Paleodrainage and Depositional Style: Underfilled and ... slides/2017... · Variations in...
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Variations in Paleodrainage and Depositional Style: Underfilled and Overfilled Foreland (Deep Basin) Western Canada Sedimentary Basin Brian A. Zaitlin Zaitlin Geoconsulting Ltd. Thomas F. Moslow Moslow Geoscience Consulting Ltd.
Transcript of Paleodrainage and Depositional Style: Underfilled and ... slides/2017... · Variations in...
Variations in
Paleodrainage and Depositional
Style:
Underfilled and Overfilled
Foreland (Deep Basin)
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
Brian A. Zaitlin Zaitlin Geoconsulting Ltd.
Thomas F. Moslow Moslow Geoscience Consulting Ltd.
Outline
Key Points
Geologic Setting
Basin Tectonics, Compartmentalization, Accommodation, Stratigraphy,
Source Rocks, Deep Basin Pressure Systems, Porosity styles, Shoreline models
(Asymmetrical Delta Model)
WCSB Drilling Activity
Underfilled vs. Overfilled Foreland Basin
Underfilled FB: e.g. Nordegg, Nikinassin, BQ and equivalents, Spirit River
Overfilled FB: e.g. Dunvegan, Belly River Formations
Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Key Points
Four key plays actively being pursued presently in the WCSB
Duvernay, Montney, Spirit River (Wilrich), Viking
WCSB Foreland Basin is divisible into:
Underfilled Foreland Basin sequence
Overfilled Foreland Basin sequence
Pre-Foreland Basin sequence
Paleodrainage:
South to north for the underfilled foreland basin
West to east for the overfilled foreland basin
Shoreline geometry
East - west for the underfilled foreland basin - Prograding to the north
North – south for the overfilled foreland basin - Prograding to the east
Major North American Unconventional Plays
“….. best strategy ….. is to focus on
growth companies with the lowest cost
structures in the best basins and ‘cash
harvesters’ with low sustaining capital requirements.” BMO Capital Markets
O&G: North America Jan 16, 2017
5 Main areas
Questions:
1- Is the Western Canada Sedimentary
Basin a “best in class basin”?
2- What are the active plays presently
in the WCSB?
Oil and Gas in the WCSB
Alberta
Area: 661,848 km2
Texas
Area: 696,241 km2
Spirit River
Wilrich, Falher
Notikewan
ERCB ST-98-2011
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin Tectonic Evolution
Pre
- Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Edmonton Group
Belly River
Cardium
Dunvegan
Second White Specks
Viking
Joli fou/Basal Colorado
Mannville
Spirit River
(Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan
Glauconitic
Ostrocod BQ-Ellerslie
Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek
Nordegg
Burial History Curves Compartmentalization of the WCSB Shear Zone “Piano Key” Effect
SnowBird Tectonic
Zone
Vulcan Suture
GSLSZ
GSC Magnetic
Map of WCSB
(WCSB Atlas, 1994; Pierce and Griffiths, 2003, 2005)
Key - Major Source Rocks in the WCSB
USGS Fact Sheet - Assessment of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas
Resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Canada, 2012
Pre
- Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
16+ Source Rock Intervals on WCSB
Key Source Rocks
SWS
Colorado Group Source Rocks (e.g. 1st Specks, Fish Scales, Joli Fou)
Ostracod
Fernie/Poker Chip
Nordegg
Pardonet
Baldonnel
Doig Phosphate
Montney
Banff
Exshaw
Calmar/Ireton
Duvernay
Elk Point
Pre
- Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
WCSB - Multiple Hydrocarbon Systems (5)
Banff – Exshaw – Wabamun Key SR – Stettler, Exshaw, Banff
Belly River - Cardium – SWS – Barons – Viking
Key SR = SWS ,Colorado Shale, Joli Fou
Mannville - Ostracod – Jurassic
Key SR = Nordegg, Ostracod Secondary Potential Source Rocks: Poker Chip, Fernie, Beatie Creek
