Shrimad Vallabhacharyaji Athava Acharyay Mahaprabhauji Charitra, 27p, Gujarati
Pal Native Era Charitra
Transcript of Pal Native Era Charitra
"-""St:*
\*j3*i*^
SO
rO
o
o.
Sll ril 50408
. 2-8.0
Lo Sjb's5o-s ?
'
"3
oo
S &.
35I a^r~205^^S~ "SsSoD si-'-bi B-V ' CO
ioj oJ o ;X
To
THE OF THE
of
SRI KOVVURI CANDRA REDDI VARU,
SRI VYDYA RATNA PANDIT D. GOPALACARYULU
SRI .KOMARRAJU I.AKSMANA RAO M.A.,* *
SKI DKWAN BAHADUR NEMALI PATTABHI RAMA RAO B.A.,
SRI JUSTICE T. V. SESAGIRI IYER AVL.,
As a token of reverence for their love of the advancement of
culture and learning in the Vernaculars.
)
>
?5^r55 w ^
06^(60
;>^/
es a
eso = eso $ s
.
3 aa
S'x. a =e/
=v
* cf
J. A. O. S = Journal of the
American Oriental Society.
"\ *-v
O6
r^
f%==
=
= ^ WF
sft. vrr
s.
..VB^
6
oo oo
50iO)
. 1500
rf
"&5
, (iSo:
> /
5^0x5*0^0 ;
co
Q
^
O
cS
5o.
11
00
eo
} o
j
a
cJSbSo ex;
S^D )155tr s?3
> & co &r> > g.
3
8
11
14
16
17
19
21
rO rO
8
22eo
GO8
- '
o
eo
<e
25
29
32
ex?
. ST^
IV
84-''
-309
37
oo
B
-$
9"STo-eSo^^lc
39
03 O46
co
40
0048
\
V
49
50
51
52
60
61
15
CO
sS
......o
{j
"S
62
64
65
67
~""o
68
70
71
75
76
77
Qrf
o
o
A
s5
78
80
81
83
83
86
SJO
^
t)55ej
87
O
90
92
94.
96
97
CO
99
100
a)
n
^)^>o "sy
79^Q oKOe^i^o^o
VII
101
102
103
105
106
107
108
cp
73-8*
o
eso
110
110
112
113
114
115
.O
116
tfo
118
,O
C'>
O
o AoCOV
2,
Q_
3.
4.
O
5."
6.
SIFI
II
OJ
oo
oo
ooo-O 1
"I
'SS ,CGDO-)no
C| v^Y D tX" ^.Xgs^
S ^ Go \uooJ.^
25
"I,
2^0
o
o
^
goad5:r-o3
o
Q
i t
o
.
\ /
S
"3 dp
fc
CX)00"g~T3
&Y J
elsSb hO<L
o-
oJ OJ
-0 NuJ
^
>
?6o?\5
oo
co
o^960
S3
1
5
7
8
eo
j o
.. o
V_*w/
o),
OOJ^&lS
cp
0200 ex>
5507^
557^0
O
OS)
JSbo-0 esa eo.
e>7Td55"=
lr'!lo5S
9ODOS'
5
o
55
V-X
*."(630, s'. ^5.
<L<LLX>
.S3, 20 OvJ CD
O. 7'
36
&e; e;00
s3
^j>-x > s
sS 2,30
i" n
oc
,!L ??
u9V
(S
s Soo-S JS
OO
Oj
?< o7
v_x
-"ol
K> rfis&n>csSi6o
J U
.
\___/
CO
-035^55^ So
^b^)S55"^**"' ""^ ^^ *..!..^XJ
55b ^?j9
20
So 9
So o
oo.
8
CV>
SjTT3 c33br3"3
9
cvi
CO
V__f
9.
JO
OC
__
S'o Sb.oSo 238^-6
CO
CO
Q_ds?5\ too >c!$o
, ,V__,/
o oC. co
oB
o
\
o
N
cxx;o.
el tfo,
OO
12
CO
d
Stoo
o
?\xo g' ?3o K^
Q zy S0.
r ^
SocSb eSSxo-O^. .^ ^
" '""" Q '--------------
rs.
, ,
9
f%i?fq-
"
es/D "^^25-^^ S'"So^ "B sJfb*.lf^e;RSbo O O \^ ^/
oO
CO
76 8o^roo, "^ 53oo "3
I irera^l^T: u . ST.
oo
14
5
^"
SK fenwra^tf
" i
" *
53
coooeJoo
eo
S3
c)
4
e
u"
: gar: R
^rar SRIT% u (ft
*s
(o
OJ
-ad&o. 35
OJ
^o>55D
9
oo
e
CD
Q
oo
16
o
6o5o#,
CXXT-"
^ "^40*^0^0SJ
KJCOD^O
-O o
2r>Sjo7V
6317
OO
o
3<C
K Ocf rfbD^Sb
o(7)
e
517.)
3
f3)N ' o <o Q .
(4)
a_
-
CO
o
V /
55 o.')
43 39
(5) 14
cSaSTa
5)
CD
ego00^5
rd)
9
GO
?&,
CD
00 tO
(6)" X" o?<
f6)v y
. 22.
SC-ilofiO
\
CO
o
20V )
(7)
D
^55
9 "s&
10
(9)
Sf
CD
CO
00
715.)
efcdSo
146,47.
"^55. MedthatitM on Manu
43
(10) c
"Katyana-LatyaDa
55
D
(11)
(12) GO
o
. s. l.
(11)v y
(12)
(13)
D
Hindu view of life tf0ts
s S5bono X" o^S" tf
jj
eo
63.
. a. oi^" e s.) -z^o. 13,-17-i.
. <2*) (?c3o
22
76^0, ?6o
. -d. 24S
Q_
*"^
x X OJ
S.
o
e8Sb8
rfo
6^\Cx
^-; -Jf
? S). 6; c53oo. 6.
to
ro oJ <o
w5o^'"Snoe;o
24
co
- ^"
e>/0
OJ
. Cj, C) ..
-,
oxer- otfxgoj*8sS\ e5o,^ ^-e
, "looker5
S ?6o23o^oKe;^5b
25
-
4
~*~
oJ
9
o
9
26
S&JsSgo, tftfco
GO
55,38
^0^555
oro
oo
SDS-O So
Sj#o,
eo
on
d)
j U
, e3^o/vS,
A
"
OO
s>o-/v.
' "
^0^555
j ,^*mn*r ^- -J X^
: m^f ^*m***r
5)00x5^0,
g'a
23
-B- ^ "SaSooS)- CD
2?
fr
28
eoft^tfsfcS ^0^55,
ro
CY)
c
,8
-So 55^8
S3
CO
tfsfce
o. 29
(So.
Sj 7jrKS^?5o
en>
oo
S'o.
30
ooooT e
S
O
>-
^J
55^
O
Q- j (5'
li
V-X ~~O
V^m,X .........O
s5bo^0
V ^/ GJ
\
OO
oJ
31
^tf5tf3PsSsSc ^s^cXc as
^6^0^55 esSbi^otoKr 55. ~y__^
CO
358
32
ir-o5
00
oc
_o
ea
33
(^r- ST.
tO
. ST.
oJ
S3
K o^fex
(5
5 1
"
34V,_)
fftfcft i
"
[SJ^cKbA
KPCXX>&
Q
8e/i$ sStf o tfS
eSS'oTT' 558 53^d&> A
CO
V^_x
^^* i^' f * t'~s- ys.oo CXx, (Xo
555 tf
k.
.
ocxn=
o
ejO
35
. Qfy.tf
GO
Cpcr>
- -O
?} Q
OJ
ooo^50
^ t-
v-J
b'Sotf
Q
^ ' ^ ^
36V X
y
?6
o ro
D\
00
as5ix'?rt o
/
6
OO
9
oj e
_
jx
>
aoa4SO^s3,o.
?o?y
o 37
Q
oJ
6
8
00
X"
55boaDC"So?Sa7ro"
tO
\
o a.
CY5
38
o
S3
oJ
CY1
I
> s
ooo&
ro
cp
O
CD
9
U <oj
O
co
oooS
oo
o
o
39
S)o
CO
55 K el
\
-^3507^
/
Cp
aj^o5cs5r6. o
cO
oo
^So EPdn><>?&
40>*X
LO.
,3
6
D
V s
-ET6≥s5bOJ
Wo
wo tS
v---'
(7)
^,.5
i
(/
55 S'
SsA(
K5 S^xo^So.V^__}
41
"[ST.
ftes
6
.
42oJ
Q
c a
t u
~S)o ?
9
55.1J
^ bool
oJ
00
......
"Q
o tfx_x
55bsJ'Si)Sc53bt6o^ffi
^roRK
......
"Q OC-
30
oo. 43
a.G5
s3
OO "^
(sS
o
"^^ceT8 ^e5\00
8 SS505D<CX)1$ \~x 6
&.OJ GO
CD
44
oJ
X wo
.
.
o
25
o
45
"only Nandillagopa actually quotes one rule forPaUaci, but implies clearly that in his opinion this onerule was the only one which differentiated Pais'Sci fromMEgadhi."
(J. A. O. S. Vol. 44. Page 118)
Walter Eugene Clark
^-0(2^v J
8 550^55 tfjcfo,^^^^*^ *L U r J %f^ I J
35ors5tf sfo, a.^iSTv j^a. -^b ^s5sSbo 8
&8o
to^dw. -^sioK'Qv ,zS
r*^o (
S^d&^n.
: u"
sSboQ
46
00
89
on ro
sfc*.
00
(tT"."f.
rs
OO
r\
n"
u"
oJ
X" S
OO
O
47
wo
OSS.
OO
.
-uJ
S
oJ
. -53-055
r\. f\
[*. ST.
[R. ar.
"43
ocr>
?3^ s5ev
a.
ftrari u"imimmmmma*mm II
: sfan; ^q^f JFSj^^t a"
CJVx
cxxr- SPSScr' S
WV
7Y*
WO ,ex>. 49
a.on
u"
\\
,O e)
.
e> sj axio.
ET9 V,_)
a
o
-i
00
o
50
\*- }
C~\ it j* >*- .
^J)M * Ou>\^j
""Sej^o^o^
S>
-6c
p ^ /T\
cxx^
s
cSfco^fc
oS ^ "aOTT^S) sj eT'5SSD&e37V >
51
.
v y
_ p
eo o
sibo.
oo
^b13^3^5eo rs
u"
o oco
tf
52
"0
Q_
O
u
305
&fiejo
53
?6o"
\__/SS) e^b^-^ --O--O Q-
o
Q
^600.OO
55
b el
cSSbo&'O
SO IT3 o 2J.
gofcx^S'6
^
O
?5o So
Ifen i
55
OO ................o
Q
"\ * S rv
u
u d
CO
OL
_D/ on
&*v a-D Ot
o
jo
OO
fco ^ ;
"
[I- ^-
[
SI
8-
S3
"
00
OO
Jfge;
8
"I
8
BS-
OJ
*-^ "<*1 6
"
11
^ O
59
2o c)
CY)
oo
eo
-(|)
Q_
CY>
: i
60
.
v^^/ ^s-' >->'
Q?
(53-<5s59
U"
cr>
0-0 \-vJ
-sj^ 8-^5CS5^"^ orfo Kr"^T3
$ec43e>D 535oo
)
'
a-CD
(O; o oJ
r\
U"
u
oo
CSfy 9
^ oo.oc
9
61
*> ?y*eoo3
\
OS, "^* (A^^^ ;) 5^,
\QdSbr6bcSb aS'So "^SfoKrdSb. ^ 00
Q
^
d&oelT6
ota
55Sro-aoa.
n"
63
o
oo oo
u"
?
00
0^2.)
(10. 2)
CO
64
o
5
^
"
S>)
oob
9
u
6
t
U a jr.
i_ a
oJ Q
oo
^o^?6o go
ooooo
cO
9
66
oJ
55
^-6^-rejo?6oo(2
9eS\-<5 obSo^e)^^. S^^^^^Sbex). &
15 Q Q^
; ooo___ n '
r8 ^ ^S)0^ ^e;""
_
Q o
w umMM wt MHy. r\'nr w> *"* ~rr w STil / L i* '
^) oowTT3"^eo
67
tfoyvVfra'T^ KT^'
[I.
dy.^
J^
(5.
S-So^oo^o
rfS)
V, )
3?
ex _^
oJ
,e_k.
;>-T ,yy '""-"t , ^: rv "X '
,' i *^ ' ,-i 1 "^fcr ~-i_
. _ *. . '^*..J'.__ ,
c
"
f\
(5
oo
oo
3
56
ex.
CD
,O 9
.. .
v__/
eooo^)Kr>bo.
"
Co
u"
QV
9
70
we u
PT! U
y
fol "&>ao3 ?
9 SSSe;
"Birbhum"
^0^555^0
oJ
v^,f/'
"o
a s*. 71s-
oC_/
r\ r\
o^D e^ooo.CD
: u
: u
^S**^^ V.r T^B^^ ^^^^^
(Sj (S^
o
oooo^bts3
V
a.
72
-D
13
oo
o co
oL
O
fo^oeo
s5ot
C<;
6
w^/ 73
"3 ;
o X
(6
)
S'
43-^CO
U-(Oj
Q_ Q_
43.^Q
ovj
6 Q
10
o_
= 9,,
-
.
>*-^
";
- <^*^... V "'_, "...
jiSS.X -
*""*"'"X,
""* '
C
to**'J ^H.
**,
>
~X" ^"^ j*' i in.
'''- -^ "' iU
a.
, ... *. = - x,>-^:v * - V-
^J
cs
>^_x o
6o
, fecSb
o Sj
OC
, JSboXD,*
75
SO
ii!cz v-/ V^y o
3 "^S&e;^, ^TS) lo 20OO Q.............
76
"3 ><S-av.__/
T5^c55boex) 3
oop
Co
OO
^0^55
o
co
cvi
OO
o
cr
CO
SD. ^,oo'
eS>
Cp
ex). 77
-gto tfsSS
ONOj
TVOD
00
s6
ro GO
<5
cxx:^-
S3
O
c JoJ
6 6
So
78
16
P -o
78
00
20
oo
eo D
w
S).
OJ
.
'*
79
oL
335^350
oo
--D
SK)-<3
PO
-5851
8
oo o oC
OO
80
s3eSec53bo"^S eS
V^ *-x"^' <^fCOOQJo-QON
TjJ 4 o
OO
"S^^Sb. el
v_/
-....."lO
g^o^So
Ko.. .
c53b o. 81
o
eS Q
oJ
e
oo
11
CY5
\
-yj
^86^55
), ^558,
M
82
98
CO
3
^ So^
"
1 "
2 "
3
4 "
5 "
J.
2.
4.
