2010  

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Developed, 76%

Developing, 24%

Source:  World  Resource  Ins#tute  (hOp://www.wri.org)    

Developed  Countries:  Australia,  United  States,  EU  25,  Japan,  Canada    Popula*on:  1.0  Bill  

Developing  Countries:  Russian  Federa=on,  China,    India,  Ukraine,  South  Africa,  Mexico,  Brazil,  South  Korea,  Iran,  Indonesia,  Saudi  Arabia,  Argen=na,  Turkey,  Pakistan,  Malaysia    Popula*on:  3.8  Bill  

Cumula*ve  CO2  Emissions  from  1850  to  2002  The  Developed  world  has  contributed  the  most    

to  global  increase  in  CO2  emission  

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Total  CO2  Emissions  (per  Capita)  from  1970-­‐2009      Common  but  Differen*ated  Responsibili*es  (CBDR)  

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

United States

Australia Netherlands United Kingdom

France Malaysia

798

632

441 398

291

152

Metrics tonne per capita

Source:  World  Bank  (hOp://data.worldbank.org)    

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At  the  =me  of  European  seXlement  in  North  America,  primary  (or  virgin)  forests  covered  nearly  all  of  the  East  Coast.  

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Aaer  the  Civil  War,  the  era  of  industrial  logging  began  in  earnest.  New  railroads  helped  move  heavy  equipment  and  transport  cut  logs  to  mills  and  markets,  making  logging  profitable  throughout  the  South.  Between  1870  and  1920,  the  South  lost  tens  of  millions  of  acres  of  virgin  forest.    

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By  the  end  of  the  twen=eth  century,  virtually  no  substan=al  tracts  of  virgin  forest  remained  in  the  South.  Remnants  can  be  found  in  protected  lands  in  parts  of  the  Great  Smoky  Mountains  and  in  southwestern  Florida,  but  nearly  all  of  the  South’s  current  forested  area    has  been  previously  logged.  

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Spruce  forest  in  the  Appalachians  of  North  Carolina:  as  a  virgin  forest,  lea,  and  aaer  logging,  above.  

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Oil  palm  is  agro-­‐forestry  producing  =mber:  Palm  Wood  Furniture  

MPOC    started  Palm  Wood  Promo=on  Scheme  in  2012.    For  Furniture  China  2012  exhibi=on,  confirmed  sales  were  at  RM1,500,000  while  Furniture  China  2013  had  RM1,000,000  confirmed  sales.  

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Applica*ons  of  Oil  Palm  Biomass:Agro-­‐Forestry  Products  

18 18

OIL  PALM  BIOMASS  

BOARD  OF    VARIOUS  KINDS  

 •  MDF  •  Plywood  •  Moulded  par=cleboard  •  Sawn  lumber  

PROPERTIES  OF  OPT,    OPF  &  EFB  FIBRE  BUNDLES  

 •  Fibre  quality  •  Fibre  morphology  •  Fibre  proper=es  •  Usable  fibre  frac=ons  

OTHER  PRODUCT    TYPES  

 •  Oil  palm  heart  •  Carbon  products  •  Carboxymethyl  cellulose  •  Fine  chemicals  

FIBRE  REINFORCING  COMPOSITES  

•  Agrolumber  •  Plas=c  composite  

PAPER  PULP    &  PAPER  PRODUCTS  

•  Chemical  pulp  •  Semi-­‐mechanical  pulp  •  Mechanical  pulp  •  Moulded  paper  products  •  Soilless  plan=ng  medium  

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 U*liza*on  of  World’s  Agricultural  Land    

 

Livestock,  71.27%  

Oil  Palm,  0.29%  

Oilseeds,  5.25%  

Other  crops,  23.17%  

Total  area:  4.911  bil  ha  

Source:  FAO  (2011),  Oil  World,  MPOB  (2012)  

Livestock  industry  uses  the  most  land  and  therefore  is  the  main  driver  for  global  deforesta=on.  Oil  palm  has  been  made  a  scapegoat  

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Malaysian  palm  oil  industry  actually  conserves  more  forest  in  the  world    instead  of  being  blamed  for  causing  deforesta*on  

•   7-­‐11  =mes  more  land  needed  if  other  oil  crops  used    •   21.6  m  ha  of  land  for  soya  cul=va=on  in  2080  is  2/3  land  area  of  Malaysia  •   DEFORESTATION  or  AVOIDANCE  OF  DEFORESTATION  

Year   2025   2040   2080  

Popula=on  (billion)   7.9   8.5   9.1  

Projected  addi=onal  palm  oil  needed  to  be  supplied  by  Malaysia  (million  MT)  

2.7   5.3   7.7  

Es=mated  addi=onal  land  needed  for  palm  oil  cul=va=on  in  Malaysia  (m  ha)  

0.7   1.4   2.1  

Addi=onal  land  needed  to  cul=vate  Rapeseed  to  offset  this  palm  oil  cul=va=on  (m  ha)  

4.5   9.0   13.4  

Addi=onal  land  needed  to  cul=vate  Sunflower    to  offset  this  palm  oil  cul=va=on  (m  ha)  