BHL, Slave Point, Duvernay
Key SR – Duvernay + secondary SR
Charlie Lk, Halfway, Doig, Montney
Key SR – Charlie Lk, Doig Phosphate, Montney Shale
Key Source
Rock Intervals
Overfilled Foreland Basin
Underfilled Foreland Basin
Carbonate Dominated Shelf – Ramp
Clastic Dominated Shelf – Ramp - Subcrop
Carbonate Dominated Shelf – Basin
Pre
- Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
1
5
4
3
2
USGS Fact Sheet - Assessment of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas
Resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Canada, 2012
Triassic
“Deep Basin”
Mississippian –
Devonian
“Deep Basin”
3 Stacked
Deep Basin Systems
Jurassic - Cretaceous
Foreland
“Deep Basin”
Edmonton Group
Belly River
Cardium
Dunvegan
Second White Specks
Viking
Joli fou/Basal Colorado
U Mannville
Spirit River
(Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan
Glauconitic
Ostrocod
BQ-Ellerslie
Fernie, Rock Creek
Nordegg
Un
de
rfille
d
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
O
ve
rfille
d
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Techniques for Defining the
Deep Basin
Burnie et al., 2005
Ward, unpublished
Pre
- Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB)
Foreland Basin
Pre - Foreland
Basin
Accommodation
Cycles
Edmonton Group
Belly River
Cardium
Dunvegan
Second White Specks
Viking
Joli fou/Basal Colorado
Mannville
Spirit River
(Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan
Glauconitic
Ostrocod
BQ-Ellerslie
Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek
Nordegg
Un
de
rfille
d
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Ov
erf
ille
d
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Pre
- Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
USGS Fact Sheet - Assessment of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Canada, 2012
WCSB Drilling Activity - Rig Count
Kwan, Van Bolhuis, and Murphy, February 3, 2017
5 Year Average
2015 vs. 2016 activity
Increase mid 2016 into 2017
Top Plays based on activity:
Viking
Spirit River Group
Montney
Duvernay
BMO Oil and Gas: E&P – Canada Report
Top Wells – Alberta (January-December 2015)
Top 40 wells (one-month, three-month and twelve-month cumulative basis) organized:
20 best oil/condensate rate and 20 best raw natural gas rate
bbl/d, mmcf/d and boe/d (calendar day rate)
Location, Producing formation, Spud and On Production Date, TVD, bbl/d, mmcf/d, boe/d, % oil, % gas
Caveat:
Useful screening tool; however these are just rates, and aren’t necessarily indicative of:
relative economics, including IRRs, NPVs, payouts, etc. and
returns from a corporate perspective
This study then took BMO data, re-classified by:
Overfilled Foreland Basin
Underfilled Foreland Basin
Pre-foreland Basin
Top Wells - 2015 Drilling Activity
Organized Disorganized
Kwan and van Bolhuis, 2016
Top 2015 Drilling Activity Last 12 Months Top 20 Monthly Oil/Condensate Wells (Calendar Day Rate) 4 wells - Deep Basin – Overfilled Foreland Basin – (1 Belly River and 3 Dunvegan) 1 well - Deep Basin – Underfilled Foreland Basin – (1 Gething) 15 wells - Deep Basin - Pre-foreland Basin – (Doig, Montney, Bakken, Swan Hills, Halfway, Dulwood, Charlie Lake)
Kwan and van Bolhuis, 2016
IP30 vs Cumulative and Decline Rate%
Top 2015 Drilling Activity Last 12 Months Top 20 Monthly Gas Wells (Calendar Day Rate) 0 wells - Deep Basin – Overfilled Foreland Basin 20 wells - Deep Basin – Underfilled Foreland Basin – Spirit River Group 0 wells - Deep Basin - Pre-foreland Basin
Kwan and van Bolhuis, 2016
IP30 vs Cumulative and Decline Rate%
Top 2015 Drilling Activity Distribution of Top AB Gas Wells (based on IP 30)
C. Stephens,
CSUR Luncheon
Presentation, 2016
Gething Oil
