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Climate of Shekhawati Region Temperature- Maximum temperature in summers rises up to 118F while night tempera-

tures fall to 69F. Winter days are temperate around 70F while night temperatures reduceto just above freezing. Rainfall- Annual rainfall is 23 inches falling largely in the monthsof July-October.

Humidity- Apart from monsoon season, RH is terribly low- categorising the climate asHot Dry.

Wind-roughout the year dominant wind comes from NW quadrant and late in themonsoon SW winds are experienced. e winds temperature is hot in summers while

very cold in winters. e only times when winds are preferred inside the building are

summer nights and monsoon days Sandstorms- Dust storms and sandstorms are very common both during day and night. Solar radiation- the solar radiation in intense around 700-800 Kcal/Sqm with sky being

clear almost throughout the year.

Ground Floor Plan and First Floor Plan of a Small Haveli, Dund-lod, Shekhawati, Rajasthan

Transverse Section rough Internal courtyard

Figure 8: Longitudinal Section rough Both Courtyards

1. Compact settlement plan- the heatproduction from the buildings is verylow thus a compact planning helps inreducing heat gain. It also allows mutualshading by buildings. It reduces the areaof exposed surfaces.

NE region of Rajasthan state is called Shekhawati which

covers three districts namely Sikar, Jhunjhunu and Churu

Climate Responsive features

identied in Shekhawati Have-

2. Narrow streets with tall buildingsaround- it helps in shading the streetsthus allowing less of direct sunlight dur-ing daytime and makes the movementeasy for people. It also helps in loweringthe ambient air temperature surroundingthe building envelope by shading.

3. Courtyard planning- internal courtyard with high building mass all aroundit leads to induced ventilation, lowering of temperatures by convective coolingand natural lighting

COURTYARD 1

COURTYARD 2

COURTYARD 1

COURTYARD 2

COURTYARD 2

COURTYARD 1

COURTYARD 1

4.Construction Technology- Heavy building envelope stores larger amount of heat due tolarge heat capacities and creates a larger time lag. is helps in keeping the inside cool dur-ing daytime when it is most inconvenient outside.Wall Construction - 16 thick locally available stone plastered with lime.Columns - are either assembled with laterite stone or are monolithic with timber type joints.Flat roofs with insulation layer - Roofis also 1 6 thick, double layered with a layer of stone

veneer with lime mortar on it. Lime , jaggery and hesian are mixed together in the roongplaster. is mixture is applied on stone slabs. A layer of inverted clay pots is then placedon it with a layer of lime mortar nished with reective broken pieces of porcelain whichreects most of the sunlight.

Since the inner courtyard generally have some vegetation (generally Tulsi)while the outer courtyard generally have hard surface, the inner one would becooler as compared to the outer. In between the two is a transitory space with

deferred entry and a small opening. is induces dra of cooler air from theinner courtyard. us the transition space always received cool air dra andand is the favourite place to sit during day and rainy season

From inner courtyardto the outer courtyardthrough transition space

Arrangement of semi open areas around courtyard

Pallavi Kulshreshtha1Building Envelope- HW1

Havelis in Shekhawati Region

IntroductionNestled in the dusty and semi-desert part of Rajasthan is a group of towns that constitute

the colourful region of Shekhawati. Here the streets are lined with residential buildingspopularly known as Havelis. Shekhawati meaning the land of Shekhas clan derive its namefrom Rao Shekha (1422 AD 1488 AD, a king).is is a study of Haveli as a building form in response to the climate and the surround-ings. e social factors contributing to the design are not covered in this part of study.Most of the Havelis were created 75-200 years back but they present before us the most ap-propriate solutions to the climatic constraints even today. For the study and analyses pur-

pose one of the case studies is documented here. It is a small scale Haveli having only twocourtyards that according to the yardsticks of Shekhawati is the minimum number of court-yards.