5.
cv>
a.
eo
fsrv
c^
oo
e; d5b
o\*r
u
83
s&ST1^
_ Q_pg
Sj
84"~
Q_ rf "
oo
roQ^boo ^
so
OQ
8
jj
OO
u
"t 11
^
5
tf-D
d
o ))sr^55
SO
65^oo
1x^0x5?^
CY)
S
Q
;Soe)
oL
86
co
TJ
KT^ oooi
cp
<xJ
oo
u
00\_; i
oo cvo Q_ "3
87
U,',
o
ot ro
OO
oJ
0^855"^,
s
a -9
Slx^o
s3
elX-X
V JV^X
oo cO
: u
: U
"
C,!)
sTl 15"^
O o -u
*. oifsX1 S CO 0\"X) =
TjJ
5
55^3 o $'80x5^0^7^-^)
: \
(V) CO
-"^
a)e;Kj55ovfcx
S'SP'So-ESg' s
12
30
S efi
<a*6otf KOAtf
90
r\
35^0
80
3 tf ty-o>S"sSb^-"S..?r .^8
oj V^/ 00 ,1,1Q Vl/Q
QJ
-IfeSerSb
?TFT
-j;
ejJxD O
r\
l|
s3^8ox5
\i I
<$>O "
i
00 'CO ^
Q
92
(/ OO
3" .
<=
o
CD
U>
. -158
c
23
,
CD
5
6
00
D
K
o
diSbo^S
"So
5015 sSW^sp 20. xil TO o3"(5o ^ ^ eS(5o 3 Ise^l o. S)jj
\^ ^/
2 cX5cc
OS
94
5
; r~. ...wo
>*_^'
9
so A o
S'
o 95
5035- 55
5032
5027-S5
oJ
00
i .tj(
GO
So^
. ok
o
C.9
eS,V _._./ Co
tfo 25>X
oo
,S.
x-x
96
oo ' oo
). A^
"L; outo, ?-ffl
Preface to the 2nd Edition.
Palnati Veeracharitra Is the history of the fratricidal
w;ir, that took place during the latter part of the 42nd
century Kali Era (12th century A. D.) between two princesof the Hyhaya family that had migrated into Palnad from
Chedi, throwing side lights on the great socialistic move-ment led by Brahma Naidu, supposed to be the ancestorof the family of the Maharajah of Venkatagiri, The Chapa-kudu of Palnad heroes mentioned by the author of Kreeda-bhiramam may be taken ns something like cosmopolitandinner of the present day. The army of Brahma Naiduincludes people from all classes irrespective of caste, fromBrahmin to Panchama. Kannama, a Panchama hero consi-
dered as the son of Brahma Naidu, has a temple at Karam-
pudi even to this day. The ballad also gives an account of
the heroism of our people of those ages and also their
religious readiness to lay down even their lives at the call
of what they considered their Dharma. The military
prowess which shone with splendour in Brahma Naidu and
Balachandra eight hundred years ago at Karyamapudi
again manifested itself in their distant kinsmen, the Velamaheroes of Bobbili like Vengalaraya.
Palnati Veera Charitra.
Palnati Veera Charitra may be considered as an im*
portant, original Telugu work fulfilling a few of the condi-
tions of an epic poem, (Tr^rerarop)- The subject matter
viewed as a whole from Gurzala Kodipor to the end is
extensive and grand with some episodes, and the characters
also are to some extent varied in type, Mallidevaraj and
2 PREFACE TO YEBBA OHARITBA
his opponent Nalagamaraj are inactive heroes like Chandra-
gupta of Mudrarakshasa, and Indian literary critics name such
a hero as Hf%wr^T?wfe (one whose purpose is achieved by his
assistants). Anapotu, Balachandra, Brahma Nayudu, Alaraju ;
Perneedu and Kommaraj are all noble heroes for whom
life was not an end in itself but only a means to Dharma
to which it could be sacrificed if necessary at any moment
Of them Brahma Nayudu is treated as an incarnation of
Vishnu but his human side is more prominent throughout
the poem. His rebuke of his son for having shown the
back to the battlefied. is befitting a true Indian hero, The?* *
female characters also are chaste and heroic. Rekhamba'sf
pursuasion of her daughter not to prevent Balachandra;
from marching to battlefield, and Manchala's blessing to1
i
her husband when handing over the sword to him, cannot;
but stand before us for all time as noble examples of
Indian womanhood. Rathnala Peridevi, reproaching her
father for his wicked act and performing Sahagamana with;
her husband shows the high phase of the life of a Hindu:
wife. Xayakuralu is the abode of evil like Satan in Paradise*
Lost, Ravana in Ramayana and Sakuni in Mahabharata,
Inspite of her vicious nature, she is represented here and
there as a thoughtful diplomat and her negotiations for!
peace before the commencement .of war show her diplo-'
macy. It is the misfortune of great heroes to have a rival!
in women. Brahma Naidu had it. Bhishma actually!withdrew from the field at the sight of Sikhandi. Brahma!Naidu avoided Nayakural in battle in accordance with the
Indian military traditions. In places of heroism the authorrises to the occasion, and exhibits high fervour as in the
dialogue between JkUchandra and his parents and hisother speeches.
TELUGU WOBKS AND PALNATI VEERA CEABITEA i
He shows some tendency and also skill for portrayingscenes of awe as Kannama's midnight visit to the battle
field and the ecstasy of the devils during the night after
the close of the war. In other situations he is quite
common-place, and does not rise above the ordinary level.
Setting aside the waste trash such as xtix, tftffo^, tfd&Qtf,
&<3>f,the narration is on the whole impressive and in some
places vigorous.
As in Mahabharata, the end is disastrous to both parties
and the predominant Rasa may be taken as Shanta, the
auxiliary Rasas being Veera, Karuna etc. Unlike other
classics, Palnati Veera Charitra is written in one continuous
Dwipadee metre and in one strain,
Palnati Veera Charitra is deficient in graphic descrip-tions of even relevant naturesceneries in their picture-*
squeness and grandeur as in Ramayana, Mahabharata,Kumarasambhava etc. It also lacks in conversational or
non-conversational utterances of importance like Ajavilapain Raghuvamsa.
Palnati Veera Charitra cannot claim a very high
place from a literary point of view according to the
canons of advanced literary criticism* When I say that,
i I do not mean that it is inferior to other Telugu works.
It is as good as any other Telugu work. It is even superior
to many of them. I only intend to point out that it is not
an exception to the general order of Telugu works, and
does not exhibit any extraordinary high merit.
works and Palnati Veera Charitra.
Before actually taking up Palnati Veera Charitra, I
shall mention briefly some points about the general state
of Telugu works. Telugu literature began with Puranic
4 PEEFACE TO VEERA CHARITRA
Ibriefs and other such things. Later, some other works 0(1
the Manu and Vasu Charitra type and similar productions
sprang up. :
Translations are mutilated and deformed, and import-
ant poetic details are left off. Srinadha's Nishadha belongs
to the same group. Palnati Veera Charitra too as said;
before is not of high literary excellence. Either in bringing'
out striking situations or in expressing- illuminating and
lofty sentiments, its author does not generally* rise above;
the ordinary level. As will be shown presently,, it was in*;
tended for the lower order of people as other Telugiu
works. Aswaghosha's Buddha Charitra, though history, is?
of a far superior poetic interest.
In ancient and mediaeval times, Telugfu was not the!' O
medium of instruction in the higher courses of study. All
higher learning was received through Sanskrit, and Sanskrit
was the cultural language of the country. Great scholars
did not choose to write in Telugu on cultural subjects in;
several departments of knowledge, including literary criti-
cisms. Telugu was thus relegated to an unimportant posi-
tion, and had no place in academical courses. This back-ward position was not special to Telugu. It was commonwith all the Prakrit languages. The characters to whom,Prakrit is allotted in Sanskrit Drama also to some extentindicate the position which they held in the academiccircles. Perhaps, Pali, which was raised to the dignity ofjcultural and religious language by Bhagavan Buddha, was!an exception to th, general order of Prakrits. It is truly!said that lamil holds the same place in Southern India as!
Pan in the Xorth. But the champions of Vedic culture hadinot recognised Buddha's step and had not allowed Pali to!
tne place of Sanskrit Even Tamil which rose up as aoi
PEAKBITS
ally and not as an enemy was not looked upon with favour
by them* Some of them went even a step furthers and prohi-
bited the adaptation ot Vernacular words into Sanskrit and
denounced them as incorrect. So says Nagesa, the great
Grammarian, in his Manjusha,
(Substantives formed according to the Vernaculars like
'Kunchi' 'Manchi7 and 'Apyakonda' are verily incorrect.)
The progress of Pali stopped with the decay of
Buddhism. The other non-religious Vernaculars of India
were in their undeveloped condition, and Telugu was one
of them. Leaving aside the departments of learning, in
poetry, Prakrits made same mark, though mostly in love
sentiment. Men of cultural attainments wrote original works
in Prakrits some of which drew the attention of greatscholars like Bana, and provided examples for the cele-
brated literary critics like Anandavardhana in their treat-
ment of poetic charm.
As Prakrits were taken up by such eminent scholars,
even original Prakrit dramas, transgressing in some details
some of the Sanskrit Dramatic conventions, rose up like the
Karpuramanjari of Rajasekhara which is now available.
But even in this field, Telugu did not emerge out of its
infant state on account of the crudeness of its verse and,
also other causes which will be explained below. Teluguworks were intended for people of a lower status who had
not access to the treasures of Sanskrit lore. They were
intended to give an idea of the Puranas to the lower order of
people for the guidance of their social and religious con-
duct. The leaving out of Bhagavadgita and other important
portions by the translators of Mahabharatha;the avoidance*
of writing Dramas3the highest form of poetry according to
6 PREFACE 0?0 VIBEA CHAEJTBA
Indian tradition and original poems and sastraic works in
Telugu by famous scholars like Sreenatha, under the
patronage of Ruling chiefs like Komati Vema Reddy,
Kataya Vema and Kumaragiri Reddy who were themselves
outstanding men of letters and commentators on classical
works;and the very mutilated forms of translations like
Telugu Naishadha, seem definitely to point out to the above
fact. I do not propose here to enter into a detailed dis-
cussion on the additions and contractions in Mahabharata,
writings of authors like Vemana and Pingali Suranna,
the works of Manu and Vasu charitra type which do not
generally present high thought or subtler feelings of
human heart or relevant imagery of endless charam. I
do not also give a full account of how these Telugu worksand poems are not useful even to the lower type of peopleand how they misguide the intermediate class of quacks. Themisfortune of Telugu always stands strikingly before myeyes whenever I ponder over the fact that a person like
Ahobala Pandita, deeply interested in Telugu, had to leavesome of his extremely valuable writings in Sanskrit only.
Perhaps such measures were the attempts, though un-successful of people like him to attract real scholars to
Telugu. Whatever it may be, it is plain that Telugu wasnot the medium of higher culture, and that Telugu workswere intended only for people of inferior order. AhobalaPanditha, the commentator of Andhrasabda Chinthamani,in his scholarly discussion on Telugu observes thus.
( 1 he Telugu Puranic works are essentially useful touidras etc., who aspire for liberation (Moksha) and who
HIGHER CULTURE AND MEDIUM OP INSTRUCTION- 7
are not capable of reading Sanskrit Puranas and who are
not anxious even to hear them)The situation has not altered after the ad vent of the
Madras University.
English has taken the place of Sanskrit. On the one
hand, the majority of educated Telugus have been cut off
from touch with Sanskrit in which the invaluable treasures
of Indian culture are stored up. On the other hand, theyhave not been able to properly assimilate alien culture, the
customs, traditions and sentiments being different in manyrespects. To-day the majority of educated people in the
Telugu country receive higher education through English,and some still through Sanskrit.
For further details on this topic my preface to Kavya-
prakasa may be consulted. Then I come to scholars,
Mature thinkers of the stamp of Sir S Radhakrishna donot choose or try to express their thoughts in Telugu.This is evidently due to the fact that Telugu has no
proper place in the realm of higher culture or
thought at present. It is not the medium of higher educa-
tion in collegiate courses in the Madras or Andhra
University, and all higher knowledge is received, and im-
parted through English and also Sanskrit though in a
limited atmosphere. Our ancients though great scholars,
did not give us valuable works in Telugu as they intended
Telugu only for the lower order of people. Our present
authors, equipped with the study of the trivial works of
ancients, are capable only of producing similar or still moretrivial works in Telugu. Perhaps the majority of our present
Telugu writers are the worst sinners in India today in
using quack Sanskrit. This guess language always reminds
me of the famous story of the Sanskrit of the crack-brained
daughter-in-law of a Somapeethin.
8 PREFACE TO VEEEA CHABITBA
The works that have sprung up after the advent of the
University education, from Lexicon down to the story books
and o tlier works that are prescribed for the University
examinations, clearly point out to the above fact. Details
are shown in the Telugu Preface* People study trivial
works, and produce in their turn still more futile writings,
Matters are thus moving in a vicious circle which ends no
where unless the course of education is changed. It should
be so modified that the Telugu youths would find their
way to the original treasures of learning and not merely to
the briefs and other similar works which alone Telugu now
can oiler. Under these circumstances, I think that the
conferring of B, A. (Rons.), M.A., and other degrees for
the study of existing briefs and other such works in Teluguwhich hare little cultural value does not serve any useful
purpose at the present stage. This situation always re-
minds me of the statement of Lord Macaulay in this
connection.
ci Had they (our ancestors) neglected the language of
Cicero and Tcicitos;had they confined their attention to
the old dialects of our own island ; had they printed
nothing and taught nothing at the Universities but chroni-cles in Anglo-saxon and romances in Norman-French,would England have been \vhat she now is ?
"
Xow 1 ask this question following Lord Macaulay.Having neglected the works of Gautama, Kanada andSankara etc, and having confined ourselves to the Puranicbriefs and other works of similar type, what is the worth ofour Vidwans, Bhashapravinas or Ubhayabhashapravinas ?
Or wnat is the range and value of the oriental scholar-ship of our degree holders in Telugu ?
HIGHER CULTURE AND MEDIUM: OF INSTRUCTION" 9
The memorable transition in the history of Telugu
begins^ in my opinion, on the day when it is made the
compulsory medium of examinations in all non-language
subjects for Telugu students for arts and science degrees or
at least Siromani and Vidya Praveena titles, As a first step
to this the University may transform the Telugu Research
section, in which there is no adequate return for the ex-
penditure incurred, into a translation department, and get
as many outstanding works as possible translated into
Telugu from English and Sanskrit at the present stage.
As a step for this, the University should make provision for
the rise of scholars who, in addition to their proficiency in
their special subjects and practice in Telugu composition,
will be equipped with sufficient knowledge of Sanskrit in
which the treasures of Indian culture are stored up and
without a strong control over which, expression of scientific,
abstract and subtle ideas in Telugu is almost impossible*
I close this topic which has come up as a side issue,
and proceed to the subject proper. I pointed out that Teluguwas thus relegated to an inferior position and that Telugu
writings were intended for people only of lower cultural
status. There was no scope for works of high order to
arise, and Palnati Veera Charitra was no exception. More-
over it does not belong to the section of Kavya or Rupaka,
and therefore we cannot apply to it cannons of advanced
literary criticism.
