Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team...
Transcript of Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms - Team...
Palestinian/Jordanian verb forms
Palestinian and Jordanian
When I say ‘Palestinian’ and ‘Jordanian’, what I mean is the dialect of a representative average
speaker of an urban Jerusalemite or Ammani dialect. Both Palestine and Jordan are dialectally
diverse areas, and their capital cities also have internal linguistic diversity. This is perhaps especially
true of Amman, whose distinct modern dialect is a relatively recent development produced by
generations of close interaction between the various dialects of displaced Palestinians from across
Palestine proper and of the older population. Any attempt to give a comprehensive list of all possible
variations occurring even within these two cities would be messy and probably counterproductive
for a learner.
Both Palestinian and Jordanian fall within the broader Southern Levantine dialect group* as well as in
the Levantine group as a whole, and in fact it is notable how similar the two dialects are to one
another. This applies particularly to verb conjugation: although individual verbs might have different
vowellings (and thus fall under different patterns) in one or the other city, the patterns and
processes remain largely constant throughout. The two capitals differ more on minor nuances of
usage (triggers of the subjunctive etc) which are beyond the scope of a list of verb charts, although
I’ve written about them a bit elsewhere.
It’s worth noting that Southern Levantine is in many ways more conservative than North Levantine,
sharing more with fuSHa in certain respects. The most relevant of these for verb conjugation are the
preservation of distinct u and i in stressed syllables and the affixes 2a- (for first person) and -at (for
third person singular feminine). In other ways, of course – the multiple negators for example – it is
as innovative as Syrian or Lebanese or more so.
For the purposes of avoiding clutter, the pronunciation of ق given in transliterations where it is not
pronounced as in fuSHa is a glottal stop (written 2) rather than any of the alternatives. As any
beginning student of Arabic knows, how ق is pronounced carries all sorts of complicated nuances,
and this is particularly true in Jordan, where men learning Arabic may be expected to pronounce it as
g at least some of the time. The glottal stop pronunciation is also common in Jordan, however, and
amending this problem should be a simple matter for anyone who wants to use g instead.
These tables were assembled with extensive and indispensable help from Elias Shakkour, a native
speaker of Palestinian Arabic. Without his assistance they would have been startlingly inaccurate
and left anyone modelling their Arabic on them sounding suspiciously Syrian.
* This group, depending on how it’s defined, also includes the dialects of significant portions of southern Syria
(Houran and Sweida as well as some rural dialects further north). Most of what is written here applies to those dialects, perhaps more than what I’ve already written about Syrian elsewhere.
General notes
In Southern Levantine the helping vowel used in verbs is typically i/e, with e appearing in final
unstressed syllables and i elsewhere. I’ve written these in superscript, following the way the Syrian
helping vowel is often transcribed elsewhere. These vowels are distinguished by the fact that they
cannot be stressed and are typically inserted to break up consonant clusters:
’katabet ‘I wrote كتبت
’ttaSalet ‘I phoned up اتصلت
Under certain circumstances* where a stressed vowel is followed by a consonant cluster and a u or
an i, the u or i may be dropped and the consonant cluster rearranged with the addition of a helping
vowel. Where these forms occur I’ve given them as the default, but the process is typically optional –
i.e. both forms occur in the pairs given below:
كتبوا i-ktib-o > اكتبو i-kitb-o ‘write (m.) it!’
’tu-kutb-i ‘you (f.) write تكتبي < †tu-ktub-i تكتبي
This process in form I verbs produces the only case (in verbs) where the helping vowel is not e/i but
o/u.‡ This is triggered by the vowel o in the present tense stem. As with the examples given above,
both forms occur:
’!u-kutb-i ‘write (f.) اكتبي < u-ktub-i اكتبي
b-tukutb-u ‘you write (pl.) بتكتبو < b-tu-ktub-u بتكتبو
The third person prefix yi- (or in form I yu-) contracts to -i- when the b- of the non-subjunctive is
added. This is optional, but probably more common than the alternative forms (byi- etc):
b-i-kteb بكتب < yi-kteb يكتب
b-i-kitb-u بكتبو < yi-kitb-u يكتبو
b-u-ktob يكتب < yu-ktob يكتب
b-u-kutb-u بكتبو < yu-kutb-u يكتبو
Although I’ve given mni- (or in form I occasionally mnu-) as the default form for the combination of
b- and the ni- of first person plural, a form without the assimilation of b- to m- also occurs – that is,
both of the following are possible:
m-nu-ktob منكتب < b-nu-ktob بنكتب
Note that unlike Syrian (but like fuSHa) the first person present prefix is always 2a-/ba-, which is
never dropped or shortened, and the third person feminine past suffix is -at.
* Specifically, when the following sequence of consonants and vowels exists: VCCiCV or VCCuCV (e.g. yuktubo).
This allows contraction first to VCCCV (yuktbo) and then the addition of an epenthetic to break up the cluster, producing VC
u/iCCV (yuk
utbo). It isn’t necessary to memorise this rule, obviously.
† Note that both yuktob and yikteb occur in Palestinian as present tense vowellings of katab ‘to write’.
‡ The distribution of o and u is exactly the same as that of e and i (i.e. o only appears in final unstressed
syllables). However, there are no ‘pure’ verbal forms that require insertion of o rather than u, and it only appears as a helping vowel in the occasional maSdar in this document.
Shortening of long vowels
One significant difference between southern Levantine and northern Levantine is the tendency to
shorten unstressed long vowels, which is much more limited in Damascus and Beirut than it is in
Jerusalem or Amman. This is a slightly idiosyncratic process which is sometimes optional and difficult
to sum up nicely, but as a general rule any shift of stress away from a long, open syllable (i.e one that
doesn’t end in a consonant) results in it being shortened.* This applies more to participle forms or
verbs with additional suffixes added than to the pure verb forms themselves, although there are a
few examples in actual verb paradigms.