Dunvegan Oil Dunvegan Oil (2)
Belly River Oil
Overfilled FB
Underfilled FB
5/20 Top Oil Wells
Top 20/20 gas
wells
Spirit River
Reservoir Trends
(yellow)
Underfilled FB
Production and Well Count IP90 Average Rate – Wells on Stream in 2016
Fockler, 2016
Pre
- Fo
rela
nd
B
asi
n
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Viking
N ~960 wells
IP90 ~ 90boepd
Spirit River
N ~ 390 wells
IP90 ~ 850 boepd
Montney
N ~ 840 wells
IP90 ~ 800 boepd
Duvernay
N ~ 140
IP ~ 475boepd
Foreland Basin Axial Drainage vs. Transverse Drainage
Underfilled FB vs. Overfilled FB
Zone of Max. Subsidence and Sedimentation Rate
Cordilleran Fold-
Thrust Belt
Foreland Basin: Loading Subsidence
Axial Basin: Subduction-Induced Subsidence
Isostatic Rebound in Hinge Zone
Zone of High Subsidence
and Sedimentation Rate Hinge Zone Stable Eastern Platform Zone
Transverse
Drainage
Axial Drainage
Edmonton Group Belly River Cardium Dunvegan Second White Specks Viking Joli fou/Basal Colorado Mannville Spirit River (Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan Glauconitic Ostrocod BQ-Ellerslie Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek Nordegg
Un
de
rfille
d
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
O
ve
rfille
d
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
modified after Kauffman, 1984
Continental Scale Paleodrainage Reorganization
Blum et al., 2015
Underfilled
Foreland Basin
Drainage to north
Coastal Classification – along strike variation
TRA
NS
GR
ES
SIV
EP
RO
GR
AD
ING
INCREASING TIDAL POWERINCREASING WAVE POWER
DELTA
BARRIER
ALLUVIALPLAINTIDAL FLAT
TIDAL
FLAT
TIDEDOMINATED
ESTUARY
WAVE DOMINATED ESTUARY
LAGOON
STRAND PLAIN
CONTINENTAL SHELF
SHOREFACE
Boyd, Dalrymple and Zaitlin, 1992
Shoreline Depositional Model of along strike variation for a wave dominated shoreline,
deltas and associated facies
(modified after Armitage, Pemberton
and Moslow, 2004 for the Falher C)
Delta Models
Junaid Sadeque, March, 2016
Asymmetric Wave-Influenced Delta Model
Junaid Sadeque, March, 2016
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin Underfilled Foreland Basin Examples
Foreland Basin
Pre - Foreland
Basin
Accommodation
Cycles
Edmonton Group
Belly River
Cardium
Dunvegan
Second White Specks
Viking
Joli fou/Basal Colorado
Mannville
Spirit River
(Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan
Glauconitic
Ostrocod
BQ-Ellerslie
Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek
Nordegg
Un
de
rfille
d
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Ov
erf
ille
d
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
USGS Fact Sheet - Assessment of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Canada, 2012
Foreland Basin Axial Drainage vs. Transverse
Drainage Underfilled FB
Zone of Max. Subsidence and Sedimentation Rate
Cordilleran Fold-
Thrust Belt
Foreland Basin: Loading Subsidence
Axial Basin: Subduction-Induced Subsidence
Isostatic Rebound in Hinge Zone
Zone of High Subsidence
and Sedimentation Rate Hinge Zone Stable Eastern Platform Zone
Axial Drainage
Mannville
Spirit River
(Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan
Glauconitic
Ostrocod
BQ-Ellerslie
Fernie, Poker Chip Rock
Creek
Nordegg
Un
de
rfille
d
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
modified after Kauffman, 1984
Jurassic Nordegg FM - Foreland Basin
Asger – Deen Ph.D. Thesis
Axial Paleodrainage
Jurassic Nikinassin Fm
Axial Paleodrainage
Lower Cretaceous – Aptian (120-115 Ma) (Cadomin, Gething, Basal Quartz)
© Ron Blakey, 2013 Blum, 2015
Paleodrainage
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T5
T10
T25
T30
T35
T40
R5 R10 R15 R20 R25 R30 R5 W4 W5
R5 R10 R15 R20 R25 R5
T5
T15
T20
T25
T30
T35
T40
Knick Point
Provost I.V.