When I say that we cannot expect high literary
excellence as in Valmiki, Kalidas etc., I do not mean as
alredy stated that it is inferior to other Telugu works. Onthe other hand it is far better than many of them. All
that I want to point out is that it is not of exceptional
poetic merit and is not an exception when the general2
10 PREFACE TO VEERA. OHARTTRA
condition of Telugu works is taken into consideration
Palnati Veera Charitra is an unique work in many
respects in Telugu literature, The subject matter, unlike
that of the general mass of Telugu works which are
mostly Puranic briefs or Puranic fictions or stories, with
some descriptions, is the history of local heroes. The
prominent characters are indigenous and exhibit the
valourous life of the Andhras of those times in its brightest
form. The treatment of the subject matter also is different
from that of others where futile word-profusion, with scanty
meaning and mere story skeletons, is predominant or
speculations based on mythological details and hereditary
similies form the important poetic element. It is written in
verse which is half free from trash resulting from letter
adjustment (s5?>, ^x3)which is common with almost all the
Telugu verse productions, It is different from works of
the Bobbilikatha type as it, unlike the latter, attempts to
maintain classic touch here and there.
Ballad Literature,
Palnati Veera Charitra comes under the Veera Gita
(Ballad) group. The ballad is a special branch of Teluguliterature and I have no information whether such a branch
exists in the other Vernaculars of India or not. Whatever
may be the reason, such a branch does not evidently exist
in Sanskrit although episodes of Vatsaraja and Vikrarnarka
etc., are sufficiently inspiring. These ballads are recited
before big audiences generally during moon-lit*nights with
the necessary accompaniments and gestures and are semi-
dramatic in nature. They resemble the Vrittis mentioned
by Bharata which may be considered as the germs of the
developed Indian drama. Generally the purpose of the
ballads is to create mainly reverence and admiration to-
BRIEF REVIEW OF SOME POINTS IN J^ALNATIVEERA. CHARITRA 11
wards the heroic souls by a sort of narration appealing to
the popular imagination and emotions. It is why poetic
sublimity of high thought cannot be expected in it. The
function of the Ballad above mentioned, Palnati Veera
Charitra amply fulfills in a manner in which few others of
this class do.
Brief review of some points in Palnativeeracharitra.
It shows anxiety for the life of her son Balachandra
and tries to prevent him from going to battle. This appears
some what derogatory to the Indian Kshatra (Military)
traditions. She stands in strong contrast to Kunti, who
sends word through Sri Krishna to her sons to fight to the
end. Perhaps the author wished to show here feminine
weakness. Even Vyasa makes Kunti express once that
life without sons would be distressing.
Balachandra's visit to Ms damsel
Under the pretence of taking her to battle field
when he was about to start to Karempudi he meets
his damsel in her house though he never took her
there, This is somewhat repulsive to us of the present
age. It was not so in ancient India. The Vesyas
appear to be an important section of society in those
days. All know how much Hindu mythology is interwoven
with the stories of these damsels. The mother of the
great Bharata race is the daughter of a divine damsel.
Other episodes are too numerous to be mentioned. In
spite of condemnation by thinkers like Bhartrihari they
seem to have kept up their position even in historical
times. Yatsyayana thinks that contact with a damsel is
not sinful as it is neither enjoined nor prohibited in Dharma
Sastras. Omen-experts state that jhe sight of a Vesya in
12 PREFACE TO VEERA CHARITRA
1 *?
front for a man starting for some purpose is auspico'
Katitilya recognises conjugal contract with a dart* 5
and imposes fine upon the intruder. The Liter*1 '
theorists like Dhananjaya, while ignoring the widow it*et>
tioned by Vatsyayana as a fitting object for making lo^
recognised Vesya as a heroine in a poetical composUl n
though as of lower type.
If she is firm and constant in love like a duly w
woman, she certainly rises above the level of ordifl^. V
Vesyas and can find a place in a dignified literary composi-
tion as Vasantasena in Mrichchakati.
Perhaps Rajasekhara thought it a compliment to hi*11"
self when he declared as tradition goes, that he had love
dealings with women of several parts of India. Some ol
these Vesyas were very rich, Some were learned especial-
ly in fine arts and they were called Ganikas as different
from other ordinary Vesyas. The Ganikas of Pataliputra
are said to have deputed a scholar by name Dattaka to
prepare a treatise for their guidance Vatsyayana devotes
a special Adhikarana in his Erotic Science to the affairs of
these Vesyas. Even kings and men of status did not think
it degrading to keep these Vesyas as their consorts.
Vatsyayana refers to the amorous sports of a Chola (Tamil)
king with his damsel Chitrasena- Though we thus see that*J o
intimacy with a Vesya was not considered a social stigmain those days, the whole of the damsel scene in Palnati
Veeracharitra is quite irrelevant and the author ought to
have omitted it at least for artistic considerations. It wouldhave been different had he taken her to the battle field as
Sri Krishna did Satyabhama.Harlot-Mother,
It has been a practice with authors in our country to
bring in the old harlot-mother where a Vesya is concernedas in Nirankusopakhyana etc,
BRIEF REVIEW OF SOME POINTS IN PALNATIVEERACHARITRA 13
These damsel- mothers seem to be notorious from
even early times. Vatsyayana lays down that the damsel
should be under the guidance of either her old mother whois cruel and greedy or choose another woman in her
absence possessing the above qualities to take her place.
Kautilya also refers to the damsel-mother and provides
compensation for her if any one forcibly meddles with her
daughter. Literary critics also take note of this Vesyamatain prescribing the conduct of the Vesya Heroine.
Palnati Veera Charitra gives an interesting descrip-tion of the oldj contemptible Vesyamata.
Balachandra's indulgence with his wife.
Balachandra, before going to war, meets his wife and
takes her blessings as Bhirnasena in Venisamhara. But he
also engages himself in love affairs with his wife. Em-
bracing or sporting in any other way with a woman when
marching to battle field is certainly in-appropriate and
implies a kind of laxity on the part of the hero, That is
-why such a custom did not find favour with the famous
heroes of ancient India. It is not said even of Havana,
Valmiki maintains it in the case of the ill-fated Vali. Theauthor of Parijatapaharana, a Telugu work of the Vizaya-
nagaram period, attributes it to Krishna's enemies whowere going to be defeated. Bhatta Narayana presents a
scene in Venisamhara in which the doomed Duryodhana
amorously deals with his wife. Mammata, the author of
Kavyaprakasa finds fault with him even for that Bala-
chandra's love affairs with his wife, when marching1
to war* O
are not only out of place but also reflect upon his heroic
character. If he did so as it was the first and the last time
to meet her, it is no excuse for a hero who has to sacrifice
everything for his noble purpose, especially when the wife
U PREFACE TO VEBEA CHARITEA
was also to follow him to the other world. If he did so
under the advice of his mother, it must be stated that her
anxiety for her son's wife was carried to the extreme. If
it is merely a statement of the fact of history, then we
must admit that Balachandra has no place in the
galaxy of the noble type of Indian heroes to whom Kshatra
Dharma was higher than anything else. The author for
the sake of propriety, ought to have avoided this in the
case of Balachandara, the prominent hero of the present
portion of the ballad.
Historical Importance of the Veeracharitra.
The time of Palnati Veeracharitra seems to be an
important period in Indian History. It was the time whenMohamed Ghori was creating great havoc besiegingplace after place in Northern India and the fate of the
Hindu Royal dynasties was hanging in the balance. Theinfluence of Ramanuja's preachings and Basaveswara'srei:g;ous overhauling were being strongly felt and thecress currents of Veerasaivism, Vaishnavism, Jainism andbudcnism were causing agitation in Southern India. It is'
tnus we nnd ,n Palnati Veeracharitra aninteresting blend-
:ng of the heroic fervour of the military families of theAorra and the
religious reformation of the spiritual precep-^rs ot tne South. Mere over, Palnati Veeracharitra seemsto oe an important link in Indian
History. It throws light"""*'""of two
ruling dyanasties
,Mr " Vi t Smith in his "Early'
bserves thus - "The Kalachuri ori
r/ast mentioned in an ^p^-
, ,
the ^nner of their disappear-.
ere
' "^ '' ^ there ^eason toe suppian ted by the Bhugels of.Rewa.
VEERA WOESHIP 15
Palnati Veeracharitra reveals how the Hyhayas
migrated from Chedi to Palnad and settled there never to
return to their original homes. The reason of their migra-tion is said to be somewhat religious in Palnati Veera-
charitra. Perphaps the political incident was given a reli-
gious colouring. The migration might most probablybe due to the inroads of the Mahomedan invaders or the
pressure of the Bhugels of Rewa mentioned by Mr Smith
to be the successors of Hyhayas. Palnati Veera Charitra
also shows how the Western Chalukya dynasty of Kalyancame to an end with the last prince dying in the Karem-
pudi battle.
Veera Cult of Palnad.
To-day Palnad Heroes are worshipped as divinities
and every year a big festival is held at Karempudi in their
memory on the new moon day of Kartika roughly corres-
ponding to November and important scenes of the
episode are enacted there. There is no distinction of
caste in the Veera cult and all have equal religious status.
Balachandra's brothers come from different castes inclu-
ding a barber, a washerman and a Brahmin. A Brahmin
is the Acharya of the Veera group and a Panchama hero
by name Kannama has a temple at Karampudi. But as
all non-vedic heterodoxical religions, Veera cult also
yeilded to the Vedic influence. Followers of this cult
return to their old religious ways after the festivities are
over-
Veera Worship.
Veera worship is not new to India. In Rig Veda* Indra
is addressed as Veera. Agni is also called Veera. Veera-
hatya was looked upon as a great sin, and abandon-
ing Agni was compared to hero murder. In some
16 PREFACE TO VEERA OEARITBA
places the word Veera was taken to mean a son
Perhaps there was a time when every male issue was a 5
hero as in ancient Greece where weaklings were aban-;
doned and only strong- and robust children were preserved j
by the state. In the latter literature Veera is referred to|
in many places and Veeratva was thought to be a precious
quality. Janaka proclaims that his daughter is Veeryasulka,Kalidas repeats the same phrase in that connection.
Patanjali, the author of Mahabhashya uses the word
Veera in connection with Sastric treatise containing
Mangala and mentions it in many places. The Yoga schools
also took this into their fold and applied it to one of the
yogic poses, the Vearasana, Tantrics also apply the word
Veera to Sadhakas.
Hero worship has been continuing in India from very
early times. Of the Avatharas of Mahavishnu, the main-tainer of the Universe, half the number including Kalki are
war heroes. Buddha is a hero ofmercy- Of the above, Ramaand Narasimha have regular temples of worship in our
country. The Veerathva of Veera Bhadra, offspring of
God Siva is well known. His followers still preserve a
dance scene called Yeeranga as a religious ceremony. SreeRama is known also as Yeeraraghava and Bhavabhutimade him famous as Mahaveera. Tiswanatha quotes averse from- Rajahsekhara's Balaramayana to illustratethe warrior heroism of Sree Rama.
Since the time of the kings mentioned in the Puranasas
Bhavishyadrajas I do not know of any other rulers excepttne Palnac heroes, raised todivinity and worshipped in any |
|1 D ,f' h
,
e He WP Cached by Carlyle i
Europe did not take any definite form. Eve/the r^ion
BALLADS AND NATIONAL HEROISM 17
of the Sikhs, the warlike people in India of to-day is not
of the nature of the Veera worship. The Moharam cele-
brations of Mahammadans may be said to resemble it in
some respects.
Features of the Veera Worship.
Although the Heroes themselves were Vaishnavites
and Saivites, yet the Veera cult is neither Vaishnavism
nor Saivism in their present form, It is socio-religious In
nature and has not got any Vedic ritual. It does not
accept distinction of caste, and all have equal status in it.
In the annual festival at Karempudi, people of all castes
participate. The Acharya of the cult, a Brahmin 9 casting
off his sacred thread and offering oblations of blood to the
departed souls of heroes of all castes should be a historic
scene. In uniting the people under one banner and in
exaltino", to the dignity of a religion, heroism which was
necessary to save the country in moments of need
especially at a time when the Muhammadan conquerors
were devouring place after place in the land, the foresight
of the founders of the Veera cult is really worthy of our
esteem.Ballads and National heroism.
In chivalrous ages, Indian valour expressed itself in
various forms. Andhras were second to none in the mani-
festation of heroism. It became a religion with them.
The Telugu Ballads breath the chivalrous life of Andhras
in those ages. It is only a spark of the Kshatra fire
kindled by the onrush of the Semitic conquerers that
blazed forth in the form of the fratricidal war in Palnad.
As sources of original hisory and as records perpetuating
the deeds of National heroism of Andhras, they deserve to
be preserved and published in any suitable form. I cannot
close this topic without refering to Yakshaganas, the dance
3
18 PBEFACE TO YEBRA CHARITEA
dramas of the Telugu country,, which are valuable. The
picture plays (5^e>o #"56 ?-&) also may be included in the""~"0
same category* Though they cannot claim a high place in
literature like the classic drama of the type of Sakuntala
and others, they are very interesting and also amusing as
operas with their rythrnic dialogues, and country tunes,
chorus songs, divided utterances, Nritta and Lasyavarieties of dance etc. The buffoon (SS^TY^) correspond-
ing to the Vidushaka of the classical drama is also interest-
ing if he minds to be within reasonable limits of decency.Like the Prakrit dratna of which Rajasekhara's Karpura-
manjari is a representative, they are without division into
acts. The forerunner (tr^wao) and the sooth sayer (o&^ej^3) are the peculiar features of Yakshagana and theymay be considered as the suppliers of the links of the
story like the Vishkambha or Prave^aka characters
in Bharata. The invocation to God and references
to the audience in Yakshagana might be the primitive formsof the latter Nandi and Prasthavana. They werevery popular in the country and well received even in
Royal courts. I am inclined to think that these Yaksha-ganas are a South Indian Institution that flourished underthe Chola rulers, The subject requires careful investi-
gation. As far back as 1925, if I remember right, I
placed a few Yakshaganas in the hands of Sreeman Yadla-pati Venkata Subb i Rao, B.A., B.L., who was then a pupil,to
critically study them, He prepared some notes undermy guidance and the matter stopped there. In thisconnection he also undertook and completed the transla-tion of Aristotle's Poetics into Telugu. The manuscriptis still lying with me unscrutinized as I could not devotemy attention to it under the
existing circumstances.
BBLIGION AND TEMPLE 19
Chennakesava Temple at Hacherla,
Tradition ascribes the construction of Macherla templeto Brahmanayudu. It is extensive and has fine sculpture.
It is richly endowed and I may mention in this connection
that one of its donors is a lady of the Velugoti family as
known by an inscription at Macherla. It might have been at
one time a prominent religious centre with numerous
devotees. It is now almost deserted except on annual
festive occasions.
Religion and Temple.
There may be some thinkers who do not believe in
the existence of spirit as separate from matter. Most of
them are self-disciplined and are not undesirable members
of society. But that kind of self-discipline and control can-
not be expected of people at large and atheism amongsuch people can only make|the country a scene of murders,
treachery, and other brutal atrocities of frequent occurrence.