’SoSeeti ‘you (f.) chirped صوصيتي < ’SooSa ‘he chirped صوصى
’daweet ‘I treated داويت < ’2adaawi ‘I treat أداوي
In cases like the following, in the original word the stressed syllable is closed, but the addition of a
suffix beginning with a vowel means that the consonant shifts to the next syllable along with the
stress, leaving the original long syllable open and susceptible to shortening:
’biTi2uush ‘they can’t stand بطيقوش < ’biTii2u ‘they can stand بطيقو
’bakatibhom ‘I dictate to them بكاتبهم < ’bakaateb ‘I dictate بكاتب
’mikhtariin ‘have chosen مختارين < ’mikhtaar ‘has chosen مختار
’katibtha ‘she has written it كاتبتها < ’kaatbe ‘has written (f.) كاتبة
Negation
Southern Levantine has three major verbal negators: maa, ma-...-sh and -sh. Maa and ma-...-sh are
largely interchangeable.† -sh on the other hand can only occur with present tense forms. -sh,
whether with ma- or on its own, triggers all the changes we generally expect from suffixes:
’ba3rafesh ‘I don’t know بعرفش < ’ba3raf ‘I know بعرف
’bti3rafiish ‘you don’t know بتعرفيش < ’bti3rafi ‘you (f.) know بتعرفي
Note that the combinations -ak-sh and -ek-sh may produce the irregular -kaash and -kiish:
’bi3rafkaash ‘he doesn’t know you بعرفكاش < ’bi3rafak ‘he knows you بعرفك
bi3rafakesh بعرفكش
’bashuufkiish ‘I don’t see you بشوفكيش < ’bashuufek ‘I see you بشوفك
bashufekesh بشوفكش
Ma- triggers no unexpected changes to the beginning of the word:
’ma2a3rafesh ‘that I don’t know ماعرفش < ’2a3raf ‘that I know أعرف
’mabtuktubesh ‘you don’t write مبتكتبش < ’btuktub ‘you write بتكتب
* The only exception is apparently faa3al-at plus a suffix beginning with a vowel – مارستو maarasat-o ‘she
practised it’, according to Issam Abu-Salim (1985). Shortening in closed syllables also happens optionally/sporadically. † Some constructions trigger one or the other, however. An example is 3umri maa ‘never’, which is more or
less a fixed expression: 3 عمري ما شفتوumri maa shufto ‘I’ve never seen him’ and not *3umri mashuftoosh.
Form I
Form I verbs in Palestinian have a few additional complications over those in Syrian. The imperative
is formed more or less as in fuSHa (with the prefixes i- and u-), with the choice of vowel depending
on the stem vowel: an u in the stem triggers u in the prefix, while an a or i in the stem triggers i. This
is also mirrored, unlike in Syrian, by the normal personal prefixes in the present:
’yu-ktob ‘he writes يكتب ’!u-ktob ‘write اكتب
’yi-msek ‘he grabs يمسك ’!i-msek ‘grab امسك
’yi-t3ab ‘he tires himself out يتعب ’!i-t3ab ‘tire [yourself] out اتعب
Form I verbs are not associated with any one particular meaning and have a range of possible
vowellings. For ‘sound verbs’ (no semivowels in their root) there are several alternative past (fa3al,
fi3el) and present (yif3el, yuf3ol, yif3al) vowellings. Fi3el-yif3al and fa3al-yuf3ol/yif3el are the most
common combinations, but all combinations occur. All possible present and past vowellings (though
not all possible combinations) are shown by the following examples:
katab كتب‘write’
Active Participle Passive Participle
maktuub مكتوب kaateb كاتب
MaSdar Noun of Instance
kitaabe N/A كتابة
Imperative:
اكتب اكتبي اكتبوuktob ukutbi ukutbu
Present Past
Ana 2aktob baktob كتب بكتبأا katabet كتبت
Inta* tuktob btuktob تكتب بتكتب katabet كتبت
Inti tukutbi btukutbi تكتبي بتكتبي katabti كتبتي
Huwwe yuktob buktob كتبيكتب ب katab كتب
Hiyye tuktob btuktob تكتب بتكتب katbat كتبت
I7na* nuktob mnuktob نكتب منكتب katabna كتبنا
Intu tukutbu btukutbu تكتبو بتكتبو katabtu كتبتو
Humme* yukutbu bukutbu يكتبو بكتبو katabu كتبو
* All of inta, i7na and humme have common alternative forms in Palestine but not in Jordan (inte, ni7na, and
hinne).
Note that the first i of the past tense forms of fi3el verbs is dropped when not stressed:
misek مسك‘to hold, catch’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mamsuuk ممسوك maasek ماسك
MaSdar Noun of Instance
maske مسكة masek مسك
Imperative: امسك امسكي امسكو
imsek imeski imesku
Present Past
Ana 2amsek bamsek امسك بمسك msiket مسكت
Inta timsek btimsek تمسك بتمسك msiket مسكت
Inti timeski, btimeski تمسكي بتمسكي msikti مسكتي
Huwwe yimsek bimsek مسكيمسك ب misek مسك
Hiyye timsek btimsek تمسك بتمسك miskat مسكت
I7na nimsek mnimsek نمسك منمسك msikna مسكنا
Intu timesku btimesku تمسكو بتمسكو msiktu مسكتو
Humme yimesku bimesku مسكويمسكو ب misku مسكو
ti3eb تعب‘get tired’
Active Participle Passive Participle
- ta3baan تعبان
MaSdar Noun of Instance
ta3ab N/A تعب
Imperative: اتعب اتعبي اتعبو
it3ab it3abi it3abu
Present Past
Ana 2at3ab bat3ab اتعب بتعب t3ibet تعبت
Inta tit3ab btit3ab تتعب بتتعب t3ibet تعبت
Inti tit3abi btit3abi تتعبي بتتعبي t3ibti تعبتي
Huwwe yit3ab bit3ab تعبيتعب ب ti3eb تعب
Hiyye tit3ab btit3ab تتعب بتتعب ti3bat تعبت
I7na nit3ab mnit3ab نتعب منتعب t3ibna تعبنا
Intu tit3abu btit3abu تتعبو بتتعبو t3ibtu تعبتو
Humme yit3abu bit3abu تعبويتعبو ب ti3bu تعبو
So-called ‘assimilating verbs’ (those with a semi-vowel as their initial root consonant) do not
necessarily assimilate.* The following set of forms for wiSel show that in the present it conjugates
more or less exactly like a sound verb:
wiSel وصل‘arrive’
Active Participle Passive Participle
waaSel N/A واصل
MaSdar Noun of Instance
waSle وصلة wSuul وصول
Imperative: اوصل اوصلي اوصلو
iwSal iwSali iwSalu
Present Past
Ana 2awSal bawSal اوصل بوصل wSilet وصلت
Inta tiwSal btiwSal توصل بتوصل wSilet وصلت
Inti tiwSali btiwSali توصلي بتوصلي wSilti وصلتي
Huwwe yiwSal biwSal وصليوصل ب wiSel وصل
Hiyye tiwSal btiwSal توصل بتوصل wiSlat توصل
I7na niwSal mniwSal نوصل منوصل wSilna وصلنا
Intu tiwSal btiwSali توصلو بتوصلو wSiltu وصلتو
Humme yiwSalu biwSalu وصلويوصلو ب wiSlu وصلو
The two verbs with initial hamza, 2akhad and 2akal, have a number of irregularities. The active
participle takes an m-, and all but one of the present forms have a long oo:†
2akhad اخد‘to take’
Active Participle Passive Participle
خدما maakhed مأخود ma2khuud
MaSdar Noun of Instance
2akhde اخدة 2akhed اخد
Imperative:
khood khudi khudu خود خدي خدو
Present Past
Ana 2aakhod baakhod 2 آخد باخدakhadet اخدت
Inta tookhod btookhod وخدبت وخدت 2akhadet اخدت
Inti tookhdi btookhdi يوخدي بتوخدت 2akhadti اخدتي
Huwwe yookhod b(y)ookhod وخدب وخدي 2akhad اخد
Hiyye tookhod btookhod وخدبت وخدت 2akhdat اخدت
I7na nookhod mnookhod وخدمن وخدن 2akhadna اخدنا
Intu tookhdu btookhdu ووخدو بتوخدت 2akhadtu اخدتو
Humme yookhdu bookhdu ووخدو بيوخدي 2akhadu اخدو
* An alternative set of forms does exist where w is dropped: baSal, btiSal etc.