5.7   11.3   17.0  

Addi=onal  land  needed  to  cul=vate  Sunflower    to  offset  this  palm  oil  cul=va=on  (m  ha)  

7.2   14.4   21.6  

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Oil  palm  planta*on  removes  almost  as  much  carbon  dioxide  as  natural  forest  

Parameter   Forest  (Pasoh)   Oil  palm  

Case  study   Na=onal  average  

Gross  assimila=on    (t  CO2/ha/yr)  

163.5   161.0   97.9  

Total  respira=on  (t  CO2/ha/yr)    

121.1   96.5   64.7  

Net  assimila=on    (t  CO2/ha/yr)    

42.4   64.5   33.2  

Average  net  assimila*on    (t  CO2/ha/yr)  

42.4   48.8  

Source:  Henson,1999  

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Land  Use,  Land  Use  Change  and  Forestry  (LULUCF)  is  made  up  of  Forestry  and  (Oil  Palm)  Planta*on  Sector  

*  Trend  Es*mate  

0  

50  

100  

150  

200  

250  

300  

350  

400  

450  

500  CO2  MT  

Total  Co2    Removal  by  LULUCF  249.8  

Total  Co2    Removal  by  LULUCF  247  

Total  Co2    Removal  by  LULUCF  273  

Total  Co2  Emission  223.1  

Total  Co2  Emission  292.9  

Total  Co2  Emission  460*  

2000   2007   2022  

167  

82  

Palm  Planta*on  

100*  

Palm  Planta*on  

121*  

Palm  Planta*on  

147*   152*  147   217   375*  

40.5   49   57*  

35.6   26.9   28*  

Emission  by  Energy  Sector  

Emission  by  LULUCF  +  Agriculture  (Rice)  Sectors  

Emission  by  Others  

Emission  by  Energy  Sector  

Emission  by  LULUCF  +  Agriculture  (Rice)  Sectors  

Emission  by  Others  

MALAYSIAN  GREENHOUSE  GAS  EMISSION  AND  REMOVAL  

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Total  annual  anthropogenic  GHG  emissions  (GtCO2eq/yr)  by  groups  of  gases  1970-­‐2010:  CO2  from  fossil  fuel  combustion  and  industrial  processes;  CO2  from  Forestry  and  Other  Land  Use  (FOLU);  methane  (CH4);  nitrous  oxide  (N2O);  Lluorinated  gases8  covered  under  the  Kyoto  Protocol  (F-­‐gases).  At  the  right  side  of  the  Ligure  GHG  emissions  in  2010  are  shown  again  broken  down  into  these  components  with  the  associated  uncertainties  (90%  conLidence  interval)  indicated  by  the  error  bars.  Total  anthropogenic  GHG  emissions  uncertainties  are  derived  from  the  individual  gas  estimates  as  described  in  Chapter  5  [5.2.3.6].  Global  CO2  emissions  from  fossil  fuel  combustion  are  known  within  8%  uncertainty  (90%  conLidence  interval).  CO2  emissions  from  FOLU  have  very  large  uncertainties  attached  in  the  order  of  ±50%.  Uncertainty  for  global  emissions  of  CH4,  N2O  and  the  Fgases  has  been  estimated  as  20%,  60%  and  20%,  respectively.  2010  was  the  most  recent  year  for  which  emission  statistics  on  all  gases.  Source:  IPCC  

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Malaysia  is  a  net  C  sink  interna=onally  according  to  UNFCCC  (Highest  &  lowest  emiXers  in  world)    

Malaysia    in  Year  2000                                                                                                                                                  Source:  UNFCCC    

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Source:  Yew  et  al.,  2010  

M  ha  

7.3  =mes  more  peatland  used  for    agriculture    in  temperate  countries    compared  with  tropical  countries  (excluding  that  used  for  mining  or  forestry)  

Land  use  on  peatland  in  temperate  regions  for    agriculture  far  exceeds  that  in  tropics  

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CO2  emission  from  peatland  used  for  agriculture  in  temperate  countries  far  exceed  that  in  tropical  countries  (oil  palm  cul*va*on  included)  

Source:  Yew  et  al.,  2010  

•   CO2  emission  from  temperate  peatland  used  for  agriculture    is  3.5  =mes  greater  than  in  tropical          agriculture  •   CO2  emission  from  oil  palm  cul=va=on  on  peat  in  SE  Asia  is  only  12%  of  total  global  emission  from          agriculture  on  peatland  

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5.  What  is  Malaysia/palm  oil  industry  doing  for  forest                      and  peat  conserva*on?    

ü   Globally:  Country  is  signatory  to  many  interna=onal  conven=ons                                                  e.g.  Rio  Summit,  Ramsar  Conven=on  

ü   Na*onally    -­‐  Many  laws  governing  u=liza=on  of  land  resources  -­‐   Na=onal  Physical  Plans  

ü   Palm  oil  industry      -­‐  Licensed,  regulated  and  enforcement  by  MPOB  

 

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5.  What  is  Malaysian  Palm  Oil  Industry  doing  for  biodiversity  ?    