So atheism can never be a religion for the general mass of
people in any country. Whatever may be the results of
atheistic experiments in countries like the Soviet Russia
and whatever may be the theories of subtle philosophy, reli-
gion can never cease to be a necessary factor in the life of
the people at large. The purpose of religion is to refine the
gross brutal qualities of man and make him bold and heroic
and fit for higher life. It is true that the mere outer form of
religion without the inner life is not of much value. But it is
better than indifference to religion as it may, at some stage
or other, lead him to the right path which is adjacent to it.
It is also true that there are some people who put on the
cloak of religion to cover up their villainy. It is a misuse
of religion and misuse of a thing cannot lower its value
20 PREFACE TO VEEEA CHARiTBl
Temple Is the stronghold of religion. Besides
being the hall of the throne of. religion and the
suggested philosophy, an Indian temple always appears to
me as the meeting place of art, beauty, music and poetry.
The sum total of the prosperity and loveliness in
the Universe being adored as Sree and Lakshmi, the
nearest and dearest to the heart of Maha Vishnu, the Main-
tainer of the Universe;and the essence of all reverence,
chastity and auspiciousness becoming part and parcel of
Paramasiva, the Lord of Supreme Bliss 9 as Arya 5Sati and
Sarvamangala, cannot fail to appeal to our poetic fancy.
Dhanurdasa finding the face of Maha Vishnu more charming
than that of his wife and Andal (Goda), Vishnuchitta's
daughter, falling in love with Maha Vishnu rejecting the
form of human beings, give us a glimpse of the Vaishnavite
conception of divine beauty. Saivites also have this and
Siva is called Sundareswara in the South. More
details about this topic are given in the Telugu Preface.
Not only this; we have the actual artistic beauty of
sculpture and decoration at their best in temples.
Experts in music thought it an honour to exhibit their skill
at the feet of the deities. Kalidas refers to Narada as
going to the temple of Siva at Gokarna on the West coast
to sing there. Sri Harsha tells us in Nagananda that
Malayavati, the heroine, was in the habit of singing at a
temple on the same West coast.
Idols of Sree Rama, Sita and others are only an illus-
tration or symbolization of the portraiture by the poetValmiki. Vasudeva, the giver of the Gitaand the charioteer
of Arjuua stands in the temple as depicted by the poetVyasa. There are other temples which are conducive to
the manifestation of Bhayanaka and Bibhatsa Rasas which
RELIGIOK AND TEMPLE 21
have their own part in elevating the human mind and
turning it to the grim power controlling the Universe.
Temples also appear to me as illustrations of the
best divine poetry.
I always look upon them as social centres. Theyadmit almost all un-objectionable people of the country
and induce them to sit and entertain higher thoughts
at least for a while. Unlike the clubs of Western
countries where admission is restricted by financial con-
siderations, and where people gather for wordly sport
and enjoyments, Indian temples afford also mirth, rejoicing
and even appeasement of the tongue, all of course, con-
secrated to the divinity, .and thus rid of the grossness
which is generally inseparable from such things.
After the destruction of the Asramas by Yavanas as
the author of Padmapurana regrets and after the Mi-
mamsakas waned in their influence, the centres of culture
and light were shifted from forests and Asramas to temples.
The Puranic legends of Kasikhanda etc., amply illus-
trate this truth. Some of the famous temples are
associated with great thinkers and spiritual leaders of the
country. Tradition connects the temple of Parthasaradhi
at Triplicane with the birth of Sree Ramanujacharya, the
great reformer who influenced the religious thought of the
people of India in a manner in which few others have done,
Udayanacharya the author of Kusumanjali is said to be a
staunch devotee of Purushothamaswami of Jagannatha
temple. Great saints like Kulasekhara and Vishnuchitta are
said to have spent the major part of their lives in the
temples. The birth of Balachandra of the present work is
attributed to the favour of Chennakesavaswamiat Macherla.
Vaishnavite traditions and culture flourished in the
22 PREFACE TO VEERA CHARlTfiA
celebrated temples of Sreeranga and Sree Villi-
puttor etc.,
The healthy and prosperous condition of the temples
indicates the strength of the religious life of the people,
People that are indifferent to religion and to whom it is
only an occasional ceremonial of not much importance,
grow light hearted, timidly evil-minded and merely animal-
like in the ways of living. I know that temples in the
Telugu country in some places have actually become play
grounds of boys and resorts of loafers. This condition
may be to a great extent, due to the absence of great
Acharyas like Ramanuja, Alwars, Nayanars in the South
and Chaitanya and others in the North, who lived and
worked among the people. Religious priests like the
Kalamukha Saivacharyas brought in from Badha by the
Andhra Queen Rudrama Devi and the Vaishnavite
Acharyas sent by the Karnata Kings of Vizayanagar could
not do the work to the necessary extent. The presence oi
a few devotees and religious people like Ramadoss w;is
not sufficient. VMiatever may be the reason for out
present condition, we must wake up and open our eyes to
the deplorable condition of our temples. Even the templ(of Venkatachala which is within the limits of the Telugi
country is in the hands of non-Andhra Mahants and i
bears Tamil names as Tirumalai and Tirupati. Evetthe shrine of Sreesaila, which, besides being mentioned ir
Puranas, was referred to by the celebrated Indian poet
like^Bhavabhuti, Sana, and Sree-Harsha is not receiving
sufficient attention and care which it properly deserves.
Veera Ctaritra and History of Andhras.Since the decline of Pouranic Satavahanas
Andhras fell to the background, They were subjugated bj
VEEBA OHABTTA AN"D HISTORY OF AFDHRAS 23
Pallavas and Ch.alukyas. The Andhras seem to have de-
graded to a great extent. When a Telugu author speaks of
the Telugu armies as Rakshasas and their conqueror, the
Chalukya King, as Vishnu, one can understand how muchthe people had gone down in the necessary national
virtues. But the Andhra kings of Warangal tried to regainthe lost supremacy. After the fall of Warangal conse
quent upon its capture by the Mahomedans, the Beddygenerals of the Kakatiyas endeavoured to revive the
Andhra Rule and set up independent states in the Country.It Is during the time of these Andhra Kings, Kakatiyas and
Reddies that great Scholars like Vidyanatha, Mallinatha I,
Kumaraswami, the world famous Mallinatha II, and VemaReddies flourished in the Telugu Country. But the Keddi
chiefs soon fell a prey to the Karnatic Kings of Vijaya-
nagar. The Telugu Country was entirely subdued. It
was added to and absorbed in the Karnatic Kingdom, and
almost lost its individuality. Thus the final suppression of
Andhras begun by Mahamadans was completed by the
Kama tic Rulers of Vijayanagar. The eminent centres of
culture and other activities like Kondavidu were subjectedto decline and extinction. Outstanding persons like
Nadendla Gopa-mantri and Salva Timma had to migrateto non-Andhra lands as there was not favourable atmos-
phere for their abilities to thrive in their own country.The Hyhayas,
The Hyhayas of Viracharitra from Chedi appeared on
the scene during the latter part of the 43rd century Kali
Era (twelfth century, A. D.) (I may mention here, simplyfor the sake of information, that Tripuri, the site of the next
Indian National Congress was the capital of Chedi.) By the
time the Heroes catne to Palnadj the Kakatiyas firmly esta-
blished themselves as the paramount power in the country.
24 PBEFACB TO VEERA CHABITRA
That the Hyhayas did not meet with opposition either from
the Kakatiyas or from the other subordinate states only
strengthens the fact that they had not come here as invaders
but as expelled persons of the Royal family in search of
refuge and places of suitable settlement These they found
without much difficulty as a result of their matrimonial
alliances with some of the local chiefs.
Srinatha and Palnad.
Though the rest of the Telugu country is in no way
better than Palnad in swallowing extravagant quanti-
ties of chilly-powder etc., of which the evil effects are
obvious, Srinatha is said to have specially blamed its
people as Bilhana did the Gujaraties in his Vikramanka-
deva charita, Such verses are mentioned in the first
preface. Perhaps the people there could not appreciate!
his scholarship and honour him befittingly. Some of them
may be interpolations. His denunciation of Zonna and
Sazza, the staple food of the people of Palnad 9as
coarse is out of place as it is highly nutritious making
people sturdy and stalwart fit to protect the country in
times of necessity. At any rate, we of the present age
degenerating on account of polished mill-rice have no
reason to find amusement in such deprecations.
Palnad.
Palnad is a place of historical interest in the GunturDistrict on the banks of the river Krishna. It is adjoining to
the extensive forest regions of Srisaila referred to by Bana,Sree Harsha and Bhavabhuti in their works and included
by Saivites among the twelve sacred places of Siva worshipsuch as Benares, Ujjaini, Setu and Kedara in the Hiraala-
yas, etc. There is a place called Nagarjunakonda in Palnadwhich in all probability owes its name to Nagarjuna, the
PALANAD 25
celebrated Buddistic Acharya, mentioned in Kathasarit-
sagara (Vide Telugu Preface).
It is now under excavation by the Archaelogical
Department of the Govt. of India and 1 learn that manyvaluable relics are found there. Pendota, the place of the
Andhra architects as known from the utterances of the
Kunja people who are specially attached to the Viswa
Brahmanas is also in Palnad. Palnad which was once the
abode of great heroes also gave birth in recent times to
the heroine Lakshmi of Durgi whose husband reminds us of
the Othello of Shakespeare. Having experienced the hard-
ships of a daugter-in-law in a merciless family, she eagerly
yearned for a kind touch of her husband's hand even when
he was about to kill her. The birth place of this Lakshmi?
heroine of Dharma, is Durgi in Palnad. She belongs to the
Kamma Sect. Her father is Digumarti Musalappa Naidu.
Her husband is Ohirumamilla Venka Naidu ofLinga-
puram. Lakshmi, a venerable model of chastity and Indian
woman-hood, is still worshipped in Palnad. Her episode
is still sung in the villages by the itinerant bards.
The publication of the remaining parts of the Ballad,
The first edition of this was published nearly twenty-
seven years ago. Not long after its publication, the late Sri
Mokkapati Subbarayadu Yarn, the then private Secretary
to the present Maharaja of Pithapuram wrote to me that
the remaining parts of the ballad might be published with
the financial aid of the Maharaja. But the other parts by
Srinatha were not available and the manuscripts which I
secured are the works some others and some of them are in
loose language. Accordingly I intimated the matter to Sri
Subbarayadu Varu. Sometime after, I understood that Sri
Jayanti Eamiah Varu was going to publish the other parts
of the ballad under the auspices of the Telugu Academy.
26 PREFACE TO VEEEA CHARITEA
Bat I came to know that his manuscript was a copy of the
same original from which my copy was prepared. I pub-
lished a letter in the Andhrapatrika dated 14th May 1914
and the matter stopped there. I once again mention that as
original sources of our history and as records of our national
heroism, they deserve to be published as they are, or
re-written in prose.
THE CONCLUSION.
As was already said, Palnati Veera charitra was pub-lished for the first time in 1911. All the copies were ex-
hausted by 1926, and copies could not be supplied, I
There was thus a clear necessity for the publication of
the second edition. It was also prescribed for the part
II of the B.A. degree examination of 1934 of the Madras
University. Sree Vavilla Venkateswara Sastrulu Varu kindly
proposed the second edition and undertook the printingof the work. For this I thank him heartily and express
my feelings of gratefulness to him, The work was begun*-* r>
in my Kuja-period which started in 1931. There were manyobstructions in the execution of the work at every step,which caused immense delay in returning the proofs. The
printing of Kavyaprakas-a and Raghuvams'a, commencedin that period, is still unfinished. The obstructions weresomehow got over by the grace of the Almighty and I
have betn now enabled to offer to the public the book in its
present form. Of my pupils that assisted me in the courseof this work, special mention has to be made of SreemanA. Krishnaswamy B.A., Sreeman K. Cbandrasekhara Mantr!and Sreeman M. Ramachandra Reddy E.A. (Rons). I regre:very much that Sreeman
Krishnaswamy passed away at ai
early age without seeing the completion of the work. Hi
THE CONCLUSION 27
is an enthusiastic student of Telugu with a knowledge of
Sanskrit and also author of some works in Telucru. Hisotranslation of a portion of Raghuvamsa into Telugu verse
is published in Lakshya Khanda compiled by Sreeman
Chandrasekhara Mantri. By his demise the country has
lost one of its promising youngmen and sincere workers
in the cause of cultural renaisance. The perseveranceand interest with which Sreeman Ramachandra Reddy
copied the drafts and prepared the major part of the
index will always be fresh in my memory. But for
the assistance of these ardent lovers of culture and
learning who were by my side even day and night on
some occasions, especially during times of my ill-health,
the work could not have seen the light of day even so late
as this. In this connection I must also remember
with pleasure the assistance rendered by Sreemans
Seelam Madanagopal Naidu, Guna Bhushana B.A.,
Sudarsana Lai, Bhagavatula Chalapathi Rao and others.
I take" this opportunity to express my gratitude to my other
friends who aided me while carrying the work through the
press.
MADRAS:} EDITOR.
I) tf -C5 6
"Unhappy the nation that has no history and happythe nation that can hear the ballads commemorating the
adventures of her warriors sung with fervour and happythe country that can point with pride on the pages of history
to patriots who wept for their countries' wrongs, stood
againt the oppressor and the tyrant* * *
But such Is not our lot and our heroes passed awaywith their deeds unsung and unrecorded. (sjSsHz-sfci
T.r-:
,;T : ku
i>W*
*
x.
1906_, ft
^" '
1907
J<p
2
Or*
85050^0250
S
^3:
CO
120
1050
s5bo33O>oo>iri
'K5s&>
oo
^
sfe
^30^
75
rSbtf>>.^
', -tfo
X o^'s3b 54-55
6)
,
250 ^ 2PX"T
oo
TJ
eo
X*
o
4
crV t
CO9?
Sbo -t5o.2SCO
o
s5bo^Tn=o -do 25
ji
vc) G
s5b.
- 5
17
28
29
- 3
it
I
6
&>> "SsoSDOoX j^er#o3tfoe) oswoo
25
*1
O"~O T" "
V <w & 9
,
cJ5o^)dS^ R^sS.55b?^^^a. ^^)^c Mer^SeJ^S -t5o ^^~* >~x
ir*l6b. o5o ^ sSo^goc w^.Qc&^'sSb^oK'c ao tf
O ~ OPr^aes^c
eJeg
v.^__/*w oo O
K3
3?^
)e>o a^cSSoSSbaKS^OojcsM ,j
co
"I may mention that lead is found in considerable
quantities near Karempudi in the Palnad, but the mines
are not now worked. Copper is found both in the Palnad
and Vinukonda Taluqs."
(sser^ac^s) ^uXsSboo
l
6
eo
8-sS xsosgjksfc) (Memoirs of the Geoloical Survey o\\
India, Volume 8) ey^a 110-sS ^^cxsbo Sl
44
Along the eastern edge of the Tumrukota Range,
there are traces of old diamond workings, more decidedly
around Mallavaram on the right bank of the Kistna where
the limestones lapping round the base of the hill have f
been regularly undermined to get at the quartzite beneathj
them containing diamonds, Here there certainly seenisj
good proof of the existence of a set of diamond bearingj
beds perfectly distinguishable from the quartzites of which
the rest of the Range is mainly made, for the debris and !
other evidence of the old workings are strictly confined to
the edore of the limestones ................. . ...... These workso
date from the Moghul rule.9)
(M. G.)