† There are at least two other common conjugations for this verb. One is the same as the Syrian form, with a
stable -aa- in all forms (baakhod, btaakhod, byaakhod...). Another has oo, but the stem vowel is e (baakhed, btookhed...). The conjugation given here is the most common, however.
Form I hollow verbs (verbs with a semivowel for their middle root consonant) have almost as many
possible forms as their sound equivalents. As in fuSHa, three possible present vowellings exist (yfiil,
yfuul, yfaal) and two past vowellings (faal-fulet and faal-filet) exist. The past vowellings u/i largely
correspond to the present vowellings uu/ii.
jaab جاب‘to bring’
Active Participle Passive Participle
majyuub مجيوب jaayeb جايب
MaSdar Noun of Instance
jayabaan N/A جيبان
Imperative:
جيب جيبي جيبوjiib jiibi jiibu
Present Past
Ana 2ajiib bajiib جيب بجيبأ jibet جبت
Inta tjiib bitjiib تجيب بتجيب jibet جبت
Inti tjiibi bitjiibi تجيبي بتجيبي jibti جبتي
Huwwe yjiib bijiib يجيب بجيب jaab جاب
Hiyye tjiib bitjiib تجيب بتجيب jaabat جابت
I7na njiib minjiib نجيب منجيب jibna جبنا
Intu tjiibu bitjiibu تجيبو بتجيبو jibtu جبتو
Humme yjiibu bijiibu يجيبو بجيبو jaabu جابو
daa2 داق‘to taste’
Active Participle Passive Participle
madyuu2 مديوق daaye2 دايق
MaSdar Noun of Instance
doo2 N/A دوق
Imperative:
دوق دوقي دوقوduu2 duu2i duu2u
Present Past
Ana 2aduu2 baduu2 دوق بدوقأ du2et دقت
Inta tduu2 bitduu2 تدوق بتدوق du2et دقت
Inti tduu2i bitduu2i تدوقي بتدوقي du2ti دقتي
Huwwe yduu2 biduu2 يدوق بدوق daa2 داق
Hiyye tduu2 bitduu2 تدوق بتدوق daa2at داقت
I7na nduu2 minduu2 ندوق مندوق du2na دقنا
Intu tduu2u bitduu2u تدوقو بتدوقو du2tu دقتو
Humme yduu2u biduu2u يدوقو بدوقو daa2u داقو
naam نام‘to sleep’
Active Participle Passive Participle
naayem N/A نايم
MaSdar Noun of Instance
noome نومة noom نوم
Imperative: نام نامي نامو
naam naami naamu
Present Past
Ana 2anaam banaam نام بنامأ nimet نمت
Inta tnaam bitnaam تنام بتنام nimet نمت
Inti tnaami bitnaami تنامي بتنامي nimti نمتي
Huwwe ynaam binaam ينام بنام naam نام
Hiyye tnaam bitnaam تنام بتنام naamat نامت
I7na nnaam minnaam ننام مننام nimna نمنا
Intu tnaamu bitnaamu تنامو بتنامو nimtu نمتو
Humme ynaamu binaamu ينامو بنامو naamu نامو
Weak verbs (those with a final semivowel root consonant) have two possible present vowellings
(yif3a, yif3i) and two past vowellings (fa3a fi3i). By far the most common combinations are fa3a-
yif3i, fi3i-yif3a, but there are some common exceptions (biki-yibki ‘cry’, mishi-yimshi ‘walk’).
nisi نسي‘forget’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mansi منسي naasi ناسي
MaSdar Noun of Instance
اننسي nisyaan نسوة naswe
Imperative:
انسى انسي انسوinsa insi insu
Present Past
Ana 2ansa bansa انسى بنسى nsiit نسيت
Inta tinsa btinsa تنسى بتنسى nsiit نسيت
Inti tinsi btinsi تنسي بنتسي nsiiti نسيتي
Huwwe yinsa binsa نسىينسى ب nisi نسي
Hiyye tinsa btinsa تنسى بتنسى nisyat نسيت
I7na ninsa mninsa ننسى مننسى nsiina نسينا
Intu tinsu btinsu تنسو بتنسو nsiitu نسيتو
Humme yinsu binsu نسوينسو ب nisyu نسيو
Tafa طفى‘turn off’
Active Participle Passive Participle
maTfi مطفي Taafi طافي
MaSdar Noun of Instance
Tafye طفية Tafy طفي
Imperative: اطفي اطفي اطفوiTfi iTfi iTfu
Present Past
Ana 2aTfi baTfi اطفي بطفي Tafeet طفيت
Inta tiTfi btiTfi تطفي بتطفي Tafeet طفيت
Inti tiTfi btiTfi تطفي بتطفي Tafeeti طفيتي
Huwwe yiTfi biTfi طفييطفي ب Tafa طفى
Hiyye tiTfi btiTfi تطفي بتطفي Tafat طفت
I7na niTfi mniTfi نطفي منطفي Tafeena طفينا
Intu tiTfu btiTfu تطفو بتطفو Tafeetu طفيتو
Humme yiTfu biTfu طفويطفو ب Tafu طفو
Doubled verbs (those with identical second and third root consonants) only have one possible set of
vowellings, fa33-yfi33. In dialects without the merger of e and o to i, there are two possible present
vowellings (yfi33, yfu33). In both cases, doubled verbs are more straightforward than in fuSHa.