Low
Accommodation
T20
Isopach Map Jurassic to Ostrocod and equivalents
no
data
Area OverlyingDevonian Salt
Area ofPaleotopography
Area ofStructural
Subsidence
StudyArea
DeepBasin
PreCambrian
Shield
SweetgrassArch
Swift Current
Platform
AccommodationIncreasing
Spirit
River
Edmonton
McMurray
200 km
No Data
Isopach Values
0 - 40m
40 - 80m
80 - 120m
120 - 160m
160 - 200
> 200m
L
I
I
L
H
H
TWP
35 TWP 40
TWP 1
R5W5
R1W4
Hinge Line
Isopach Map – “BAT” Cycle 2
Lower Cretaceous Aptian (120-115 Ma)
(modified from Cant and Abramson; Zaitlin et al, 2002) Zaitlin et al, 2002)
Stratigraphy – Fort St. John – Spirit River Groups
Modified
after
Masters,
1984
Lower Cretaceous Depositional Cycles
(Jackson, 1984)
750 miles
Parasequence Sets
CDD
Mount Spieker, BC
Wilrich
Falher D
Falher F
Lower Falhers
280m
5km NW SE
Photo Credit – Tom Moslow
Glauconitic Paleogeography Shorelines GLCC Age Channels Post GLCC Incised Valley fill deposits
Surdam, 1997,
modified
from Chiang,
1984
Sherwin
CDD
CDD
Example Log – Hoadley Barrier
A
B
C
Med River
Coal
Glauc
(modified after Rosenthal, 1998)
Glauconitic Hoadley Type Schematic Cross Section SE-NW
35
Regional Deltaic Sands
Upper MNVL Channels
Hoadley
Shoreface
Wave ravinement
surface
Regional Sheet Sands POST GLCC CHANNEL/FLHR
CHANNELS
GLCC Age
CH
Middle
HOADLEY
Shoreface
Lower
HOADLEY
Shoreface
Offshore Hoadley
Simons, 2015; modified after Rosenthal, 1998
S N
Top 2015 Drilling Activity
C. Stephens,
CSUR Luncheon
Presentation, 2016
Gething Oil
Dunvegan Oil Dunvegan Oil (2)
Belly River Oil
Underfilled Foreland Basin
Overfilled Foreland Basin
Oil
Spirit River Reservoir Trends in yellow
CDD
Spirit River – Wilrich EURs Facies, Depositional model vs. Technology
Lenko, 2016
Wilrich A – Gross Isopach
B. Hayes, PRCL, 2013
T71
T44
Kakwa (T65)
Simonette (T64)
Resthaven (T58)
Wildriver (T54)
Edson/Ansell (T50)
Ferrier (T44)
Wilrich A – Net Porous Sand (6% Ø cutoff)
B. Hayes, PRCL, 2013
T71
T44
Kakwa (T65)
Simonette (T64)
Resthaven (T58)
Wildriver (T54)
Edson/Ansell (T50)
Ferrier (T44)
Shoreline Depositional Model of along strike variation for a wave dominated shoreline, deltas and associated facies
(modified after
Armitage,
Pemberton and
Moslow, 2004 for
the Falher C)
High Øh
Low Kh “Tight”
Tight Sandstone Reservoir - HZ
Low Øh
High Kh
Conglomerate Reservoir (“Natures HZ”)
Slope
“Gas Deliverability” (Kh)
“Gas Storage”
(Øh)
HPBCGA “Sweet Spots”
act as a HZ well
Dual Transmissivity System
Slope
“Gas Deliverability” (Kh)
“Gas Storage”
(Øh)
Falher A & B Reservoirs Wilrich Reservoirs
HPBCGA “Sweet Spots”
require a HZ well
Dual Transmissivity System
Conglomeratic (Falher)
vs.
