PAKISTAN’S Electricity Generation Breakup

DIFFERENT MODES OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION BEING USED IN PAKISTAN

1. Fossil Fuels (Coal, Oil, Gas)

2. Hydro3. Nuclear4. Others (Wind, Solar

etc.)

Oil36%

Gas29%

Hydro29%

Nuclear6%

Oil Gas Hydro Nuclear

The Generation Breakup

TOTAL PRODUCTION AND THE REQUIRED RATIO

The required ratio as of 2013 is

POWER PRODUCTION There are four major power producers in country:• WAPDA (Water & Power Development Authority),• KESC (Karachi Electric Supply Company),•IPPs (Independent Power Producers) and •PAEC (Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission).

DIFFERENT

MODES OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION

FOSSIL FUELS(OIL, GAS AND COAL)

Fossil fuels have by far been the most widely used of all the methods of power generation. Fossil fuels have served us well.• Coal was the first to be widely used industrially and to increase people's standard of living. •Oil is a convenient and portable source of energy and it remains vital for much transport. •Natural gas is widely used alongside coal and oil, as a very versatile fuel.

FOSSIL FUELS MAY LAST FOR ABOUT ANOTHER 100

YEARS, WHY NOT JUST USE THEM?•World resources of coal are, in theory,

large enough to produce the electricity we shall need for more than a hundred years. However, it is likely that more and more of the coal mined in the future will be converted into the more valuable liquid fuels rather than being available for electricity generation. There are also environmental and other problems associated with the increased mining and burning of coal

HYDROELECTRICITY•What is hydroelectricity?•Why is hydroelectricity preferred?•We have so much water in the world, how can hydroelectricity be limited?

ANSWERHydroelectric generating facilities have the attraction of providing electricity without polluting the atmosphere. •They harness the energy of falling water, which can occur naturally, but more often has to be engineered by the construction of large dams with lakes behind them.• The advantages of hydroelectricity have long been appreciated and today it provides 16% of the world's power. •In many countries most of the suitable dam sites have already been used, thus limiting further major development of this source.

SOLAR ENERGY

•What is Solar energy?•Why is Solar energy preferred?•What’s the catch?

ANSWER•Solar energy has considerable logical and popular appeal. •For electricity generation, solar power has limited potential, as it is diffuse and intermittent. •While it can be concentrated, solar input is interrupted by night and by cloud cover, which means that solar electric generation plant can typically only be used to a small proportion of its capacity.• Photovoltaic conversion of the low intensity of incoming radiation directly to high-grade electricity is still relatively inefficient (less than 20%), though this has been the subject of much research over several decades and costs have come well down

WIND ENERGY

•What is wind energy?•How does it work?•Why not use wind?

ANSWER•Wind, like the sun, is 'free' and is increasingly harnessed for electricity. About 238,000 megawatts capacity had been installed around the world at the end of 2011.•It works by using wind to turn a turbine.•It is not necessarily available when needed and some means is required to provide substitute capacity for windless periods. Nevertheless, costs have come down, and are sometimes little more than from conventional sources.

OTHER SOURCES(GEOTHERMAL,

BIOMASS ETC.)•GEOTHERMAL

Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth.•BIOMASS

Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel.

NUCLEAR ENERGY: THE NEW KID ON THE BLOCK

•What is nuclear energy?•The catch?

ANSWERThe process of harnessing nuclear energy is relatively new.•Nuclear fission is the process of breaking a heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei, large amounts of heat are generated during this process. This heat is then absorbed by water which changes into steam and is then able to turn a turbine which generates electricity.•Using nuclear fission to create electricity can be extremely dangerous. the authorities have to be extremely careful. In case of an uncontrolled fission reaction, the results can be extremely disastrous (Hiroshima, Nagasaki). Although very few cases of accidents have been recorded in nuclear reactors.

THE BEST ENERGY GENERATION METHOD

IN MY OPINIONNUCLEAR ENERGY IS THE BEST

WHY USE NUCLEAR WHEN ITS SO DANGEROUS?

Energy Conversion: Typical Heat Values of Various Fuels

0

200000

400000

600000

Heat Values(compared to nuclear)

firewood(dry)brown coal(lignite)black coal(low quality)black coal(hard)natural gascrude oiluranium-in typical reactor

Energy Conversion: Typical Heat Values of Var-ious Fuels

0

10

20

30

40

50

Heat Values(compared to each other)

firewood(dry) brown coal(lignite)black coal(low quality) black coal(hard)natural gas crude oil

WHY THE EMPHASIS ON NUCLEAR?

•The 27 tonnes or so of used fuel taken each year from a 1000 MWe nuclear power station is highly radioactive and gives off a lot of heat. Some is reprocessed so that 97% of the 27 tonnes is recycled.•The remaining 3%, about 700 kg, is high-level radioactive waste which is potentially hazardous and needs to be isolated from the environment for a very long time (though it does become much less hazardous even in a few decades). However, the small quantity makes it readily manageable.•Even where the used fuel is not reprocessed, the yearly amount of 27 tonnes is modest compared with the quantities of waste from a similar sized coal-fired power station. Its safe isolation in both storage and transport is easily achieved.•For a typical 1,000 MWe BWR or PWR, the approximate cost of fuel for one reload (replacing one third of the core) is about $40 million, based on an 18-month refueling cycle. The average fuel cost at a nuclear power plant in 2013 was 0.79 cents / kWh.

THE CONSERVATION HIGHLIGHT

Any means of producing electricity involves some wastes and environmental hazard. The nuclear industry is unique in the sense that it is the only energy-producing industry that takes full responsibility for the management and disposal of all its wastes and meets the full cost of doing so. Nuclear energy today saves the emission of about 2.6 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide each year (compared with about 10 billion tonnes per year actually emitted from fossil fuel electricity generation).

THE CLEANEST METHOD In July 2011, the UK parliament tabled a motion that "levels of (carbon) emissions from nuclear power were approximately three times lower per kilowatt hour than those of solar, four times lower than clean coal and 36 times lower than conventional coal".

Main article: Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources

SOURCES AND LINKS•Wikipedia•http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/Introduction/Energy-for-the-World---Why-Uranium-/•Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources

•http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/ST/NE/Pess/assets/Energy%20Policy%202003.pdf