madd مد‘stretch out’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mamduud ممدود maaded مادد
MaSdar Noun of Instance
madde مدة madd مد
Imperative: مد مدي مدو
midd middi middu
Present Past
Ana 2amidd bamidd مدب مدأ maddeet يتمد
Inta tmidd bitmidd مدبت مدت maddeet يتمد
Inti tmiddi bitmiddi يمدي بتمدت maddeeti يتيمد
Huwwe ymidd bimidd مدب مدي madd مد
Hiyye tmidd bitmidd مدبت مدت maddat تمد
I7na nmidd minmidd مدمن مدن maddeena ينامد
Intu tmiddu bitmiddu ومدو بتمدت maddeetu يتومد
Humme ymiddu bimiddu ومدو بمدي maddu ومد
da22 دق‘hit, tap’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mad2uu2 مدقوق daa2e2 (or daa22) داقق
MaSdar Noun of Instance
da22a دقة da22 دق
Imperative: دق دقي دقو
du22 du22i du22u
Present Past
Ana 2adu22 badu22 دق بدقأ da22eet دقيت
Inta tdu22 bitdu22 تدق بتدق da22eet دقيت
Inti tdu22i bitdu22i تدقي بتدقي da22eeti دقيتي
Huwwe ydu22 bidu22 يدق بدق da22 دق
Hiyye tdu22 bitdu22 تدق بتدق da22at دقت
I7na ndu22 mindu22 مندقندق da22eena دقينا
Intu tdu22u bitdu22u تدقو بتدقو da22eetu دقيتو
Humme ydu22 bidu22u يدقو بدقو da22u دقو
*.a3Ta ‘give’ is generally strange. The past is regular, but the present forms retain the a اعطى
عطىأ a3Ta ‘give’
Active Participle Passive Participle
ma3Ti N/A طيمع
MaSdar Noun of Instance
اعط 3aTa 3عطوةaTwe
Imperative:
عطوأعطي أعطي أ a3Ti a3Ti a3Tu
Present Past
Ana 2a3Ti ba3Ti اعطي بعطي a3Teet عطيتأ
Inta ta3Ti bta3Ti تعطي بتعطي a3Teet عطيتأ
Inti ta3Ti bta3Ti تعطي بتعطي a3Teeti عطيتيأ
Huwwe ya3Ti ba3Ti يعطي بعطي a3Ta عطىأ
Hiyye ta3Ti bti3Ti تعطي بتعطي a3Tat عطتأ
I7na na3Ti mna3Ti نعطي منعطي a3Teena عطيناأ
Intu ta3Tu bta3Tu تعطو بتعطو a3Teetu عطيتوأ
Humme ya3Tu ba3Tu يعطو بعطو a3Tu عطوأ
* An alternative conjugation with regular i in the present and imperative also exists: bti3Ti, i3Tiini etc.
Aja* ‘come’ is very irregular. In the past it has two sets of forms, one with the prefix a- one without
it. The active participle is jaay (which is used for the masculine and the feminine). There is no actual
imperative: forms based on ta3aal- or ta3- stand in.
2aja اجى‘to come’
Active Participle Passive Participle
jaayyiin N/A جايين ,jaay جاي
MaSdar Noun of Instance
jeene جينة jayaan جيان
Imperative:
ta3aal ta3aali ta3aalu تعال تعالي تعالو
Present Past
Ana 2aaji baaji جياجي با (2a)jiit اجيتجيت
Inta tiiji btiiji جي بتيجييت (2a)jiit جيت اجيت
Inti tiiji btiiji جي بتيجييت (2a)jiiti جيتي اجيتي
Huwwe yiiji biiji جييجي بيي 2aja اجى
Hiyye tiiji btiiji 2 تيجي بتيجيajat اجت
I7na niiji mniiji نيجي منيجي (2a)jiina جينا اجينا
Intu tiiju btiiju تيجو بتيجو (2a)jiitu جيتو اجيتو
Humme yiju biju 2 ييجو بيجوaju اجو
* The more north-Levantine like ija also exists.
Form II
zabbaT زبّط
‘sort out’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mzabbaT مزبط mzabbeT مزبط
MaSdar Noun of Instance
ةتزبيط tazbiiT تزبيط tazbiiTe
Imperative: زبطوزبط زبطي
zabbeT zabbTi zabbTu
Present Past
Ana 2azabbeT bazabbeT زبط بزبطأ zabbaTet زبطت
Inta tzabbeT bitzabbeT تزبط بتزبط zabbaTet زبطت
Inti tzabbTi bitzabbTi تزبطي بتزبطي zabbaTTi زبطتي
Huwwe yzabbeT bizabbeT يزبط بزبط zabbaT زبط
Hiyye tzabbeT bitzabbeT تزبط بتزبط zabbaTat زبطت
I7na nzabbeT minzabbeT نزبط منزبط zabbaTna زبطنا
Intu tzabbTu bitzabbTu تزبطو بتزبطو zabbaTTu زبطنا
Humme yzabbTu bizabbTu يزبطو بزبطو zabbaTu زبطو
3abba عبّى
‘fill’
Active Participle Passive Participle
m3abba معبى m3abbi معبي m3abbaay (f) معباي
MaSdar Noun of Instance
ti3baay N/A تعباي
Imperative: عبي عبي عبو
3abbi 3abbi 3abbu
Present Past
Ana 2a3abbi ba3abbi عبي بعبيأ 3abbeet عبيت
Inta t3abbi bit3abbi 3 تعبي بتعبيabbeet عبيت
Inti t3abbi bit3abbi 3 تعبي بتعبيabbeeti عبيتي
Huwwe y3abbi bi3abbi 3 يعبو بعبوabba عبى
Hiyye t3abbi bit3abbi 3 تعبي بتعبيabbat عبت
I7na n3abbi min3abbi 3 نعبي منعبيabbeena عبينا
Intu t3abbu bit3abbu 3 تعبو بتعبوabbeetu عبيتو
Humme y3abbu bi3abbu 3 يعبو بعبوabbu عبو
Form III
jaakar جاكر‘spite’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mjaakar مجاكر mjaaker مجاكر
MaSdar Noun of Instance
mjaakara N/A مجاكرة
Imperative: جاكر جاكري جاكرو
jaaker jaakri jaakru
Present Past
Ana 2ajaaker bajaaker جاكر بجاكرأ jaakaret جاكرت
Inta tjaaker bitjaaker تجاكر بتجاكر jaakaret جاكرت
Inti tjaakri bitjaakri تجاكري بتجاكري jaakarti جاكرتي
Huwwe yjaaker bijaaker يجاكر بجاكر jaakar جاكر
Hiyye tjaaker bitjaaker تجاكر بتجاكر jaakarat جاكرت
I7na njaaker minjaaker منجاكرنجاكر jaakarna جاكرنا
Intu tjaakru bitjaakru تجاكرو بتجاكرو jaakartu جاكرتو
Humme yjaakru bijaakru يجاكرو بجاكرو jaakaru جاكرو
ىداو daawa
‘to doctor’
Active Participle Passive Participle
يداوم mdaawi ىداوم mdaawa
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative: وداوي داوي داو
daawi daawi daawu
Present Past
Ana 2adaawi badaawi يداوي بداوأ daaweet يتداو
Inta tdaawi bitdaawi يداوي بتداوت daaweet يتداو
Inti tdaawi bitdaawi يداوي بتداوت daaweeti يتيداو
Huwwe ydaawi bidaawi يداوي بداوي daawa ىداو
Hiyye tdaawi bitdaawi يداوي بتداوت daawat تداو
I7na ndaawi mindaawi يداوي منداون daaweena يناداو