,s5 23
OO
O-
\__^/ ^ 28 _ f
-
'
~<j
cs cS oatttfSoc
co
e
00
s5 <&X&>~ <%$ ^tfsSbfO c35bo^f^otfc &*&&&. B>x5o;tf25 "S
r >>ae)
CO
"SooSbaS^ott |)o5o^eT^c/^^ O'gS "}&> easfcoooco co ^ eo
),beo to
'(23^ co coco cocoIT3-^25-Og^>tf
5
Ertos525gs^acS^oD^'^ao-cSb^b
S
s3 sir'c^sSaD "^~t c2Tej25b.
fii A more poetical derivation of Palnad is 'Milk Land'
from the light cream-coloured marble that abounds there."
8
CD Q
. a,*
CO CO do
sfcr^&fc
I TT-
e;e)o
3
osxsew 008 2
* '
~nS
9
00 O
r
e>
V-X
OO
Sfo'S'o'S 2xne5ooo X"
0^08 ^8 e^ 53boe>o ^6 55:^5 o*> /
o-O
9
Q
~0 ^** Q . O ........ y J
) ^gbO
ooX ?3
2
10
=CT'e)o-)c55ooc
o)^ o:4o^4
1
^o,o O
.S) cS$b&l^c<b.
>o?Cc
). b5 a5or*^=5oo ejej)J^^c ^cS.^, ba ^r*o5bs5boo6
.
^eeo b :3 ?a-- -So
,
Ti eo co eJ- ^ ^
V^x ' o
11
CO
S'iSo-O
xego&oo&'
^
V^***/
oa
Tpgieso
CODC^
00
s5bo5bo
OsS^fiic
2
__a O
O
O
O1
O
v
y
.
\ /
! i 11100 00
,
18
55 soe oar*
eo
ocoa>s5e>^
12-sSCD O <D co
)
JC3f5'Soc'^S ojQ
84
X*
II^RT n
8.
: II
.
ii
* J!
**-**
(karambel) s,ac&&:5;
I > C"^ V" x' ~ -'
s"* s ^^ f
: II "(fc W>
S>^d5oS5boex) SPjfctf
&r
J
'rtfo-?e'
axr, 8X
15
25.
; i
^
.........
ritefte-
si
CO
16
S9 -tj
'S3 l-ss sjJjiDdfco &&>^^-t&TT-^so: "The Kalachuri or
Haihaya Rajas of Ohedi are last mentioned in an inscription
of the year 1181 A, D, and the manner of their disappe-
arance is not exactly known
i I! #11 1181-35tfo-SS^tf
- x3a7Y^c "3>c>&&)? *
^^^g^oe^ ?>
S^8. qog'c
r'^<3Scrolp'255Se>o
9 4
"'" Q
co
coo^c
oo
^
(Karanbel)
17
j
(Wilson)
TTea55bo^) Tfcpo
X& iv^a&r* S 6c dl)23
thousand miles) S^^tfg&oXc c5SireasSba1
Sa^
("Tchi-ki-to")
iro^Sb-
^\oooo-)7J^eS:) TP^) -&&r> (3
83
)
' 5
(Atlas of Ancient Geography,classical and Biblical) wb X o^oSboe^ fr*o^ Stf-o # 5S?fo< e>\
ew^6^5bo -cSb&M SS ^jy-t)^?^ ^^""& "Sai^s&DTr'cK^ooc55bort>e>o (Colonel
Yule) T^eso spo)^:>. ^^7r5o^
^g^ f^K3 8 *s|T sjodc35^ (Early
History of India) ^^b x o^s5bo?5 ^)^o ^7^8:
SAnd the extensive region to the south of Bandalkhand,which is now under the administration of the Chief Com-missioner of Central provinces nearly corresponds with the
old Kingdom of ChedL (wo#ex> spofa>$ esdea&otfc e>
e; -b"
,
IS
9
H.SS
eo
19
X"
2307^00 "S)o
89
00
ea
o# t '
CD 00
Vr
eoSe5acSSx,
V.L>/
3--
13'
20
~C"-3wj
9
eo
CP
p*..*1
**''* **""
^-XC x#2
MBtfS56:&
* -
>% **
ss-fcea
fe
2]
SOO^SDC ^^b 55
39
rX'5$)RSb 'Sokc'
H63-s5
S'aDo-cSbr'^^
H62-s5
II
1157 K5oll "^OD^OO^S) ^tfsS^tfgX 1157-sS KSosStf ao^^P3e3o
?dosS^2555b8)SOD^ ^?3^^bo^c IsS^cexSsSa Sf&S' I li ^11 1156-sS
95n^^ atfftrftSfc cx
1150-55
CO
eo
OO
TS
v '
e>o
OO Q
35CO
e>o
ofi
o
O
II
T5
HI
IV(8
on
59
489-^ .doll
25
-o5 # oil
592-sS
733
rJ
6^J
do .R)
rf
II tfH 695 tfoll
733 tfoll
> '
i
26
I II tf! 973 K3o!l Ifcotfex) 997 tfoll
^Ttfg
$ll997 tfoll -Sootfeor'a 1008
1008 'Sw!5e>o 1018
a
. ""&>Sex)-.....
{j
. I I! ^11 1018 tfoll "Soo^oor*^) lOiO
I
>3os$ O^ic Xo^). I II $11 1010 RSoll "S>^!5ex) 1069
1076 oll
1076
ra 1127 xSoll sSedSo 51
S'sr-gcisSboDj-ai
O co
. tf|| H271138 oSssSc
27
CO
1150
H38 KSoll
II-5&rc&s$ f^'&^Coa "8O&5$
ll tfH 1150
11639
1162-sS
. D
1182.3$
83
S*
.11Ofrj ^i _ ^^__ B-1-rr.i^
SI ( . j
1150 XSol! 3K>rie>cni5).1163 sSesSSc Tp^o5-iBS>\-5$MftO. I Il^ll 1157-sS
1163-sS
u
rer
vZ>
Ci
> -93 35CV3
ff*^& c&
TO**,
u
I sb d
I
ooo.. ^ -^
29
" "IS
o
ii
1182-sS
\h*^r
9
1104l.55cp
co
co
1158-sS tfoll
1182 K5osSgij6s5bo^
II
u
Ii27-s5
00 CO
00
oar*
.
X'Sfctf M
,
1240-i/
S'ofib.
1182-55 K5oil6o3w "Soo25e>o^^ 1240-S5
s5
i
e) Xo^sSbo^ooS'jj-. 26, 27
'fctSSna "ifiscofetx
1127
r a - - - ^* -'
, x ,, i.-3'i v1 '
*V ;l-- <HT^ ':-,(, i a i j.
"S*i >* -* 4
'
,,\ j '
- j^*
* 1X>' s H3-2
eo
00
1182-3 tf
1176, H82 Soil
co
eo>Ce;&. Oo7r*c5&55bi
1173
173 KS
13-sS
1173, H82
oS tfs5s5-x>8otf ^^^a?
1199 K5
tea c
8^a>^^p25o3sfc X^ts?^S?555bo ^^_a. r^?\^r*^Tr3a^^oa^>
1199-sS o o
32
jg ?C
So. "otoS^tftfb sSbtf!&> ^OJ O-
Si S'
c ?Cs$bTcr>2&5b ^s^o^^^bo K'oiSb.
25
_-rf
__3-> -
\^J
r'
s
s^i
>B ^>.j"'LJt:Tr' Mki" ip^r~ ^; rib s ir r^ r~~TL u ~"% * a"
1* "Z" i^. ^^ & T"*
v^
CO
CO
V. ^11 #11 1158 tfoll 1200
OK- (2)
1182-ss
&JDco
X
00 d)
OO 00
O
fe
co
co
1182-sS
CO
34
So d6oo326e>c$5ba&. asfc&>
153-35
1165 xSoii ^5ex> 1176 tfoll
5S 1165-?S tfoll ^x>^ex3 J 176-35
10
9
X'enooo oo
jfcWlptffa
y- - w-*,. w*wcttfc$orEc e>ern^3^
v -^
1165 tfolld
1176 tfoll
1182 K5o!i "^2^00 H89-sS
1176-sS KSoll
1182-sS
(2
. X
TT
1173, 1182
1182-sS K5oll
II 73, 1182
1182 tfoll 6SS ^KesK^) 1173 KSoll
1178
CO
1176 RSoll tfk IDsSb^)^ 238?\d5bo0^oivS:) Xn5o^ o^feo^t^r6S7r>c A I
u >*-^
,1182
isr""
OX"
eo
oiSb
X"
src^cS3oR)
(Wilson) TP'Sb 1)25^58 ^ sfc*r8^ ooDto sr^c3&or^e5o 4-"Account
of seven years war from 1080 A, D. to 1087, which was
carried on by Brahma Nayudu and Twelve other land-
holders and graziers against two towns, Gurzala and
Macherla in the Palnad country and which originated in a
dispute at a Cock-fight In. Ant Vo. L page 273 (10801087 Kioll
co
ee
K"ej
(Taylor)
9
1308 * 11 1386-S5
1178, 1182 oy
$ assss-a *
V../
9
^
(Early History of India) s-as a &"The Kalachurior Haihaya Eajas
of Chedi are last mentioned in an inscription of the year1181 A. D. and the manner of their disappearance is not
exactly known ; but there is reason to believe that theywere supplanted by the Bhugels of Rewa.
ll 1181-sS
CO
11-sS
s5b
^
o5box>
eo
T^TP^sSboO^"8^
300 & S'SOC
o &
1127 KSoII ^w^exsr'^ 1158 XSolI
115*
39
k ^sSTT^T^d^f^od^^Kj^sScosSe)^ ISOdSbo-s
OOCTJB
00
j
CO OO
1178, 1182
1178-o6
1118-sS ssoss^6'3j"$$" 1122sS xs
1127 xSoll ^oo^e>o^S) 1158 tfoll
SJ^Koj
19,20,21,22,23,24,25 tf*5sSMe)&e>Bd5baC "S
ejsSbo^ r ^TBe)cX5osSboe5v-8) yKS^sSbosSw^KSb ^o-^^S }To$tF>&$> TPlSo 25
6
40 Xjollew^b ^T^o&TT ^ 1 3
,
'v_/ iJ
40
13
fc
oo
^ X" osfco& ^ex)^TTB23^ 6$ ^ g'S) K"%M*r ^*0^
*1lt.....ur *^.JT
Sic
.
co co
rn)2?"l)6c ^s^
co
^<3-e)cJSDd6ooc
41
. btftfO g
cSfiX) cJfiBfli& "
o aas^ (Easternand Indian Architecture)
According to an inscription on its walls
the temple was erected in 1164 A. D. by Pratapa Rudra
who, thoughnot exactly himself a Chalukya in blood,succeeded to their possessions and style." *>
^-5 a"i55-^fii.
w
cSSgc&iSbSr'S'c bd^S^ a^Xj&e J50o-O^c
' wBJ
tftic
6
oo
ooo^eeoO oo
o^o^e^ficXT-t.^ d&aT^oS^tf&D s^odSbQX' os5boe5>r8i>Sbfi\'ES-cS5cofS\a._y Cp oo OV^ .co ^
oo
50 K5ol! o
.
o
T'CsS^^r^cXe;^).
Bi&^Tr ^ 6 <5k-
S9 89
^73^c^
9SJSP ^ sSbo
co
5
fio s&obSj
836.
1323
. 5botfo<&
3. oo
13-sS o
13-sS
c35oro
co CS O
?5o5bs5e;d6oob.
a3boQ
oj a>e)8.
) c55o-:
xJ'S5^boex:,
SxD
do-DoCO
eo
S
V )
d5cr asS>C3SS"So ^OelKSoS^^X SSb^ a. ^-cr8^^^^ tftf
&
SO
K
SQ
9 CO
89
oS
o
e>
. o.
9
X"V ^
9
CO CO
46
oo
\n_..*
"SSojy.sSX'c
_^ Q O gg
.
I ivrSSo^ X"
x.<00
oU ^Wim^
oc
^
o
^^ s^^er^dSo-9
|)35b'
e "^ "-
V V
47
'""""0
83
ex
^ 00
CO (T)
Cb ?)
tfoll
1397 ?3oll
CO V. J
1395
tfoll sSes^o tPz30s5ba^&tf gS^ffftS^^exja^w^e^tf), 1379 tfoll
1101 sSes&S tr^os&o^&tf s5^8^6t5^d&o^e;^er8<&, 1395 tfoll
1423 ea& tP&QSbo^xJtf ^56$ -30-5^^5 -^ussaoe^sSb,<D Co
1415 KSosS&frtfSoc 2xnio tr23s5^?5So55- 1436 JCJ
er'^^^20
s'w^x' (Kulburga)
x? SOD^C^O. -^cJ5c>?5 I II ^B 1422 K5ol>*'
1435 X5oll cSesSo TTaosS^"as&. >^)^ce>iB ts^^o^^bo 1424* *w O eo
T "
ITJ^^C^ 6)o^c36cxDoaSo^^ ^s^^?^^.. -g^^tf ^)^c&> J II ^11 1384
, 140 i
1432 tf
89
^
-c>Trc^. ^^Ser^^sS
"" o
I).
.
49
X"
TP=)
S'ao-O^-
Sjo a
. & ofes&D ^^esj-ss^oxo^o S I
&e908Htfofi5rl'3c
s^R)\o-v^-e5bSba. I --^nS^cdl)00 ^ VL'
"
^TT ^ -i58,
^ 5$* sSo2Sso^
;eT>stfa? sS,
50
O'p5bO(^DnSb
O^6
x *
&">"" (Leslie Stephen) &9i&tf<:<> era o}e)c*ijr (George
Eliot) isfcsa g sSja-ar" "A strong imaginative genius is develo-
ped early; it is an overmastering faculty which forces its
possession into activity often before knowledge or serious
thought has accumulated; draws romances, epic poems,
and dramas from children in their teens; and suggests that
not only the material surroundings, but even the storage of
intellectual accomplishments is but an accidental stimulus
to the innate creative power" esa^xtfko ,1 -&r ** oo ^
v
XejdSSc
r-
A.Cc
51
15
I.
.. .
V x
OQ
* I 1
52
eSr"
4
] 9
89X"
JDo
Go
5
a
eo
7Tor6o-)O
G>5530 d
V__'000600
CO
CO
*
CO
t
m fan
SF ^ si
v
a\^.,- ^-a,
1 jJoD^ JJO <x/o\J?
5)
,
V /
tie
9 co oo
eo 83
CO
5,6,7 8,9
o
00
87ex)
fc, 11, J2, 13 O 7oo
, 16-sS
O oo15-sS
o
O H35 17, 18 K36 19, 20, 21, 22
X^r
c
:
'
II
56
. S'&S'c
9
^ fo
95
n
n"
cfio
?5* RS5&8qj
Id&a
roa
57
sftefo i *rfifer r
O cX 9
*Sje^^b K587n>
^r^5^^-080S^^o
-3556^
*tf$*tfe>oa$p
8
S_
9ea
tftfrf*
a
2.