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A Typical Haveli Facade

7.Wind towers estaircase room hashigh ceiling and eachroom opens throughit. is allows convec-tive cooling duringnight and induced

ventilation during day.

9. Light coloured External Facade - Carving was notpossible on the local stone available around Shekhawati.us instead of providing a rough surface, which wouldalso have allowed inter granular shading, a smoothsurface was created. To break the monotony of the atwhite surfaces, painting was done with variety of col-ours all obtained from natural stones or vegetables.

5.Small openings with thick shutters, jali screens and Jharokhas- due to hotand dusty winds, natural ventilation inside the building during day is not desir-able.us small openings are provided. which allow a dra of air inside .All theopenings are shaded with projections covered all around with perforated stonescreens known as Jharokhas. is allows cooling of air by venturi eect phe-nomenon.

8. Materials of construction- estone was used along with lime

mortar. Lime mortar allowedkeeping lower temperatures insidethe building. Stone helped in cre-ating time lag due to high thermalcapacities.

Inferences

With the combined eect of all features, the inside of the building always provided a comfortable environment when the environment outside wasuncomfortable (throughout the year)

e same space could not provide the desired comfort in all seasons. us there were a variety of spaces (open, semi open and enclosed), whichwere used, in dierent seasons and times of day.

e temperature dierence created due to heavy thermal mass and many other passive features is most eective in summers and winters. is al-lows comfort at all times of the day. e indoor temperature is generally 20F lesser than the outdoor air temperature without the use of any arti-cial means of cooling and ventilation.

Winters- e Courtyards are the center of activities during the entire days. During night, the enclosed rooms are preferred as they have higher

temperature than the ambient air outside. Summers-e Semi-open spaces and enclosed rooms are used more during the daytime. e high ceiling and the nature of stone to heat slowly

contribute to the thermal comfort during the daytime. e courtyards are used during the nighttimes as the rooms inside become hotter than theoutside temperatures.

Rains- Movement of air in the Semi open spaces and the transition spaces more comfortable than the rooms.

Bibliography

1. Energy-e cient buildings in India By Mili Majumdar, Tata Energy Research Institute, India. Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources.2. Dundhar Havelis-Amber and Jaipur by Shikha Jain http://www.coa.gov.in/mag/feb08/Shikha%20Jain-(34-41).pdf3. Avlokita Agrawal, Architecture of Shekhawati- Aesthetic prevails, National symposium on Aesthetics in Indian Architecture, at MES School of Archi-

tecture, Kuttipuram, Kerala, India.4. Shekhawati: urbanism in the semi-desert of India A climatic study by Avlokita Agrawal1, Prof. R.K. Jain2 and Prof. Rita Ahuja3

6.Ceiling heights- e habit-able rooms have ceiling heightof minimum 15 feet .euninhabitable spaces are only9 high. is implies a largerair mass resulting in lowertemperatures in the habitablespaces.

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Parameter Description Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ann POR #Obs.

ABS MAX TMP (F) 89 96 109 112 118 117 116 107 107 108 97 88 118 50 -543MEAN MAX TMP (F) 73 77 88 98 106 103 94 91 93 94 85 76 90 50 -43MEAN MIN TMP (F) 47 51 56 69 77 80 78 76 73 64 54 48 64 50 -43ABS MIN TMP (F) 29 29 38 49 60 69 68 70 61 50 30 31 29 50 -543

MEAN NO DYS TMP = OR GTR 90(F) 0 - 12.6 29.2 31.0 30.0 24.5 18.7 21.8 24.5 6.5 0 - 50 -29MEAN NO DYS TMP = OR LES 32(F) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 -29MEAN NO DYS TMP = OR LES 0(F) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 -29

MEAN DEW PT TMP (F) 38 43 42 44 51 64 74 75 72 53 44 41 53 4 2739MEAN REL HUM (PCT) 55 45 35 27 26 44 74 81 77 54 48 57 52 10 9807