 

•   MPOWCF  launched  in  2006  

•   RM  20  million  revolving  fund  

•   RM  10  m  from  Malaysian  palm  oil            industry  and  the  other  RM  10m          from  Government  of  Malaysia  

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11,000  +  orang-­‐utans  in  16  forested  areas  in  Sabah  

This  is  now  a  stable  popula*on,  protected  and  managed  by  SWD.  We  have  assurances  that  they  will  con*nue  to  thrive.  MPOC  con*nues  its  collabora*on  with  SWD  and  NGOs  to  protect  these  orang  utans  

Ground  and  aerial  surveys  in  2001-­‐2003  by  Hutan  and  SWD  (Ancrenaz  et  al.,  2005)  

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MPOC/SABAH  WILDLIFE  DEPT.  COLLABORATION    Instrumental  in  selng  up  the  region’s  first  WILDLIFE  RESCUE  Unit  (WRU)    

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Sarawak:  Orang  utan  conserva*on  

v   In  State  of  Sarawak,    survey  carried  out  in  2012  /13  found  Ulu              Menyang  to  have  high  orang  utan  popula=on.  Government  has              declared  this  area  to  be  kept  as  high  conserva=on  value  forest  for              orang  utan  

v   MPOWCF  has  signed  MOU  with  Sarawak  Forestry  Corpora=on  to              assist  in  conserva=on  of  orang  utan  in  

o  Ulu  Sebuyau  Na=onal  Park  o  Sedilu  Na=onal  Park  o  Gunung  Lesung  Proposed  Na=onal  Park  o  Maludam  Na=onal  Park  

 

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6.  Sustainability  :  global  view  

•   United  Na=ons  view  is  global  /          interna=onal  •   BRUNTLAND  REPORT  •   Sustainable  development  is  development  that        meets  the  needs  of  the  present  without  compromising        the  ability  of  future  genera#ons  to  meet  their  own  needs        (Taking  care  of  Planet)  

•   the  concept  of  needs,  in  par#cular  the  essen#al  needs        of  the  world's  poor,  to  which  overriding  priority  should  be  given        (Upli^ing  livelihood  of  people)  

•   The  PEOPLE  factor  o^en  forgoOen    

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Sustainability  Model  for    Developing  countries  (3Ps  +  1D  Model)  

In  line  with  global  view  of  sustainability  “Bruntland”          

PEOPLE   PROFIT  

PLANET  

DEVELOPMENT  +  

Pro-­‐Rich  Defini*on  of  Sustainability  

Pro-­‐Poor  Defini*on  of  Sustainability  

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Year  :  2012  Forests    =  82.3  %  of  state  Agriculture  &  other  land  use  =  17.7%  of  state  Sarawak  is  last  fron*er  state  for  development  in  Malaysia  

Source:  Ministry  of  Natural  Resources  &  Environment  Malaysia  

Sarawak    needs  development  to  uplin  livelihood  

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Forest  Area  vs  Agriculture  Area  Percentage  

Source:  World  Bank  (hMp://data.worldbank.org)  

UN  Conven*on  Baseline:  10%  forest  

Sarawak  is  huge  CO2  Sink  Malaysia’s  Pledge:  50%  forest  

Forest   Agriculture  

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Conclusions  ü   The  livestock  industry  and  not  the  palm  oil  industry    is  the  primary              driver  of  deforesta*on  (3.5  bil  Ha  vs  15  mil  Ha)  

ü   Compared  to  the  oil  seed  crops,  oil  palm  cul*vated  as  a  source  of  oils            &  fats  actually  results  in  lower  deforesta*on  (avoidance)due  to  its            superior  land  produc*vity  

ü   Oil  palm  is  an  agro-­‐forestry  crop  v   It  supplies  mul*ple  commodi*es  including  oils,  protein,  fibre  and              *mber    and  other  biomass  materials    v   It  removes  CO2  from  the  air  and  contributes  significantly  to  make              Malaysia  a  major  carbon  sink  

ü   7.3  *mes  more  peatland  is  used  for  agriculture    in  temperate  areas              than  the  tropics  

ü   CO2    emission  from  oil  palm  cul*va*on  on  peat  is  only  12%  of  total              global  CO2  emission  from  cul*vated  peatland    

   

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Conclusions  ü   The  market  demand  that  “sustainable  palm  oil”  for  food  and  biofuel    cannot              be  sourced  from  oil  palm  grown  on  land  previously  under  forest  and  peatland              restricts  uplining  the  livelihood  of  poor  na*ons  which  is  s*ll  developing    

ü   Developing  countries  must  be  given  the  opportunity  to  reach  “developed            country”  status  

ü   They  must  be  given  the  sovereign  right  to  develop  part  of  their  land  for  the              purpose  

ü   3P+1D  Model  for  Sustainable  Development  should  apply  to  developing            countries  such  as  Malaysia  

ü   Malaysian  palm  oil  industry  is  mindful  of  some  loss  of  biodiversity  when  land              is  converted  to  plant  oil  palm,  as  is  the  case  for  agricultural  land  all  over  the              world  

ü   MPOWCF  is  set  up  to  address    biodiversity  mapers    

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