58
CO
o,V /
s5b\3>?o tf -iTfe)
eo
4 r.
. . o
tij
o
^ - ^~IV* ~~^ Qj 0^ Qj
"Q vV*C"V ^j^tO.
e5. ..
^. e5.
59
^*- eo>
5.
A*
o
^fcr
5 S5 230, RS.
oxr-.tr Sb
7.oo
d SOD
e. VI.
KS. O&-.
60
8. IT8. &r2fc6 s5
CO
A.~
w
9.
A.)
9
s5*
2,
s5gK5^^STl>
25|o. Si- 06-,
ssa )or" ^j-T' K* oc "soS". e.
10.
tiQX 8. X). JDO.
ooaxi -^^^ "0""^ sSboD-^b* e5. sS
32
61
A. tfo.ZS s5bo&oaa
&
JSboo89
-53^ a
,socn>fr> "3.55650CO -T! \L-x o
Sols?
SJ
o ^o ^a5cr X'07T^fr^)'e
"rf^r
2)
A. estftfofcotfoaSb "3s66 o
8
62
eo 9
if^
2.
A. &9o5b&Dd6oob
8. r*.
B .a sJTs^"^9
TT
65.
63
00<J
1,
2-
sS
32-s5
^
060 S s5 Sisk8
ee>o
o
T'S'
X /
fC
eo
3.
> Si 8 X325Qoo
De5^ 87-o5
sfco
CO
-(J 6;
CO
^ss sSbo
17
A.
10 K5
rg
8-SS
66
. 8-sSO
o
x s
O
9
eo
"" y
8-06
X" oS>
00
10 o
K
o
7-c6
*^
A.
e*. 3.
,$
ea K). ~
^
A.
co
00
orS.
oo
-6
68
""T>
6.r
.
A.
o
co
A."
5J ^f ' ' S"-*
r r) 003-
(Hamlet)
(Polonius) ^tftoTT* -^F^cHbSb (Shake
speare) s5-S)o-D^
c* Beware
of entrance to a quarrel, but being in,
Bear it that the oppossed may beware of thee."
o^sfcotf
Socdio
00
OQ
oT
fe
QJ
X
70
c w ilo
8a7rtf & K otfsfco ifob wSX Sr>osScre; tfftO '
-Oo>
c) V y <-)
KT$
K
V X
s5c>3^ 6-)o)tf
>5*S~*a?3
r.
%^' ^"
Z^X "$$ -sre)53boe)07^ ^^805^0 K^oe^ 5$b63SxS'8oS*g9 O O
)S
^3-55^. B
$5s$
c)
71
,
6-2)0 -u^-cSb55-0^^0
ifcce)2Sg'5'
T>
5Sgs5bo"^"Sood^o.
TT>;O
138o
S5bo55^_^ej
s5cp-
6-aoS^Sb.CO 00
o5b^bxD^53bo.SoaSg'S^sSgsSboodSbo^ v>&v&t<>j>&xv Xe>o^)
(Aristotle) e&> A soats^oK&c^s^^ fe I
.
"Still more absurd would it be
to mix different metres as was done by Charemon"
o\!bex3(S)S
.X
72
*j
oo
CO
73
ao
?5
'
10
74
-
(I.
oo
BO
00
??
V--'
00
^y8 o-uJoTo
75
8c
O
o
00
,
"S "S
00
. 41-a
^_J
.O
O CO
76
8 l3
tfoer'e&c'S tf d5ctfo$hotfS
T5
oo
V ) oo
^55^)55 6o-)8.
4
77
&
c5e>os5e>o69
CO
CO
.
cJSo^cdk*
co
78
eo o
o
CO
oo25
co ^eo oo co
00 CO
79
o
cs
>
00
oo ' oo co
CO
X"
^ ^^^ ^>^>. d$ba
x* 0^75-=^ a
^S) ^r^o^"^
25, 38, 43, 50, 60, 102
2>&SC23;&SoX 9S5?ej
*
9
80
X" o'
X
,o
I
*
-
, 1-oS "8a> 1911.*
w
Sbv_X
^ s5b-tr-Tr3- I,
,X
53,57,61,63
06oo
oo co
SSer^fcS
81
^^r^. w ^>co V^-x 15
. 6eSo"S\ ^ c55bo^&otfcK^SSpc
. 7rcS5aSoTyT3ej^)c& r^
\
1
s&o D
aa. Sja ^
CO
s^o D X ^oSb^'^a?3 r^o&^ejs&o ^9irDo-) s5b\D&
SjO&D'S^SaosSbarfc sxiB^a. e^o00
9'c 2S^ KSsfeS
fig)
11
oo
co
ocoo eo
oo
^j
oo
v
a
. 2
INTRODUCTION.
Ever since the evolution of man began from the
brutal state, Great Persons have stepped into and passed
away from this world leaving behind their marks in the
annals of the progress of mankind. They are the light
guiding and shaping men's thoughts and actions in their
bewildering journey of life. They are the proclaimers of
the unspeakable significance, the unreachable height, the
immeasurable breadth and the unfathomable depth of the
Infinite Power. By them the whole world moves; in
them the whole world rests;
for them the whole world
longs. The history of the world is the history of these
Great Men. Leaving the prehistorical periods, a little
thoughtful mind can, from the dawn of documentary
history down to modern times, perceive how the world
has been affected by the appearance of the personages
like Sri Rama, Buddha, Christ, Sankara, Kalidas and
Shakespeare. These Great Men or Heroes, as they are
justly called, are not confined to a certain country or to a
certain age. They have been making their appearance in
different corners in different ages. Wherever the]
appeared, whether in the meditative East or in the practi-
cal West, they were received with divine honour, regarded
with admiration and adored with prostration."The
worship of a Hero" truly says Carlyle, "is transcendent
admiration of a Great Man No nobler feeling than
this of admiration for one higher than himself dwells in the
breast of man/ 7
Architects built temples in their honour;
sculptors carved their pictures on wood and stone;
painters drew their figures in beautiful colours; poets sang
their heroic deeds. Sreenatha sang the valour of the
Heroes of the Palnad and it is the history of these Palnad
Heroes, depicted by Sreenatha that is found in the
following pages of this book. These warriors had left
their distant home on the banks of the Narmada,
migrated for political reasons into the broad grand plains
of the Palnad as a place of refuge and settled there
settled never to return. They obtained rights in the
country as a matrimonial gift and ever since Palnad has
been called their home and they have been styled,* l Palnad
Heroes." They held undisputed sway over it and diffused
their religion and civilization among the people. They
built villages, made tanks, constructed anicuts, dug canals,
erected temples and raised fortresses in the Palnad and
the surrounding country, traces of which remain to this
day whispering in the listening earss dumb as they are,
various tales about the activities of of their makers in days
gone by. Fortunately or unfortunately, the country had
their rule only for a short time. During that short period,
they held a wonderful sway over the country. Their
love for the subjects was unlimited. Their indomit-
able valour was unparalleled. The chaotic battle-field
was their sporting ground. The roar of the trumpets was
their delightful sound. The bare flashing sword was their
walking-stick. They were brave but not ferocious; they
were valiant but not cruel. Timidity they did not know,
Lawlessness they did not tolerate After ably governing the
country for a short period, in a great fratricidal war thatm*
ensued,they, sacrificing their lives in defence of their rights,
displayed astounding and superhuman prowess which, as
was naturally the case in those ancient times, held themdeified in the eyes of the people dumb with awe andwonder. What with their humane government and whatwith their extraordinary character, they earned the love,
respect and admiration of the people as no other
ephemeral sovereign had done. Villages are named after
them. Temples are dedicated to them. Their pictures
are carved upon stones. Gorgeous processions are held
in their honour. People vie with each other in payingtheir adoration irrespective of caste and creed. I cannot
refrain from quoting in this connection the following lines
of that famous archaeologist, Robert Sewell, concerningthese Heroes :
"It is a curious fact that, while the Palnad Heroes
themselves worshipped indiscriminately Vishnu and Siva
and while this mixture of worship is still largely observed
in this out of the way part of the country, we have in this
Heroes 7
temple a sort of Mussalman coalition into the
bargain. The Mussalmans take part in the anuual
festival and pay their devotions to the souls of the
Heroes;and the walls of the temple are discolored with
the splashes of chunam water and red paint thrown on
them by Muhammadan admirers," Lists of Ant. Vol. I
The construction of the temple itself is attributed tc
a Mahammadan whose grave is still to be seen within the
precincts of the temple. Our admiration is all the more
increased when we read the story of a female of Panta
Reddi family, who, as the leading figure one the side of
Nalagama, made such wild charges, evinced such gigantic
valour and fought with such stupendous courage as would
excite the wonder of Nelsons and Nopoleans. Thousands
of people flock together every year at Karempudi, the
scene of the great battle, from almost all parts of the
Telugo country. The people are very ardent in their
faith in the Heroes. They worship them as Gods, In
marriages and such like ceremonies, the symbols of the
Heroes stand on the sacred altars in the houses of the
people even to this day. It is really interesting to see
how Veroism (Hero-worship) which resembles to some
extent the Norse faith of Scandinavia and the Shintoism
of Japan, originated in the Palnad and extended its
influence throughout the Telugu country. This Hero
worship has been continuing here for eight centuries and,
though an orthodox religionist may coldly speak, a gloomy
theologian may disapprove, and a haughty atheist may
laugh at the idea, yet must continue as long as the Earth
turns round the Sun.
The author of this Ballad Sreenatha is a VIra Saivite
for ceremony, but he seems to belong to the school of
rational philosophers as they may be called. Though we
cannot claim for him subtler elements of social morality
according to tradition, his movements seem to be entirely
\ high society and he was one of the most celebrated
;holars of his age in the Telugu country.
This Palnati Veeracharitra, has been uupublished
and unknown to the general public until this time. It,
in the course of four hundred and more years through
which it kept its existence, underwent many changes,
though not radical, in its composition. Somehow or other
the book, from very early times, has always been in the
hands of the illiterate low caste beggars who sing the
story to the people and receive something as reward from
87
them. These illiterate people who possess the book
never like the idea of publishing it thinking that, if
published, every one would know those poems. Orthodox
Brahmins, in general, think it madness to pay close
attention to the singing of these beggars and disgrace to
hold conversation with them. Moreover, this voluminous
poem is not in one place with one person but portions of
it are scattered throughout the Telugu country. Under
such circumstances, the readers can imagine the awkward
position in which I was when trying to get the book and
the difficulties that would present themselves before
finally succeeding in the attempt. In a way, I have now
published this part of the whole poem and eagerly expect
encouragement from the Telugu Public to bring out the
remaining portions also within a short time. I have fixed
the date of the war and the original home of the Heroes
in my Telugu introduction with the light of the few
historical accounts, Puranas and inscriptions I could have
access to and if students of history kindly give their
valuable suggestions upon the points, I shall feel highly
grateful to them and acknowledge my indebtedness to
them. Although the book had been given to the press nearly
one year back, it could not be completed till now owing to
the limited means and time that I could devote for it ii
the midst of other duties. My thanks are, however,
due to Sri D. Kesava Row Pantulu Garu, Proprie-
tor of the Vani Press, for the kind and timely help he
rendered in many ways in bringing the book to its
present form at least so early as this. I must express my
feelings of.gratitude to Sri Akkiraju Sankarayana Garu,
Sri Challagundla Pichayya Gam, and Sri Janapati
Venkatappayya Garo and Sri Unnava Lakshminarayana
Pantulu Gam, for their kind aid in the publication of
this work.
BEZWA.DA,
oth June, 1911. ) ^> THE EDITOR./ J '
'A~3u
in
*ri
i i. .. i'TA^v A^T,i^7^\".;;
.^.3s-.'.'A
1
?r?;v..v .'. .-.v^v.'xsws; *iij"^":'"."3TT;i"5^**7??
*.O"-.**i"'.".'.'^'".'.' !
*""'
^ ***
'^^S^^SeJwl^^^^S2
!-'^;->-i ')'rff^es^lf^tSiS5S5<-?^ 1
Ji-J". :
y^Sk'^^Ta^^'^v?^- 1
^A^AA .*. ," **. /. .', .*. \r,: .: .*.. .. .. /. .*, .% /, A *. ,-, *, ,, -, >j". .-. 7\J .'. -'.^"TA /. -.-.. -A T*.' . *. .- \ , ;. .- .,*
' " "
v-^-i^-J
Q
gQ
89
00
oo
23
10
JTrf
-0
20
CO
^
8 8
00
OC O
00
25
*
t
30
40
CO
89
t ff-125
80
CD
t
CO
.
CO
9
80
CO
90
ft
CO
i
)
100
8S
e;
oo
eo
\
110
120
\*^*
89
>
140
o
V
oo
CO
*a ^S 1188.S5
f -eS6rf
a
9
CO
-s!n>e>
CO CO
CO
c? ej
^Po
f a1
150
160
170
89
eg)"0^0^^5500
^j
J d ^)-CT*o^S'55bo?5So
4-r
IO<L~
180
190
6 P ) TTT) (0 -<> / rVJ V_*_y -SS 8 .
eo
iSG
eo
_jo<V
10
.
55^)6 dSa^b^
. S'o-cSa
o
oo
30
9sfco. 7
o
oo
eo
oo
00
*^tHHUjr^
40
o)s5baiOX'o$b
oo
Q
,j
89
00
oo
CO
8
*u)
co
90
CO
8
f*
CO100
ej
55 do.)
CO
>o
00 CO
oo
no
12C
f /TcfS SipF'tfrfboK' 18
19
6
^ <J>
to
Q .
130
00
140
9
eo
6
83
9
150
160
CO
2
10 V 5 ,
4
8
00
25
CO
170
180
"SCT 2^230^0^ 200
X.
o
co 23
%**^
co
^2$ TS tfe
-g-"5:)C9qs5bo-' 8) -fl
190
..
89 eo
83
> 20
e; -i5 o # c56bo & 5600, LI
g' s^?3cp\ 8
oO ^
^
oo
30
40
9
O
o
CO
50
60
70
eo
80
oo
90
CO
89
110
cxX
&CO
CO CO OO
9
00
oo
co
89
J20
sioo.
918
180
84o
89
""'"CJ
OJ
eo
150
6
.
180
cJ
'"""8
"3 oo6TsS4oc3 "Sgj
8o
ISO
,< o> f
14
^Ko,c .o
8a-. o
CO
19
200
00
CO
o
-6o
V.X o
CO
oo
CO
*
oo
110
eo
20
e; o s&o. 15
oo
u)
9
o-u) esje3o
4
D 40
o
Co
f
60
70
f
ww
^sr^
16
<?
tr*
CO CO
e
Q
so
CO u6
88
o-
90
^
Q tJ
100
110
f
IT*
120
eo
89
89
130
eo
A
eo
Ok)Ss00
CO
140
917
CO
tfsfc&tfbo^ 150
CO
160
18
23O O3DD D
eo
*5
o
89
170
180
190
*
s5b
a 200
4
""""0
ej
S3
\***r
o
20
8
83
20
.O 89
30
S5b?5?c;6f5,
TS
060 "3
ea
eo
V,,^" 8
-w
19
40
50
80
20
<03
&
9
70 CD
80
KJ
oo ~<j
83
90
CO
110
00
CO
CO
63
120
. 130
140
4
o
83
150
a
ou)
150
22 6
CO
8-t&b
tf8\o>{&->#
K
CO
170
180
193
eo
6
o
a
a
a
oo
-tf o9
s&o.