MEAN PRESS ALT (FT) 1139 1200 1295 1413 1527 1640 1666 1595 1474 1313 1182 1123 1381 0 -50MEAN PRECIP (IN) 0.44 0.32 0.34 0.17 0.57 2.24 7.74 8.06 3.22 0.48 0.14 0.30 24.0 60 -43

MEAN SNOW FALL (IN) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 -29MEAN NO DYS PRCP = OR GTR 0.1 IN 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.5 1.4 3.8 10.7 11.0 5.0 1.1 0.4 0.8 37.5 60 -29MEAN NO DYS SNFL = OR GTR 1.5 IN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 -29

MEAN NO DYS W/OCUR VSBY LES 1/2 MI 0 0 0 0.6 1.3 1.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0 0.8 0 6.0 4 554MEAN NO DYS TSTMS 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 6.0 9.0 10.0 8.0 5.0 2.0 0.3 1.0 47.3 15 -24

P FREQ WND SPD = OR GTR 17 KTS 0.5 0.1 0.6 1.3 2.1 3.6 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.9 10 9986

P FREQ WND SPD = OR GTR 28 KTS 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 9986P FREQ LES 5000 FT A/O LES 5 MI 62.1 57.2 58.2 62.7 70.8 73.2 68.3 65.9 56.7 50.3 58.0 64.0 62.3 3 9730P FREQ LES 1500 FT A/O LES 3 MI

FOR' 00-02 LST - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 003-05 LST 1.3 1.4 0 2.3 21.3 14.6 7.4 10.3 9.8 0.8 0 0.9 5.8 3 119806-08 LST 21.1 16.7 6.8 7.9 13.1 12.4 17.4 20.4 12.6 8.2 14.4 20.8 14.3 10 341609-11 LST 3.9 2.8 1.1 2.4 16.3 17.5 10.0 12.1 9.9 0.9 0 0.8 6.5 3 118912-14 LST - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 015-17 LST 1.2 1.2 5.7 1.8 10.3 9.3 5.9 8.8 9.4 1.8 1.0 2.5 4.9 8 219318-20 LST - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 021-23 LST 1.4 0 0.6 2.8 4.4 11.1 2.4 4.6 5.0 0.4 0.7 0.6 2.8 6 1734

P FREQ LES 300 FT A/O LES 1 MIFOR 00-02 LST - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 0

03-05 LST 0 0 0 0 7.8 6.3 0.9 1.7 0.9 0 0 0 1.5 3 1198

06-08 LST 7.4 1.5 3.4 0.8 2.5 2.5 1.2 1.5 0 0 1.4 5.1 2.3 10 341609-11 LST 0 0 0 2.4 5.9 5.9 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 1.3 3 118912-14 LST - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 015-17 LST 0 0 1.8 0 2.1 3.1 0.5 1.1 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.8 8 219318-20 LST - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 021-23 LST 0.7 0 0 1.4 2.9 2.4 0 0 0.7 0 0.7 0 0.7 6 1734

MEAN NUMBER OF DAYS

CIG = GTR 1000 FT AND 05 LST 30.6 28.0 31.0 29.3 24.4 25.8 29.6 29.4 28.1 30.7 30.0 30.7 347.6 3 1198VSBY = GTR 3 MI 11 LST 30.2 27.2 30.6 29.3 25.9 24.8 29.2 29.1 28.1 31.0 30.0 30.7 346.1 3 1189

17 LST 30.8 27.7 29.8 29.5 28.8 27.4 29.9 29.2 28.1 30.7 29.7 30.5 352.1 8 2193

23 LST 30.5 28.0 30.8 29.2 29.6 26.6 30.8 30.1 28.8 31.0 29.8 30.8 356.0 6 1734CIG = GTR 2000 FT AND VSBY 05 LST 29.0 25.8 30.3 29.0 23.3 22.0 26.4 26.6 25.5 29.9 30.0 30.2 328.0 3 1198