Intu tdaawu bitdaawu وداوو بتداوت daaweetu يتوداو
Humme ydaawu bidaawu وداوي بداوي daawu وداو
Form V
t3allam تعلم
‘learn’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mit3allem N/A متعلم
MaSdar Noun of Instance
ta3allom N/A تعلم
Imperative: تعلم تعلمي تعلمو
t3allam t3allami t3allamu
Present Past
Ana 2at3allam bat3allam اتعلم بتعلم t3allamet تعلمت
Inta tit3allam btit3allam تتعلم بتتعلم t3allamet تعلمت
Inti tit3allami btit3allami تتعلمي بتتعلمي t3allamti تعلمتي
Huwwe yit3allam bit3allam تعلميتعلم ب t3allam تعلم
Hiyye tit3allam btit3allam تتعلم بتتعلم t3allamat تعلمت
I7na nit3allam mnit3allam نتعلم منتعلم t3allamna تعلمنا
Intu tit3allamu btit3allamu تتعلمو بتتعلمو t3allamtu تعلمتو
Humme yit3allamu bit3allamu تعلمويتعلمو ب t3allamu تعلمو
tkhabba تخبى‘hide, be hidden’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mitkhabbi N/A متخبي
MaSdar Noun of Instance
tkhibbi N/A تخبي
Imperative:
تخبى تخبي تخبوtkhabba tkhabbi tkhabbu
Present Past
Ana 2atkhabba batkhabba اتخبى بتخبى tkhabbeet تخبيت
Inta titkhabba btitkhabba تتخبى بتتخبى tkhabbeet تخبيت
Inti titkhabbi btitkhabbi تتخبي بتتخبي tkhabbeeti تخبيتي
Huwwe yitkhabba bitkhabba تخبىيتخبى ب tkhabba تخبى
Hiyye titkhabba btitkhabba تتخبى بتتخبى tkhabbat تخبت
I7na nitkhabba mnitkhabba نتخبى منتخبى tkhabbeena تخبينا
Intu titkhabbu btitkhabbu تتخبو بتتخبو tkhabbeetu تخبيتو
Humme yitkhabbu bitkhabbu تخبويتخبو ب tkhabbu تخبو
Form VI
tjaawab تجاوب‘to engage with’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mitjaaweb N/A متجاوب
MaSdar Noun of Instance
tajaawob N/A تجاوب
Imperative:
تجاوب تجاوبي تجاوبوtjaawab tjaawabi tjaawabu
Present Past
Ana 2atjaawab batjaawab اتجاوب بتجاوب tjaawabet تجاوبت
Inta titjaawab btitjaawab تتجاوب بتتجاوب tjaawabet تجاوبت
Inti titjaawabi btitjaawabi تتجاوبي بتتجاوبي
tjaawabti تجاوبتي
Huwwe yitjaawab bitjaawab تجاوبيتجاوب ب tjaawab تجاوب
Hiyye titjaawab btitjaawab تتجاوب بتتجاوب tjaawabat تجاوبت
I7na nitjaawab mnitjaawab نتجاوب منتجاوب
tjaawabna تجاوبنا
Intu titjaawabu btitjaawabu
تجاوبتو tjaawabtu تتجاوبو بتتجاوبو
Humme yitjaawabu bitjaawabu
تجاوبويتجاوبو ب tjaawabu تجاوبو
ىداوت t7aaka ‘to be treated’
Active Participle Passive Participle
يداومت mitdaawi N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
يداوت tadaawi N/A
Imperative: وداوي تداوى تداوت
tdaawa tdaawi tdaawu
Present Past
Ana 2atdaawa batdaawa ىداوى بتداوات tdaaweet يتداوت
Inta titdaawa btitdaawa ىداوى بتتداوتت tdaaweet يتداوت
Inti titdaawi btitdaawi يداوي بتتداوتت tdaaweeti يتيداوت
Huwwe yitdaawa bitdaawa ىداوتى بداويت tdaawa ىداوت
Hiyye titdaawa btitdaawa ىداوى بتتداوتت tdaawat تداوت
I7na nitdaawa mnitdaawa ىداوى منتداونت tdaaweena يناداوت
Intu titdaawu btitdaawu وداوو بتتداوتت tdaaweetu يتوداوت
Humme yitdaawu bitdaawu وداوتو بداويت tdaawu وداوت
Form VII
Most form VIIs have some variation on the past vowelling infa3al (infaal, infa3a) and a present
vowelling which is a variation on either yinfi3el (yinfi3i) or less commonly yinfa3al (yinfa3a, yinfaal).
The present tense forms with i are one of the few cases in which Jordanian and Palestinian differ.
Although the stress (and what we might call the underlying forms before vowel deletion) is the
same, the typical Jordanian present tense forms (given first in the tables below) lack the vowel
deletion and insertion of a helping vowel characteristic of the Palestinian forms (given second).
While the forms remain stable in Jordanian, in Palestinian the middle vowel is deleted when
unstressed.* When the addition of suffixes triggers a stress shift, however, this vowel is preserved.
This produces pairs like the following:
’tinmisku ‘you (pl.) are caught تنمسكو < ’tinimsek ‘you (sg.) are caught تنمسك
Note that in defective verbs of this type, there is no final consonant to form a cluster and trigger a
stress shift, meaning that stress and the dropping of the vowel both happen in all forms for this sort
of verb:
’yiniTwu ‘they are folded ينطوو < ’yiniTwi ‘it is folded ينطوي
nmasak انمسك‘be held, caught’
Active Participle Passive Participle
منمسكminmisek/minimsek
N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative: انمسك انمسكي انمسكو
inimsek/inmisek inmiski inmisku
Present Past
Ana 2anmisek banmisek 2animsek banimsek
انمسكت nmasaket انمسك بنمسك
Inta tinmisek btinmisek tinimsek btinimsek
انمسكت nmasaket تنمسك بتنمسك
Inti tinmiski btinmiski تنمسكي بتنمسكي nmasakti انمسكتي
Huwwe yinmisek binmisek yinimsek binimsek
نمسكينمسك ب nmasak انمسك
Hiyye tinmisek btinmisek tinimsek btinimsek
انمسكت nmaskat تنمسك بتنمسك
I7na ninmisek bninmisek ninimsek mninimsek
انمسكنا nmasakna ننمسك مننمسك
Intu tinmisku btinmisku تنمسكو بتنمسكو nmasaktu انمسكتو
Humme yinmisku binmisku نمسكوينمسكو ب nmasaku انمسكو
* The stress of these forms is regular, unlike in Syrian (where it typically is on the middle syllable regardless of
whether it is followed by a consonant cluster or not – in violation of normal stress rules).