CO
X"is
-u)
\
CO*
>
JD
CO
e
A- X
5
20
OO
CO
TS
30
40
24
sSbo
eo
c*.
eo
63
^d"!^
60
o
............... o
00
oo
00
^
70
CO 00
9
oooo
d 5
,<^cK
e
4
100
no
&
25
9
120
o
a
130
140
CO
26
oc
CO
Soo
oo
150*'
160
*
f
jj
CO
170
180
20CO
tf. -,
CO CO CO
o tf dSbo #\J 9
f
t "S*
CO
00 89
9
190
27
200
JI
29
o 21
t, tf. 1000
. flf 1173-1224
28
23O$DSS6co O
*5
9
20
30
CO
o o
Sio
00
S'
9
> coDcexDixj oj
CO
40
60
29
.
00
3
eo
o
eo
CD
70
CO
oo
80
90
oo
CO
V
o
00
Cj)
J5Q_rf
CO
100
110
30 &
$:><9 &
fj 120
*' *"'
X i/
CO * CO
sfczjo "S
OO
130
oo
&>
00
140
s5bo~
o
sfco Q
00
150
1(30
IT* o9
31
o
6
"f"
00
170
eo
180
CO
^
00
190
"W
\
Csl
CO CO
200
7S5
s5bo
o20
a
eo
o
SooK9
o
XP
o
30
,
CO CO
"3
co
o
"W
co !
50
CO
CO
\-j
o
70
80
90
TJS\CsL CO
a
oo
eo
100
110
a
Co
1140
>
f
CO
120
00130 5
,Co eS
1199
fCo
CO
00
- ^. 1295
Co
13
e; -t o 5600. 85
u)
.
CO
033000
o
160
180
CO
^J
923
6
Q .( co
o
9
190
200
36 d.
QOO
, .
V s
oo
0330
8
9
o
20
oo
O
^8
80
K 40
So
eo
9
50
37
X
fa)
%>
CO
80
60
90
aj
Q
6 70
CO
co
CO
e
t
CO
ee
>
***
CD
OOQ
100
oo
15
110
E9
9
120
o
V /
140i
e; o
CX)
00
oo
-D
9
150
CJ
160
oo
o
"W
89
1/0
00
CO
ou
Q
ISO
.
lie)oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
00
S
190
200
UJ OO
J.
(3
oo
&
00
cJ
20
e;
-on* S3s&r&o ;$";
"3 "3
)
CO
sSbooo
9
40
25
s5o
^
"3 rib $.3
41
O CQ
Ol
70
tfT^
83
42
00
80
90
J O
oo
CO
CO
110
(
....,' O
00
120
e; - o
ot,
eo
oo
>
1301
110
9
CO 00
*"*,v^__^>
150
00
44
-t eo
oo "S
^
oo
170
180
190
CO
556 03X5069
56
^ 00
?
o
CO
9
200
10TO
45
/
20oo
Q
"xJ
CO
O
9
50
,.
V---'
K
co
601$
Cv
46
!06
o
CO
XA)
o
70
80
f
CO
90
100
oo
9 -rf
no
SFVtfo
t
-CS 4?
D
*
120
CO
o
130
"3
-*J
00140
89
OflJ
t
150
^
S'rfbN "3=*.
CO180
OO
*
eo
eo
170
ooO
180
O
oo
**l*'^
190
200
coI
}
e; - o c&o & 0600.
949
oo
CO OO
TO
tJ
20
oo
oo
CO
-6 9
oo
8
oo
00
30
50
00 * 00
9
CO
..... w
d
>
oo
60
o
70
-g)
80
,{
K X"
^
^
90
100
OO
eo
ox
*,
b c3
ij
110
eo
s3boe)
^ ntir
eo
sg)
to
CO
CO
51
120
130
140
52
eo
55
O
eu
CO
6
^
00
150
160
a
cs
55
oo
CO
eo
"3
I&j
53
TJ
oo
00
9
190
-a
200
12
IDo
60
CO
40
54
9
So oS
"5-*^
o
50
SrVtf
fc "ST^
o
6(
70
05
w
e; - o 55
00
o
v
oo
a OsJc-
80
90
-Q
100
S
ee*
. 20
56 e; e3 b tf -tf 9 ,
3\
X "Sooo
cocS5bo
oS
110
120
f xS
130
U (aft)
f
3
o tf c*5bo
*
Q
140
1X1
00
150
*
oo
o^
83
fc
83
t s$trB3&c'3tfgSoSP#
7T
So^sSi
8
tf -tf &
69
"W
00
CO
160
170
>_/ "TS
00
180
191
200
59
co
co
03X3
00
CO
13
ID
w
20
30
o
CO
^
T5
8
50
g'e)
60
9 a
15 02:000
CO
83
5a
o
f
o
60
o
O-rf"
*80
^
70
oo
90
o ti d&o 61
8
.
3o
tS
100
110
120
o
eo
T5
CO
130
140
O
eo
CO
sp >
TJ
"
CO
150
160
o
eT8Softer8 "8
170
o
J90
f
0x08 ^>So.
,.
o 63
c
eo
00
CO
o
o
00
200
14
10
20
* So
8
CO
eo
ej
co
30
64
CX)
\
9
CX3
So00
CD 00
K
oX
*
50
60
70
^ 00
90
9
100
co
u)
Q
m
5&8&J5
ftrar
65
120
130
^-^
HWWWPWT
o
XJ
CO
140
eo
160
5 ft:'5
9
, 4
7
5
, 8
9nsrssfrsr! XBnrsrntxeii
,12
^J
srO, 3
,6
, 10
*v r\
* *nfr^"fa).
..J
67
"3 aO
CO
00
180
200
O oo
15
10
00 00
68
8tf\
0000^1
00
o
o
20
30
CO
40
CO
o
CO
CO
00
50
60
83
oo
5o
o
70
do
80
90
CO
00
o
xJ
CO
o
oX
69
100
11
o <J Ti
CO
$o
~~TD SO
co c)
120
55
130
X
a
140
00
o
150
160
*
W*9
71
T$
8
170
o03300
V ^ISO
CO
6J "w
16
00
CO
C*3
190
OT
Itf
72
*
00
eo
SS'
eo20
X"
23 eo
CO
89
30
ex)
8
ul
40
30
oo
J xP55berS'(8ca&55bofi" xSo^otf^fc 60
oo tf
f
o9
73
oo
^
\M*^
-D
10
70
SO
O
90
o
100
00
<i
74
Q
oo
oo
O
120
180
C?
140
150
16D
"W
a*
e; o
1
00 -<{
3U
o<J
170
180
75
oo
eo
o
CO
01a
00 CO
CO
CO
200
10
76
^ tf 25vo')J ^>\2^\ 40
Q20
o
T
O
-
eo
$
o 77
TS
00
oo
-fc
70
80
>* ^
o
"So a
00
So
es
.
v ^
CO
78
sS "S
er^xS
\o
110
120
o
o
130
8
o eo
x* Sn-oa 140
CO
150
OOO
o9
79
169CO
^/^ ~> "55
d&es
*}
\
l&SSsfcoCj
**
Q
<*J
30
' <p,
oo
-^
eo
(7)
170
eo oo
,
t 23^0*3 f5es
CO
J80
193
^""
t <
t^ta*>|f*^
X.
tJ iJ
o
eo
-tf o & cJSbo & rfbo.
9
200
18
Q
e
.11
8
"B
81
30
50
eo
CO CO
S tf
a >
f
.
~ o
83
60
70
f 8-s5
8-s5
2
f
ol<D
eo
o
o
90
CO
GO
f s5b
100
"W
00
CO
00
no
120
00
130
9
*
^
CO140
OO
Go
CO
150
160
170
oo
-tf o9
180
t
CO
I
co
190oo
i
JD ^oOa))56^"^5e>00 V CO
85
200
20
f
.
1j
86 & ti -85 8
eo
CO
15
eo
io __*>
CO
^
00
O
50
8
60
rv
|53
3.)
d&o 87
t
00 CO
o
00
00
.
V > oo
oiooOO
CO tJ
CX
oo
OO
fe-00 83
CO
70
80
G>
oo
\
90
lOf
o
t
00
11
oO Ol.R)
110
120
u
eo
O
5
130
140
150
989
ej
160
170
CO
00
12
033a
18000
oo o
190
o 200
CO
90
*-?*
20
10
20
co
00
a
o
30
o tf d&o9
CO
CO
CO CX>
o
60
70
CO
oo
ffl
80
90
100
co
92
9
00
5
e>o
o
^<fcB^ ^fc^^
t
110
CO
120
130
a s 140
)
150
98
CO
o&2SsJ 160
X
oc
o
o170
XelsSo
180
.......... o
o
K<=*.
190
200
94 tf tf 5
o
GO
21
10
20
eo
j
O
ol
a
30
o<y '
00
00
995
8 60
70
.
O
CO
23
80
Ca
90
*
96
100
eo
CO
110
120
o
eo
cJ
o
-u)
Xi)
130
140
-tf o
00
130
160
cx>
Q
97
170
180
190
98
200
Tj
30
eg)eao ^^S^KJO3^^ro ac55bo (&ot&
CO
22
10
40
XJ
O - O9
99
sjo a
oo
"S^exxb-J^r* -)
eo
60
70
oo
o
00 00
o
CO
a >
80
So ^w &s5
100
o
65
O3\-u)
Ci
100
110
120
00
CO
14
130
140
9
o
d
oo
CO
150
160
o
TBw
1nZ/i/""*!
102 33 e; 3 > tf *$ 8 eJ .
8fc4) 200
6J
TJ
23
10
9
23W "
cCXr6o 025
XSef o sS S^-SPJ
<5
tj
o-D 20
CO
30
O
ri
-tf o
wx3 50
60
103
70
'""*' o ^*"^
oJ
104
*
SL
90
100
110
rL
''
105
eo
0-0
120
I f 20
130
6
s;;-i5
4}6
ej
SSo^ogex:5SbX'o a
o
o
H
150
160
106
T
aa
170
CO
89
180
-x) o.
190
J
CO 00
CO
*r*"*&8o S'o
o
Q tj
CO
el
2^^x306 0$)
TJ
02:000cp
200
24
10
107
p=
20
3
' -^
108
"$
40
&
50
60
co
o rf
CO
70
u)
8CO
00
80
^J
90
83
CO
100
"Sg'O-O'S
o
COxXJ
10S
120
W "w
CO
so- 2
)
110
CO
,
flu-
eo eo
130
140
"SoCO
s5 0236CO
150
eo
-w
o
160
u
u)
,o .
"W
170
TS
"si ^\
180
c*5bo 111
i
I
\
I
1
o
CO
Ko
190
oo
)
CO '-rf
i
co
00
CO
30
ea
o 10 o O
112
o5boSoexj
o
CO
oo
CO
s$r*&rs5&
oo
60
eo
70o o
eo
sS
50
O3
80
t) -tf o X c$5b 113
X^rn Lif^
00
oo
15
90
100
00 XJ
^-0
S
N^j S3-to \
03
120
oo
eg
114
CO
ti
CO
CO
. o
li
8
TjJ
150
<? O
160
180
o 115
d O
eo
Co \-cSb
190
"So
eo
200
0^007^ X"
26
10
.
CO
JO
20
40
116
-^
*9)
eo
"w
60
15
CO
*
X TO
DO
70
80
CO
C
90
CO CO
>
100eO
^ -u)
eo es
S 110
eo
O
1 o
120
130
140
118 e; ^P 3 t) tf -tf 8
00
eo
>ex00
eo
"IS
150
160
o
ffl
170
tf X "Sa ISOO tJ
190
CO
/
9
o
00
.., "^.
o
o
200
CO
27
IfJ
55bo. 119
eo
20
30
"(%)
120
co
"W
\
d5oo
-tf o
ft
Cp
50
v"W
. 54
,,
k> 85
1
39, 5D, 51,52,58, 87
64, 65
10, 39, 74, 75
47
26
45, 46
3
76
23
7
45
76
76
76
3, 37, 39, 77, 87
83
8
73
62
87
, 17, 3D
81
40 ^5oc 40
35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 48,
49, 52, 71, 72, 79. 84,
&rp>ex> 49, 51 ^^-o 42,
55besce>o 42, "Q^^exj 40 "sr
36, r^.^^o, 40, 42, 50-
18
lb
65o
650 59
81
15, 23, 29
49
o 30
81
85347
46
72
71, 87
2
12
67
49
66
57
75
41
58, 59, 71, 90
: 34, 37, 39, 72
76,87
88
86
73,
24
48
40..
56, 57
38, 57, 76
66, 67
o.
54
39
e3 40, 42
23
50
5
42
53, 66, 71
Q48
75, 76
2
89
59
6 85
5989
15
70
73
51
24
5 41, 42, 48, 50, 51, 87
41
51, 78, 79
37, 42, 50>
21
Katyana-Latyana 21
82
48
^o 19, 61
jj u<j)
43
2, 66, 93
74
70
10
-s-l 59, 90
36, 85
<5=sb 49, 50
8, 35, 36, 38, 51, 58, 69,
72, 81
so
54
72
o 10
43
9
43
86
$ o 4:9
76
o 48
72
65, 66, 91
95
'8913
66
43
38
90
e; 49
82
42
93,, 94
46
49
9
74
37a
8200
58
o 60
49
e>o
7Q
44
5
41
40
60
6i
19
77
A 67
2, 89
47
8
4
95
81
77oo
81
69
19
19
71
41
a r 79
CO2
71
o 72
43
40
9a61
el" o 85
78
47
CO
73
91
70
93
95
87
40
69"
71
79
74
74
74
74
60
66
'o 43
61
21
61
79
66
3
82
64
24
44
43
87
43
87
CO86
77
82
"B
36; ,
95 SPsfr*eao 67
79
74
48
70"
e)oX 35
)'o<S 1, 7
61
37
40
19
2
65
e;lx 1, 91o ~^'
70
36
75
O
Co
5
38
fiTB 72
a 31, 32
58
rf
54
3
73
14
8
71
co
61
CO
51
91
44, 457
Nandilla Gopa 45
CO
4400
1, 44, 45
75
76
9
84
38
21
71
38
86
72
75
6
44
75
>\ eo 61QJ
CO
69
27
2, 93'
S3.
48
52
18
71
82
19
76
81
69
48
2
3
72, 89
40
72
8
o 61
53
13
74
45
49
2
37
72
92, 93
co
atf 76oo
48
a ^ 17
56
o
91
0075
45
Pais'aci 45
.