= GTR 3 MI W/SFC WND LES 10KTS 11 LST 27.0 26.8 28.5 23.8 16.9 18.1 17.7 18.9 18.8 28.2 30.0 29.2 283.9 3 118817 LST 29.8 26.0 26.4 25.4 21.8 20.5 25.6 26.8 25.9 30.3 29.8 30.3 318.6 8 219323 LST 28.8 27.1 29.5 28.2 27.5 24.3 27.7 28.6 27.4 30.6 29.8 29.6 339.1 6 1728

SFC WND = GTR 17 KTS AND 05 LST 0 0 0 0.3 0.7 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 1.2 3 1204NO PRECIP. 11 LST 0 0 0 0 2.5 1.7 1.0 0.5 0.2 0 0 0 5.9 3 1196

17 LST 0.2 0 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.3 0 0.3 0 0.1 0 0 1.9 8 219323 LST 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 2.5 6 1736

SFC WND 4-10 KTS AND TMP 05 LST 13.5 13.0 16.3 17.4 16.5 13.8 14.8 13.4 14.2 12.7 12.5 12.4 170.5 3 120433-89 DEG F AND NO PRECIP. 11 LST 21.0 20.8 19.0 3.2 0 1.0 8.6 12.8 14.9 16.4 19.2 20.8 157.7 3 1196

17 LST 15.5 16.5 12.5 2.2 0.1 0.4 6.4 12.2 9.8 11.5 9.8 11.4 108.3 8 219323 LST 14.7 15.6 17.2 17.1 11.0 5.2 12.4 12.9 12.7 10.9 12.5 15.3 157.5 6 1734

SKY COVER LES 3/10 AND 05 LST 26.4 23.5 25.2 23.5 18.9 14.8 5.2 7.8 12.9 26.0 25.7 25.7 235.6 3 1205VSBY = GTR 3 MI 11 LST 21.0 21.6 22.7 24.2 23.1 17.8 2.3 4.6 11.0 25.9 25.2 23.1 222.5 3 1192

17 LST 21.2 16.7 19.8 19.7 22.2 13.4 4.2 1.7 11.3 23.9 24.0 21.2 199.3 8 219323 LST 26.6 24.1 24.0 23.4 26.3 18.9 8.5 7.0 17.0 27.9 27.6 26.0 257.3 6 1740

CIG = GTR 2500 FT AND 05 LST 30.2 27.2 31.0 29.3 24.0 25.1 27.0 26.6 25.0 30.7 30.0 30.7 336.8 3 1198VSBY = GTR 3 MI 11 LST 29.4 27.2 30.6 29.3 25.9 24.1 24.7 22.8 23.3 29.9 30.0 30.5 327.7 3 1189

17 LST 30.3 27.1 29.7 29.3 28.4 26.5 27.8 25.6 26.2 30.5 29.7 30.4 341.5 8 219323 LST 30.5 28.0 30.6 29.2 29.6 26.2 29.1 27.2 27.2 30.6 29.8 30.6 348.6 6 1734

CIG = GTR 6000 FT AND 05 LST 30.2 26.5 31.0 28.6 23.3 23.5 21.9 23.4 22.9 30.2 30.0 29.9 321.4 3 1198VSBY = GTR 3 MI 11 LST 29.4 27.2 30.6 29.3 24.9 22.7 17.5 15.9 18.0 28.4 29.7 30.0 303.6 3 1189

17 LST 29.1 26.3 28.9 28.5 26.9 23.4 23.0 20.2 23.4 30.1 29.4 29.7 318.9 8 2193

A S MAX M (F) 89 6 109 11 118 117 116 107 1 7 108 97 88 11

8 5 - 4

A S MIN MP (F) 29 2

9 38 49 60 69 8 70 6 0 30 31 9 50 -543

M N RE H M (PCT) 55 45 35 2 7 26 44 74 1 77 5 48 5 7 5 1 80

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