nshaaf انشاف‘be seen
Active Participle Passive Participle
minshaaf N/A منشاف
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
انشاف انشافي انشافوnshaaf nshaafi nshaafu
Present Past
Ana 2anshaaf banshaaf انشاف بنشاف nshafet انشفت
Inta tinshaaf btinshaaf تنشاف بتنشاف nshafet انشفت
Inti tinshaafi btinshaafi تنشافي بنتشافي nshafti انشفتي
Huwwe yinshaaf binshaaf ينشاف بنشاف nshaaf انشاف
Hiyye tinshaaf btinshaaf تنشاف بتنشاف nshaafat انشافت
I7na ninshaaf mninshaaf ننشاف مننشاف nshafna انشفنا
Intu tinshaafu btinshaafu تنشافو بتنشافو nshaftu انشفتو
Humme yinshaafu binshaafu ينشافو بنشافو nshaafu انشافو
n3aTa انعطى‘be given’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mini3Ti N/A منعطي
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative: انعطوانعطى انعطي
in3aTa in3aTi in3aTu
Present Past
Ana 2an3aTa ban3aTa انعطى بنعطى n3aTeet انعطيت
Inta tin3aTa btin3aTa تنعطى بتنعطى n3aTeet انعطيت
Inti tin3aTi btin3aTi تنعطي بتنعطي n3aTeeti انعطيتي
Huwwe yin3aTa bin3aTa نعطىينعطى ب in3aTa انعطى
Hiyye tin3aTa btin3aTa تنعطى بتنعطى in3aTat انعطت
I7na nin3aTa mnin3aTa ننعطى مننعطى n3aTeena انعطنا
Intu tin3aTu btin3aTu تنعطو بتنعطو n3aTeetu انعطيتو
Humme yin3aTu bin3aTu ينعطو بنعطو n3aTu انعطو
nTawa انعطى‘be folded’
Active Participle Passive Participle
يطومن minTiwi/miniTwi N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
وطوي انطوان يطوان inTiwi/iniTwi inTiwi/iniTwi inTiwu/iniTwu
Present Past
Ana 2anTiwi banTiwi 2aniTwi baniTwi
ىطوى بنطوان nTaweet يتطوان
Inta tinTiwi btinTiwi tiniTwi/tiniTwi
ىطوى بتنطوتن nTaweet يتطوان
Inti يطوي بتنطوتن nTaweeti يتيطوان
Huwwe yinTiwi binTiwi yiniTwi/biniTwi
ىطونينطوى ب nTawa ىطوان
Hiyye tinTiwi btinTiwi tiniTwi/tiniTwi
ىطوى بتنطوتن nTawat تطوان
I7na ninTiwi mninTiwi niniTwi/bniniTwi
ىطوى مننطونن nTaweena ناطوان
Intu tinTiwu btinTiwu وطوو بتنطوتن nTaweetu يتوطوان
Humme yinTiwu binTiwu وطوو بنطوين nTawu وطوان
nkabb انكب‘be thrown away’
Active Participle Passive Participle
minkabb N/A منكب
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative: انكب انكبي انكبو
nkabb nkabbi nkabbu
Present Past
Ana 2ankabb bankabb انكب بنكب nkabbeet انكبيت
Inta tinkabb btinkabb تنكب بتنكب nkabbeet انكبيت
Inti tinkabbi btinkabbi تنكبي بتنكبي nkabbeeti انكبيتي
Huwwe yinkabb binkabb نكبينكب ب nkabb انكب
Hiyye tinkabb btinkabb تنكب بتنكب nkabbat انكبت
I7na ninkabb mninkabb ننكب مننكب nkabbeena انكبينا
Intu tinkabbu btinkabbu تنكبو بتنكبو nkabbeetu انكبيتو
Humme yinkabbu binkabbu نكبوينكبو ب nkabbu انكبو
Form VIII
As with form VIIs on the similarly-structured pattern yinfi3el, form VIIIs differ between Jordanian and
Palestinian based on their treatment of the middle vowel i. In Jordanian this is stable, but in
Palestinian it is deleted when not stressed, producing pairs like the following:
’yishtighlu ‘they work يشتغلو ’yishtghel ‘he works يشتغل
Likewise in defective verbs, where the absence of a final consonant to form a cluster and trigger a
stress shift when suffixes are added means there is no middle vowel in any of the forms:
’yishtru ‘they buy يشترو ’yishtri ‘he buys يشتري
shtaghal اشتغل‘work’
Active Participle Passive Participle مشتغل
mishtighel mishtghel
N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
shaghle شغلة shughol شغل
Imperative:
اشتغل اشتغلي اشتغلوishtghel ishtighli ishtghlu
Present Past
Ana 2ashtghel bashtghel 2ashtighel bashtighel
اشتغلت shtaghalet اشتغل بشتغل
Inta tishtghel btishtghel tishtighel btishtighel
اشتغلت shtaghalet تشتغل بتشتغل
Inti tishtighli btishtighli تشتغلي بتشتغلي shtaghalti اشتغلتي
Huwwe yishtghel bishtghel yishtighel bishtighel
شتغليشتغل ب shtaghal اشتغل
Hiyye tishtghel btishtghel tishteghel btishteghel
اشتغلت shtaghlat تشتغل بتشتغل
I7na nishtghel mnishtghel nishtighel mnishtighel
اشتغلنا shtaghalna نشتغل منشتغل
Intu tishtighlu btishtighlu تشتغلو بتشتغلو shtaghaltu اشتغلتو
Humme yishtighlu bishtighlu شتغلويشتغلو ب shtaghalu اشتغلو
rtaa7 ارتاح‘rest’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mirtaa7 N/A مرتاح
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
ارتاحي ارتاحوارتاح rtaa7 rtaa7i rtaa7u
Present Past
Ana 2artaa7 bartaa7 ارتاح برتاح rta7et ارتحت
Inta tirtaa7 btirtaa7 ترتاح بترتاح rta7et ارتحت
Inti tirtaa7i btirtaa7i ترتاحي بترتاحي rta7ti ارتحتي
Huwwe yirtaa7 birtaa7 رتاحيرتاح ب rtaa7 ارتاح
Hiyye tirtaa7 btirtaa7 ترتاح بترتاح rtaa7at ارتاحت
I7na nirtaa7 mnirtaa7 نرتاح منرتاح rta7na ارتحنا
Intu tirtaa7u btirtaa7u ترتاحو بترتاحو rta7tu ارتحتو
Humme yirtaa7u birtaa7u رتاحويرتاحو ب rtaa7u ارتاحو
lta2a التقى‘meet’
Active Participle Passive Participle