Fine Grained Sandstone
(Wilrich) Shoreface
Reservoirs
Modified after Zaitlin and Moslow, 2004
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin Overfilled Foreland Basin Examples
Foreland Basin
Pre - Foreland
Basin
Accommodation
Cycles
Edmonton Group
Belly River
Cardium
Dunvegan
Second White Specks
Viking
Joli fou/Basal Colorado
Mannville
Spirit River
(Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan
Glauconitic
Ostrocod
BQ-Ellerslie
Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek
Nordegg
Un
de
rfille
d
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Ov
erf
ille
d
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
USGS Fact Sheet - Assessment of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Canada, 2012
Foreland Basin Axial Drainage vs. Transverse
Drainage Overfilled FB
Zone of Max. Subsidence and Sedimentation Rate
Cordilleran Fold-Thrust
Belt
Foreland Basin: Loading Subsidence
Axial Basin: Subduction-Induced Subsidence
Isostatic Rebound in Hinge Zone
Zone of High Subsidence
and Sedimentation Rate Hinge Zone Stable Eastern Platform Zone
Transverse
Drainage
Edmonton Group
Belly River
Cardium
Dunvegan
Second White Specks
Viking
Joli fou/Basal Colorado
Ove
rfille
d
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
modified after Kauffman, 1984
Dunvegan Formation
Bhattacharya and MacEachern, 2010
Basal Belly River Prograding Shorelines Overfilled Foreland Basin
Drainage
(After Hamblin,1996a,1997a/b)
Belly River Group Stratigraphy and Play Types
Bell
y R
ive
r G
rou
p
FACIES AND LITHOLOGY
Non-marine sandstone & siltstone with coal
Shoreline - related sandstone
Shallow marine siltstone/shale
Fluvial channel or valley-filled estuarine ss
Din
os
au
r P
k
Old
ma
n
Fo
rem
ost
Fo
rmati
on
L
ea P
k.
Basal Belly River shoreface sandstones
Belly River Gp. Fluvial channel sandstones
(Foremost, Oldman and Dinosaur Park Fms.)
PLAY TYPES
Productive Reservoirs - Gas/Oil
2
1
Thinning of Dinosaur Pk. Fm. To South & East 6th Mer. 5th Mer. 4th Mer.