^
71
42
18
1
43
43
69
36
71
37, 42, 52
13, 15 90
61
2cp
31, 10.
72
2
13
2
23
66
00
76
33, 75
76
9
8, 95 10
29
46
46, 47, 67, 71. 72, 76
81
16, 28, 30
eta 67, 76T
6oeo
6 43
55
37
17, 18
18
70
17
88
65
35, 37, 52, 51, 55, 67, 70,
73, 79, 80
6, 9
6, 9, 11, 16,28
o 13
81
56, 64
35
30
62
62
19
71 75, 76
61
80, 81, 85, 87
48, 68"
47, 49, 76
95
40
74
12 94
81, 82, 85
78
9
60
20
67
o 6, 7, 8, 24
8
iS
a5b
15
co
CO
<r\
e)CO
20
68
1,8
52- OQe5O OO
50
46,47
O 44
8
90
40, 48, 4i, 59
42, 52 65, 70, 71, 72
87
7, 8, 10, 17, 29, 81
30
73
18
48
77, 82
85
78
8 9l
68, 85
42, 77
76
85
49
58
61
17
77
7Q
70
^3 1
17, 18
33
51
lagadhi 45
20
2, 79, 86, 88
9
62
s^>o^ 43,O5 7
54
21
2-1
Medhatithi on Manu 20
79
43CO
00
76
87
83
46
35, 36
6
44, 85
38, 79
47, 70
66
26
68
tf,
79
8, 10,11, 19
95
51
9
66
80
33
33
77
70? 84
,15
X"V^
23
53
xD 14 15
7, 8? 9, 10, 31
i
^ 87
o 77
77
17
76
52
>o 76
31
B
93
X ^60 47
75, 76, 77
76
76
^o
69
ro^t) 63
50
56, 60
42 ? 43, 50, 75, 79Co
74
e;.
77
81 j 85
21
21
'x5 79
91
88
48
55
39, 7o
59, 71
71
76
, 87
58
24
10
oJ
17
17
19
64
"06i, 65, 81
Walter Eugene Clark 45
38
43, , 57, 52, 65, 87
43
7, 35 4.0,- 41, 48
56
48
42
46, 50
46
40
o 33, 31, 24
15
77
63
91'&
7, 40, 44, 64, 69, 81, 82,
86
73
61. 8~3,84
, 38, 5), 6 4,63,6768, 69,
70, 71 ,72; 73, 78, 79
, 38, 39, 41 ,43, 47,
49,51,51,64,72,73,74,86o 1, 2, 9, 11
-o8 74
69, 74
70
6, 18
3
93, 94
2
61
88
69
ro 40
91
40
75, 76, 78
79
, 75, 79
9,
77
S
15
2
87
61, 65
81CO
48, 66
xj 85
36, 59, 6i, 24.
1
17
ii
TS* 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 51,
62, 63
62, 63, 64
10, 14
29
9
2
28
77d
57
22
o 22
22, 83
40
8, 30
o 81
s6 48 81, 82, 84, 88
66
74
78
66, 82, 83, 84
81
$&> 51, 67, 69, 74
* /fcratf^i^o 85
Sss^ 82^ V 35, 36, 37, 43, 78, B, 6,
11, 12, 16, 89
82, 83, 85, 86
8
48
69 70
s sgj&- eso 86
,es oO56, 59, 83, 87, 90
71
81
20
61
o 4-1
65, 66
79
76
81
36, 88 344. 57 75. 7
49
;9l
3T5cex; t>4
45, 46, 49
8, 37, 58, 63
ao 58, SO
370
fl^SbOO OD
31
bv 7
82
rs 4T 95
82
931, 32
18
81
19
56b 77d
1
eo2, 8'
li 20
21
93
77
19
CO
70
88
...... o
6
77
88
6,
48
Hindu view of life
3 42
i O
21
>J
5>
II II
41
84
57
8
8
70
84
42
61
82
65
,29
69
46
42
42
65
44
9ft* 82, 86, 85
? 78
14
INDEXOF
Importnnt words in the Second Preface,
A
Agni 15
Ahobala Panditha 6
Alaraju 3
Anapotu 2
Alwars 22
Ananda Vardhana 5
Andhra University 7
Andhra s'abda Cintamani 6
Andal 20
Arya 20
Arjuna 20
Aristotle 18
'Arjiina 20
As'wagho s,a 4
Aita 11
Bana 5, 22, 24
Balacandra 1,2, 11,13, 14,21
Basaves'wara 14
Ballad Literature 10, 11
Balaramayana 16
Benares 24
Bharata 10
, 9 Race 11
Bhagavadgita 5
Bhartrihari 11
Bhisma 2
Bhayinaka 20
Bhasapravina 8
Bhavabhlti 16, 22, 24
Bhimasena 13
Bhisma 2
Bhattanaravana 13^ .
Bhugels of Rewa 14, 15
B*ibhatsa 20
Bilhana 24*
Bobbili I
Katha 10
Brahma Naidu 1, 2, 19
Buddha 4, 16
Buddha Carita 4
Buddhism, 5, 14
C
Carlyle 16
Cicero 8
CapakHdu 1
Candragupta 2
Caitanya 22
Cola 12, 18
Citrasena 12
Calukyas 14, 22
16
Candrasfekharamantri K. 26, 27
Calapaii Rao, Bhagavathula 27
Cennakesavaswami 19, 21
Cedi 14, 15
DDattaka 12
Dhanamjaya 12
Dhanurdasa 20
Duryodhana 13
E
England 8
Gautama 8
Ganika 12
Ghori Mahomed 14
Gita 20
Gokarna 20*
Greece 16
Goda 20
Guntur 24
Gujaraties 24
Guna BhUsana 127*
Gurzala 1
H
Hyhaya 1, 14, 15, 23
Himalayas 24
India 17
Indra 15
Janaka 16
Jainism 14
Jagannatha 21
KKali Era 1
Kalamukha S'aivacharyas 22
KalachUri 14
Kalki 16
KSlidas 9, 16, 20
Kakaiiyas 23
Kannama 1, 3
Kanada 8
Kamma 25
Karempldi 1, 11, 15, 17
Karnata Kings 22
KarpHramanjan 5, 18
KaVi Khanda 21
Kataya Vema 6
Kathasaritsagara 24
Kautilya 12, 13
Kavyaprakas'a 7, 26
Kedara 24
Kornati Vemareddi 6
Kommaraj 2
Kondavidu 23MM
^
Kridabhiramam 1
Krisnaswamy. A. 26
Krisrna 24
Kulasrekhara 21
Kumiarasambhava 3
Kumaraswamin 23
Kumaragiri Reddy 6
Kusumanjali 21
Kunti 11
17
Laksmi 20*
Laksmi of Uurgi 25
Laksyakhanda 27
HMallidevaraj 1
Manchala 2
Mahabharata 2, 3, 5, 6, 10
Manucaritra 4, 6
Macaulay, Lord 8
ManjHsa 5
Madras University 7, 26
Malayavati 20
Mammata 13
Mabavira 16
Mahavisnu 16, 20
Macherla 19
Mahabhasya 16
Mallinatha 23
Mahamadans 17, 23
Mahants 22
Madana Gopal Naidu 27
Moks(
a 6
Moharam 17
Mricchakati 12
M udraraksasa 2
E lagamaraj 2
Mayakurala 2
NTaisadha 4
NsLgesa 5, 6
NSdendla Gopamantri 23
Narasimha 16
C
Narada 20
Nagananda 20
Nayanar 22
Nagarjunakonda 24
Norman French 8
Niranktis'opakhyana 12
Othello 20
Paramasiva 20
Pallavas 23
Padmapurana 21
Parthasaradhi 20
Paradise Lost 2
PSIi 4, 5
Patanjali 16
Patijatapaharana 13
Pernidu 2
Pendota 25
Poetics 18
Prakrits 4
PuruSottama Swami 21
E
RSmanuja, 14, 21, 22
Rama, 20, 16
RImadas, 22
Rajas'ekhara 12, 16, 5, 18
Ravalia 2, 13
Ratnaia Peridevi 2
Ramayana 2, 3
Raghuvamsfa 3, 26
Radhakrinan, Sir. S. 7
Radha 22
18
23
Ratnacandrg Reddy, M, 26, 27
Rekhamba 2
Rigveda 15
Rudramadevi 22
Runja 25
Russia 19
S
b
Sahagamana 2
Satan 2
Sakuni 2
Sanskrit Puranas 7
S'ankara 8
S'aivites 17, 24
Sadhakas 16
S'aivisrn 17
Salva Tirnma 23
Satya Bhama 13
Saii 20
Sazza 24
Sarvamangala 20
Satavahana 22
Setu 24
Sita 20
Shakespeare 25
Sikhs 17
Siva 20, 16
Siromani 9
Sikhandi 2
Smith, Vincent 14, 15
Soviet 19
Soma peethin 1
S'ri Ranga 22
S'ri Villiputtur 22
Sn Saila 22, 24
S'ri Nadha 4, 6,
Sundareswara 20
Subbarayadu, Mokkapati 25
Sfiranna, Pingali 6
Sudars'analal 27
T
Tamil 4, 12
Tacitus 8
Tantrics 16
Tirumalai 22
Tirupati 22
Triplicane 21
U
11, 12, 13
Sri"Harfa20, 22
Ubhaya Bhasapravina 8
Udayanacarya 21
Ujjaini 24
V
Vasucaritra 4, 6
ValmTki 9, 13, 20
vatsaraja 10
Vatsyayana 11, 12, 13
Vasanta Sena 12
Vali 13
Vaisnavistn 14, 17. '
Venkates'wara S'astrulu, 26
Vavilla
Vais'navites 17, 20, 21
Vasudeva 20
Velama 1
Vengalraya 1
Vemana 6
Vedic 15, 17
Vlra Worship 15
Vitagita 10
Ves'yas 11, 12
Ves'yamata 13
Veiii Samhara 13
Vira S'aivism 14
Virahatya 15
Viryas'ulka 16
Viras'aiva 16
Vira Bhadra 16
Viranga 19
Viraraghava 16
Venkatagiri 1
19
i Venkata Subbarao, Yadlapati
! Velugoti 19
iVenkatachala 22
Visno 2*
Vidwans 8
Viziaoagaram 13, 22, 23W M
Vidyapravina 9
Vikramarka 10
Vidfisaka 18
Viskambha 18*
Vis'wabrahmanas 25*
Visnucitta 20, 21y
Vidyatiatha 23
Vikramanka deva carita 24
Vrittis 10
Vyasa 11,20
Zonna 24
oj s.
o.Q
42 43
oO
^d&s&oe^ 8
Cp'O
_D
2
3
5
6
o.
0.
2 S
8
8
9
10
12
13
ra
9
o
S
co.
o.
8
3 S
S
cc
16 )k>) jcSbrS^r, 5&n>$) s3 55-^CeD SStf-c^sfco 8
J9
17\g^
c6 g'r^ejo 8o
13 ^ Df6^oo 355b?6bi58eS e^ 8
3 8
2 8
21 ?&3tfo23) 8
22 Foreign connection of Buddha 1
28 er} 3&Soe;SXex> 8oi
25 S 8oK -atf^^ex)
'
8
26 $3sj\>Sx>en>i- 1 4
8v.^/
8
.
CO CO CO
. 6., eD. ^ef.} ^c^)8. (6] -9-11)
5Ys K"
^~T;
?<
:56oo?&^3|3
, 1 ^s&OoT^^a/v'So, cio. 6., (M. A, Cantab)
(29JO- 11).
OO
24
wo
8
0600,
crft5bd&es3odbe>D7ro&, 0. 6., 0. cSSbeT
5
5
>
ofi.
eo
25
. ilk^*
.....i'
> O
: ^53 S3og)t5
V, )
9?^tJ?/ T
eo
9
f|
D
)
sixjex)
u
26
rx
t 1
u
u
27
oj
Scs
O
CD
s5
oocr-
CO
a'
c^as58c S^c-fiKSto "5^55 ^j^^A^oo^oSD a) Scn>
v T j
CD
grocfc<23. SfioKfc ?5c^o&r
O6
oocr-
"
u
ii
%
ft u
: u
29
"N *\ r\ e\ r\
fs___ _ f\*3r
U
u
II
v\
u
u
FOREIGN CONNECTION OF BUDDHA
Prof. Dr. Richard Schmidt, Munster, Germany, April
6th, 1925:
"..., Interesting paper on Foreign Connection of
Buddha."
Dr. A. Moffat, M.A.B.S.C.L.L.D., F.R.S.E., Madras, December
27th, 1924.
"It is a very interesting paper."^ * * #
Mrs. D B. Spooner, Agra, 14-2-25 & 28-2-25:
''Through the kindness of Dr. Modi of Bombay, I
have a copy of your valuable lecture, 1 am so amazedthat conformation coming from such a source as yourselfshould have succeeded to my late husband's (Dr. Spooner'sof the Archaelogical Department, Delhi) views... It
would have gratified him beyond measure. Only it cameone day too late. Influenza had carried him off the daybefore. I now write to ask if there are more copies of
this address ''Foreign Connection of Buddha" available,..
I should be most grateful if you would send me at least
25 copies Dr. Spooner was convinced that Buddhawas of Magian Origin ^nd now the Archaelogicalfinds at Harappa are surprising and the Summarianremains so clearly proven by Prof. Sayce link up the
Babylonian, Assyrian and Persian evidence so clearly
shown with Pataliputra I am now sending copiesof your paper to the learned Sanskritists of Paris and
London by this week's mail."
31
Kashmir Times, Srinagar, Kashmir 1211937
"The Literary evidence concerning Buddha's foreign
connections has been admirably mentioned. The author
believes that the downfall of India began with the rise of
Buddha. It is a scholarly treatise which should be
seriously read as the idea expressed is apt to raise
controversy but whatever has been said has been
substantiated with quotations from authorities."
BETTY HEIMANN, Professor, School of
Oriental Studies, London :
5th July 1938.
.... ''Interesting article of Foreign connection of
Buddha. There are many doubts for me too acording to
the Buddha-legend about Buddha's RajSship. In mybook s Indian and Western Philosophy,. ..and in my former
German written books I hinted to that problem. And
especially the fact of the decay of Buddhism in former
centuries in India and its finding room in other cuntries
out side India is still for me a problem not yet dssolved."
o o
tf
D
,
X* Oj^tefls^
tf
6
tfO, KS-sj^^o^s^! 9
56
,10 KStfex)*
8
...
. ..
t*
. . .
...
ae
. .
. . .
...
. .
o
.,.
...
t*
2 8
1
3
3 8
I
8
2 8
8
12
1
2
1
1 4
1 4
3 8
1
2
1 3
1
4
2 8
1 4
3 cJXb5bo
'
X
j
,,"
f
*
...
a
...
a
...
...
...
...
1
1
1
na
3
3
I
2 8
3
3
8
o
2
2
2
1
1
3 4
2 8
,0
ot
Ill
IV
c)
rfiStf
CQ00
92
...
...
...
1
60'5
8038605038
2 8
6
3 8
2 8
2" 8
4, 8
2 8
2 S
6