milt2i N/A ملتقي
MaSdar Noun of Instance
iltiqaa2 N/A التقاء
Imperative: التقي التقي التقوilt2i ilt2i ilt2u
Present Past
Ana 2alt2i balt2i 2alti2i balti2i
التقيت lta2eet التقي بلتقي
Inta tilt2i btilt2i tilti2i btilti2i
بتلتقيتلتقي lta2eet التقيت
Inti tilt2i btilt2i tilti2i btilti2i
التقيتي lta2eeti تلتقي بتلتقي
Huwwe yilt2i bilt2i yilti2i bilti2i
لتقييلتقي ب ilta2a التقى
Hiyye tilt2i btilt2i tilti2i btilti2i
التقت ilta2at تلتقي بتلتقي
I7na nilt2i mnilt2i nilti2i bnilti2i
التقينا lta2eena نلتقي منلتقي
Intu tilt2u btilt2u tilti2u btilti2u
التقيتو lta2eetu تلتقو بتلتقو
Humme yilt2u bilt2u yilti2u bilti2u
لتقويلتقو ب ilta2u التقو
DTarr اضطر‘be obliged to’
Active Participle Passive Participle
miDTarr N/A مضطر
MaSdar Noun of Instance
iDTiraar N/A اضطرار
Imperative:
اضطر اضطري اضطروDTarr DTarri DTarru
Present Past
Ana 2aDTarr baDTarr اضطر بضطر DTarreet اضطريت
Inta tiDTarr btiDTarr تضطر بتضطر DTarreet اضطريت
Inti tiDTarri btiDTarri يبتضطر يتضطر DTarreeti اضطريتي
Huwwe yiDTarr biDTarr ضطريضطر ب DTarr اضطر
Hiyye tiDTarr btiDTarr تضطر بتضطر DTarrat اضطرت
I7na niDTarr mniDTarr نضطر منضطر DTarreena اضطرينا
Intu btiDTarru btiDTarru تضطرو بتضطرو DTarreetu اضطريتو
Humme yiDTarru biDTarru ضطرويضطرو ب DTarru اضطرو
Form IX
swadd اسود‘turn black’
Active Participle Passive Participle
miswadd N/A مسود
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative: اسود اسودي اسودو
swadd swaddi swaddu
Present Past
Ana 2aSwadd baSwadd اسود بسود swaddeet اسوديت
Inta tiSwadd btiSwadd تسود بتسود swaddeet اسوديت
Inti tiSwadd btiSwadd تسود بتسود swaddeeti اسوديتي
Huwwe yiSwadd biSwadd يسود بسود swadd اسود
Hiyye tiSwadd btiSwadd تسود بتسود swaddat اسودت
I7na niSwadd mniSwadd نسود منسود swaddeena اسودينا
Intu btiSwaddu btiSwaddu تسودو بتسودو swaddeetu اسوديتو
Humme yiSwaddu biSwaddu يسودويسودو swaddu اسودو
Form X
staghrab استغرب‘find strange, be surprised’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mistaghreb N/A مستغرب
MaSdar Noun of Instance
istighraab N/A استغراب
Imperative: استغرب استغربي استغربو
staghreb staghirbi staghirbu
Present Past
Ana 2astaghreb bastaghreb استغرب بستغرب staghrabet استغربت
Inta tistaghreb btistaghreb تستغرب بتستغرب staghrabet استغربت
Inti tistaghirbi btistaghirbi تستغرب بتستغرب staghrabti استغربتي
Huwwe yistaghreb bistaghreb ستغربيستغرب ب staghrab استغرب
Hiyye tistaghreb btistaghreb تستغرب بتستغرب staghrabat استغربت
I7na nistaghreb mnistaghreb نستغرب منستغرب staghrabna استغربنا
Intu btistaghirbu btistaghirbu تستغربو بتستغربو staghrabtu استغربتو
Humme yistaghirbu bistaghirbu ستغربويستغربو ب staghrabu استغربو
staqaal استقال‘resign’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mistaqiil N/A مستقيل
MaSdar Noun of Instance
istiqaale N/A استقالة
Imperative: استقيل استقيلي استقيلو
staqiil staqiili staqiilu
Present Past
Ana 2astaqiiil bastaqiiil استقيل بستقيل staqalet استقلت
Inta tistaqiiil btistaqiiil تستقيل بتستقيل staqalet استقلت
Inti tistaqiiil btistaqiiil تستقيل بتستقيل staqalti استقلتي
Huwwe yistaqiiil bistaqiiil ستقيليستقيل ب staqaal استقال
Hiyye tistaqiiil btistaqiiil تستقيل بتستقيل staqaalat استقالت
I7na nistaqiiil mnistaqiiil نستقيل منستقيل staqalna استقلنا
Intu btistaqiiilu btistaqiiilu تستقيلو بتستقيلو staqaltu اضطريتو
Humme yistaqiiilu bistaqiiilu ستقيلويستقيلو ب staqaalu اضطرو
stawla استولى‘take over’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mistawli N/A مستولي
MaSdar Noun of Instance
istilaa2 N/A استيالء
Imperative:
استولي استولي استلولوstawli stawli stawlu
Present Past
Ana 2astawli bastawli استولي بستولي stawleet استوليت
Inta tistawli btistawli تستولي بتستولي stawleet استوليت
Inti tistawli btistawli تستولييبتستولي stawleeti استوليتي
Huwwe yistawli bistawli يستولي بستولي stawla استولى
Hiyye tistawli btistawli تستولي بتستولي stawlat استولت
I7na nistawli mnistawli نستولي منستولي stawleena استولينا
Intu tistawlu btistawlu تستولو بتستولو stawleetu استوليتو
Humme yistawlu bistawlu يستولو بستولو stawlu استولو
staghall استغل‘exploit’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mistghill N/A مستغل
MaSdar Noun of Instance
istighlaal N/A استغالل
Imperative: استغل استغلي استغلو
stghill stghilli stghillu
Present Past
Ana 2astghill bastghill استغل بستغل staghalleet استغليت
Inta tistghill btistghill تستغل بتستغل staghalleet استغليت
Inti tistghilli btistghilli تستغلي بتستغلي staghalleeti استغليتي
Huwwe yistghill bistghill ستغليستغل ب staghall استغل
Hiyye tistghill btistghill تستغل بتستغل staghallat استغلت
I7na nistghill mnistghill نستغل منستغل staghalleena استغلينا