W E
(After Hamblin,1996a,1997a/b)
Fo
rem
os
t D
ino
sau
r
Bell
y R
ive
r G
rou
p
Lea P
ark
Fo
rmati
on
O
ldm
an
B
ea
rpa
w
Non-marine
marine
marine
0
50
0 50
m
km
Lethbridge Coal Zone
Taber Coal Zone Sub-Dinosaur Park
Sequence Boundary
2
1
Composite
Cycle 7
Composite
Cycle 1
Composite
Cycle 2
Composite
Cycle 3
Composite
Cycle 4
Composite
Cycle 5
Composite
Cycle 6
Comrey Upper Siltstone
Datum: Milk River Shoulder (Disconformity/Condensed Section)
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB)
Foreland Basin
Pre - Foreland
Basin
Accommodation
Cycles
Edmonton Group
Belly River
Cardium
Dunvegan
Second White Specks
Viking
Joli fou/Basal Colorado
Mannville
Spirit River
(Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan
Glauconitic
Ostrocod
BQ-Ellerslie
Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek
Nordegg
Un
de
rfille
d
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Ov
erf
ille
d
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Pre
- Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
USGS Fact Sheet - Assessment of Undiscovered Conventional Oil and Gas Resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Canada, 2012
Foreland Basin Axial Drainage vs. Transverse
Drainage Underfilled FB vs. Overfilled FB
Zone of Max. Subsidence and Sedimentation Rate
Cordilleran Fold-Thrust
Belt
Foreland Basin: Loading Subsidence
Axial Basin: Subduction-Induced Subsidence
Isostatic Rebound in Hinge Zone
Zone of High Subsidence
and Sedimentation Rate Hinge Zone Stable Eastern Platform Zone
Transverse
Drainage
Axial Drainage
Edmonton Group
Belly River
Cardium
Dunvegan
Second White Specks
Viking
Joli fou/Basal Colorado
Mannville
Spirit River
(Wilrich/Falher/Notikewan
Glauconitic
Ostrocod
BQ-Ellerslie
Fernie, Poker Chip Rock Creek
Nordegg
Un
de
rfille
d
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
Ove
rfille
d
Fo
rela
nd
Ba
sin
modified after Kauffman, 1984
High Øh
Low Kh “Tight”
Tight Sandstone Reservoir - HZ
Low Øh
High Kh
Conglomerate Reservoir (“Natures HZ”)
Slope
“Gas Deliverability” (Kh)
“Gas Storage”
(Øh)
HPBCGA “Sweet Spots”
act as a HZ well
Dual Transmissivity System
Slope
“Gas Deliverability” (Kh)
“Gas Storage”
(Øh)
Falher A & B Reservoirs Wilrich Reservoirs
HPBCGA “Sweet Spots”
require a HZ well
Dual Transmissivity System
Conglomeratic (Falher)
vs.
Fine Grained Sandstone
(Wilrich) Shoreface
Reservoirs
Modified after Zaitlin and Moslow, 2004
Jurassic-Cretaceous Foreland Basin Unconventional Plays Underfilled vs. Overfilled Foreland Basin
Overfilled FB Edmonton Group
*Belly River Cardium
*Dunvegan Second White Specks Viking
Joli fou/Basal Colorado
Underfilled FB
Upper Mannville
*Spirit River - Wilrich Glauconitic - Bluesky Ostrocod
*BQ-Ellerslie Fernie - Nikinassin
Rock Creek Nordegg
Low
High
Maturity
Ex
plo
rati
on
Ris
k
Exploitation Development Exploration &
Pilot Emerging Conceptual
* BQ – Ellerslie –
Gething (1)
* Spirit River
Wilrich/Notikewan (20)
Cardium
Nordegg
Rock Creek, Fernie - Nikinassin Ostrocod
Glauconitic - Bluesky
Upper Mannville
* Belly River (1)
Second White Specks
Viking
* Dunvegan (3)
Spirit River – Falher
Established
Plays
Established
Isolated Plays
Emerging
Plays Potential
Plays
Top Monthly Oil/Condensate Wells
Top Monthly Gas Wells
Summary
WCSB Foreland Basin is divisible into :
Underfilled Foreland Basin sequence
Overfilled Foreland Basin sequence
Pre-Foreland Basin sequence
Paleodrainage:
South to north for the underfilled foreland basin
West to east for the overfilled foreland basin
Shoreline geometry
East-west for the underfilled foreland basin - Prograding to the north
North – south for the overfilled foreland basin - Prograding to the east
Asymmetric Wave-dominated Delta model = “sweetspots”
Acknowledgements
Dr. Brad Hayes (Petrel Robertson Consulting Ltd.)
Dr. Zeev Berger (Ittech, Inc.)
Many Past Colleagues from:
Esso/Exxon
PanCanadian/Encana
Suncor
Enerplus
EOG
Daylight/Midnight/Pace
One last thought:
“Once you understand that water flows downhill,
then everything makes sense”