Intu tistghillu btistghillu تستغلو بتستغلو staghalleetu استغليتو
Humme yistghillu bistghillu ستغلويستغلو ب staghallu استغلو
Quadriliteral verbs
za2za2 زقزق‘squeak’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mza2ze2 N/A مزقزق
MaSdar Noun of Instance
za2za2a N/A زقزقة
Imperative: زقزق زقزقي زقزقو
za2ze2 za2iz2i za2iz2u
Present Past
Ana 2aza2ze2 baza2ze2 زقزق بزقزقأ za2za2et زقزقت
Inta tza2ze2 bitza2ze2 تزقزق بتزقزق za2za2et زقزقت
Inti tza2iz2i bitza2iz2i بتزقزقيتزقزقي za2za2Ti زقزقتي
Huwwe yza2ze2 biza2ze2 يزقزق بزقزق za2za2 زقزق
Hiyye tza2ze2 bitza2ze2 تزقزق بتزقزق za2za2at زقزقت
I7na nza2ze2 minza2ze2 نزقزق منزقزق za2za2na زقزقنا
Intu tza2iz2u bitza2iz2u تزقزقو بتزقزقو za2za2Tu زقزقنا
Humme yza2iz2u biza2iz2u يزقزقو بزقزقو za2za2u زقزقو
دحدلت tda7dal ‘roll’
Active Participle Passive Participle
دحدلمت mitda7del N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
ةدحدل da7dale N/A
Imperative: ودحدلي تدحدلت دحدلت
tda7dal tda7dali tda7dalu
Present Past
Ana 2atda7dal batda7dal دحدلبت دحدلتأ tda7dalet تدحدلت
Inta titda7dal btitda7dal دحدلبتت دحدلتت tda7dalet تدحدلت
Inti titda7dali btitda7dali يدحدلي بتتدحدلتت tda7dalTi تيدحدلت
Huwwe yitda7dal bitda7dal دحدلبت دحدليت tda7dal دحدلت
Hiyye titda7dal btitda7dal دحدلبتت دحدلتت tda7dalat تدحدلت
I7na nitda7dal mnitda7dal دحدلمنت دحدلنت tda7dalna نادحدلت
Intu titda7dalu btitda7dalu ودحدلو بتتدحدلتت tda7dalTu نادحدلت
Humme yitda7dalu bitda7dalu ودحدلو بتدحدليت tda7dalu ودحدلت
Ta3ma طعمى
‘feed’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mTa3ma مطعمى mTa3mi مطعمي
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
طعمي طعمي طعموTa3mi Ta3mi Ta3mu
Present Past
Ana 2aTa3mi baTa3mi طعمي بطعميأ Ta3meet طعميت
Inta tTa3mi bitTa3mi تطعمي بتطعمي Ta3meet طعميت
Inti tTa3mi bitTa3mi تطعمي بتطعمي Ta3meeti طعميتي
Huwwe yTa3mi biTa3mi يطعمي بطعمي Ta3ma طعمى
Hiyye tTa3mi bitTa3mi تطعمي بتطعمي Ta3mat طعمت
I7na nTa3mi minTa3mi نطعمي منطعمي Ta3meena طعمينا
Intu tTa3mu bitTa3mu تطعمو بتطعمو Ta3meetu طعميتو
Humme yTa3mu biTa3mu يطعمو بطعمو Ta3mu طعمو
tfarsha تفرشى‘be brushed’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mitfarshi N/A متفرشي
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative: تفرشى تفرشي تفرشو
tfarsha tfarshi tfarshu
Present Past
Ana 2atfarsha batfarsha بتفرشى اتفرشى tfarsheet تفرشيت
Inta titfarsha btitfarsha تتفرشى بتتفرشى tfarsheet تفرشيت
Inti titfarshi btitfarshi تتفرشي بتتفرشي tfarsheeti تفرشيتي
Huwwe yitfarsha bitfarsha تفرشىيتفرشى ب tfarsha تفرشى
Hiyye titfarsha btitfarsha تتفرشى بتتفرشى tfarshat تفرشت
I7na nitfarsha mnitfarsha نتفرشى منتفرشى tfarsheena تفرشينا
Intu titfarshu btitfarshu تتفرشو بتتفرشو tfarsheetu تفرشيتو
Humme yitfarshu bitfarshu تفرشويتفرشو ب tfarshu تفرشو
doozan دوزن
‘tune’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mdoozan مدوزن mdoozen مدوزن
MaSdar Noun of Instance
doozane N/A دوزنة
Imperative:
دوزن دوزني دوزنوdoozen doozni dooznu
Present Past
Ana 2adoozen badoozen دوزن بدوزنأ doozanet دوزنت
Inta tdoozen bitdoozen تدوزن بتدوزن doozanet دوزنت
Inti tdoozni bitdoozni تدوزني بتدوزني doozanti دوزنتي
Huwwe ydoozen bidoozen يدوزن بدوزن doozan دوزن
Hiyye tdoozen bitdoozen تدوزن بتدوزن doozanat دوزنت
I7na ndoozen mindoozen ندوزن مندوزن doozanna دوزننا
Intu tdooznu bitdooznu تدوزنو بتدوزنو doozantu دوزننا
Humme ydooznu bidooznu يدوزنو بدوزنو doozanu دوزنو
tdoozan تدوزن
‘be tuned’
Active Participle Passive Participle
mitdoozen N/A متدوزن
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
تدوزن تدوزني تدوزنوtdoozan tdoozani tdoozanu
Present Past
Ana 2atdoozan batdoozan تدوزن بتدوزن tdoozanet تدوزنت
Inta titdoozan btitdoozan تتدوزن بتتدوزن tdoozanet تدوزنت
Inti titdoozani btitdoozani تتدوزني بتتدوزني tdoozanti تدوزنتي
Huwwe yitdoozan bitdoozan يتدوزن بتدوزن tdoozan تدوزن
Hiyye titdoozan btitdoozan تتدوزن بتتدوزن tdoozanat تدوزنت
I7na nitdoozan mnitdoozan نتدوزن منتدوزن tdoozanna تدوزننا
Intu titdoozanu btitdoozanu تتدوزنو بتتدوزنو tdoozantu تدوزننا
Humme yitdoozanu bitdoozanu يتدوزنو بتدوزنو tdoozanu تدوزنو
ىصوص SooSa
‘chirp’
Active Participle Passive Participle
يصوصم mSooSi N/A
MaSdar Noun of Instance
N/A N/A
Imperative:
صوصي صوصي صوصوSooSi SooSi SooSu
Present Past
Ana 2aSooSi baSooSi يصوصي بصوصأ SoSeet يتصوص
Inta tSooSi bitSooSi يصوصي بتصوصت SoSeet يتصوص
Inti tSooSi bitSooSi يصوصي بتصوصت SoSeeti يتيصوص
Huwwe ySooSi biSooSi صوصب صوصي SooSa ىصوص
Hiyye tSooSi bitSooSi يصوصي بتصوصت SooSat تصوص
I7na nSooSi minSooSi يصوصي منصوصن SoSeena يناصوص
Intu tSooSu bitSooSu وصوصو بتصوصت SoSeetu يتوصوص
Humme ySooSu biSooSu وصوصبو صوصي SooSu وصوص