pakistan indus basin irrigation system

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PRESENTED BY:MUHAMMAD USMAN BAGF14E256ABDULMAJID BAGF14M069

Pakistan: Indus Basin Water Strategy – Past, Present and Future

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Introduction Pakistan’s Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) is

the strong heart of the country’s economy. Its creation is a tribute to the British irrigation engineers who created the original system (1847-1947) that Pakistan inherited in 1947 and to the Pakistani irrigation engineers and institutions (particularly the Water and Power Development Authority [WAPDA] and the provincial irrigation departments)

Rector, Lahore School of Economics, and Former Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan.

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Introduction who have spent the last 60 years adding new

dams and barrages, building new link and branch canals, and modernizing and maintaining the world’s most complex and extensive irrigation system. From the 1950s onward, the IBIS has also been the product of the generosity and intellectual input of a host of international experts and international institutions, particularly the World Bank.

Rector, Lahore School of Economics, and Former Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan.

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The Indus Basin: The First Decade 1947-1957 Pakistan at this time was overwhelmingly rural.

There was a magnificent canal irrigation system based on the River Indus and its five tributaries (the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas), but it was plagued by its seasonal nature and lack of surface storage (nearly half the flows went to sea unused in the summer, with less than 2 feet/acre left for the irrigated land).

Report on Land and Water Development in the Indus Plain, Revelle, Hoffman, Falcon et al. The White House 1964.

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Cont….. The irrigation system during the 1950s (largely

inherited pre-1947) consisted of 10 barrages (Thal, Jinnah, Taunsa, Guddu, Sukkur, Kotri, Trimmu, Dipalpur, Suleimanke, Islam, and Panjnad) and 35,000 miles of canals. India had started depriving Pakistan of water from the three eastern rivers, i.e., the Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas from March 1948.

Report on Land and Water Development in the Indus Plain, Revelle, Hoffman, Falcon et al. The White House 1964

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Cont….. This led Pakistan to negotiate and sign the Indus

Water Accord (IWA) in 1960, with India giving Pakistan the rights to the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab, and India the rights to the Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas in perpetuity.

Report on Land and Water Development in the Indus Plain, Revelle, Hoffman, Falcon et al. The White House 1964

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The Indus Basin Replacement Works (1960-80)

The total replacement cost of the infrastructure is currently estimated at more than $60 billion,5 and of these, the two major dams (Tarbela and Mangla), a syphon-cum-barrage (Mailsi), five barrages (Chashma, Rasul, Qadirabad, Marala, and Sidnai), and eight major link canals were built under the Indus Basin Replacement Works.

Study of the Water Resources of West Pakistan Vol. II, The Lieftinck Report, IBRD 1967 Annex Map.

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Cont….. This combination, together with Pakistani and

international funding, enabled the entire Indus Basin Replacement Works to be completed by the early 1970s.

Pakistan Water Economy Running Dry IBRD 2005, p 58.

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IBIS Investments in the Last Decade 2000-2010

The last decade has seen the initiation and completion of a number of important projects relating to the Indus Basin, financed in large part by the Government of Pakistan itself. These include:

1. The Mangla Dam Raising Project 2003-2010 (raising the Mangla Dam 30 feet and thereby adding an additional 2.9 MAF to its existing capacity of 6 MAF at an original cost of Rs 63 billion)

Water Resources and Hydro-power Development Vision 2025. WAPDA 2004.

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Cont…..2. The Greater Thal Canal Project in Punjab 2002-

2010 (creating a new culturable command area [CCA] of 1.5 million acres at a cost of Rs30 billion)

3. The Kachhi Canal Project for Balochistan, covering Dera Bugti, Naseerabad, and Jhal Magsi 2002-2012 (creating a new CCA of 0.71 million acres at a cost of Rs 31 billion)


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Cont…..4. The Rainee Canal Project for Sindh, covering

Ghotki, Khairpur, and Sukkur 2002-2012 (creating a new CCA of 0.41 million acres at a cost of Rs 19 billion).


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Indus basin water strategies in Pakistan

Many systems are use in Indus basin water strategies in Pakistan:

1. Barrage 2. Dam 3. Headwork

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Dams A barrier constructed across a waterway to

control the flow or raise the level of water. A dam is a barrier that impounds water or

underground streams. The reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but provide water for various needs to include irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture and navigability.

A dam is also the basic key element for hydropower generation.

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Dams present in Pakistan Mangla Dam Tarbela Dam Hub Dam Mirani Dam Sabakzai Dam Gomal Zam Dam Allai Khwar Dam Duber Khwar Dam Warsak Dam Khanpur Dam

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Past Indus basin water strategy(Dams) 1947-2000

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1-Tarbela Dam

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Cont….. It is one of the world’s largest earth and rock

filled Dam and greatest water resources development project , which was completed in 1976 as a component part of Indus Basin Project. The Dam is built on Pakistan’s largest river i.e INDUS.

It is also considered as the biggest Dam of the world after Syncrude Tailings Dam (Canada).

Barrages & Dams in Pakistan By DR. Izharul Haq (Secretary Pak. Engg. Congress)

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Cont….. The dam is 148 meter high above riverbed.

Construction started in 1968 and completed in 1976 at cost of $1,497 million. Total capacity of the dam is 13.69 cubic kilometers spread over the construction area of 168,000 km2 .

FEED Pakistan's ICT & Entertainment Magazine(June 16, 2015 By: Abdul Hadi)

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Cont….. It have houses fourteen(14), power units, 4

units, each with installed generating capacity of 175 MW are installed on tunnel no. 1

6 units (NO.5 to 10), 175 MW each on tunnel NO.2 and

4 Units ( NO.11-14) of 432 MW each on Tunnel 3, thus making total generating capacity of Tarbela Power Station as 3478 MW.


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2-Mangla Dam

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Cont….. The dam was constructed between 1961 to 1967

across the Jhelum River Mirpur District, Jammu & Kashmir.

This dam was constructed as a part of the Indus Waters Treaty signed in 1960.

Second largest dam of Pakistan. Total capacity

7,251,811,000 m3 (5,879,139 acre·ft) Hight 138 metres (453 ft) Type of dam Embankment dam"Number of Dams by Country Members" General Synthesis. International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD). Retrieved 9 July 2012.

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Cont….. The project was designed primarily to increase the

amount of water that could be used for irrigation from the flow of the Jhelum and its tributaries. Its secondary function was to generate electrical power from the irrigation releases at the artificial head of the reservoir. The project, though not initially designed as one, also works as a flood control structure by retaining water during the flood-prone season of Monsoon.

Cost: $1.473 billion

Water and Power Development Authority Retrieved 10 September 2013.

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Cont….. On December 5, 1971, the dam was damaged

due to a bombing raid conducted by the Indian Air Force during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.

On 1 September 2013, the water level in Mangla Dam reached to a record height of 1237.15 feet against the maximum conservation level of 1242 feet. Radio Pakistan reported that "the water level in Mangla Dam has attained maximum height of 1237.15 feet in the history and it is still increasing.“

Water and Power Development Authority Retrieved 10 September 2013

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3-Warsak Dam

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Cont….. Warsak Dam was completed under the Colombo Plan

in two phases and financed by the Canadian Government. The first phase was completed in 1960 and consisted of the construction of the dam. Irrigation tunnels and installation of four power generating units, each of 40 MW capacity with 132 kV transmission system, were also completed in 1960. Two additional generating units of 41.48 MW capacity each were added in 1980-81 in the second phase.

Total capacity of the Warsak Dam Hydropower Project us 243 MW.


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Cont….. A spillway with ninegates is capable to

discharge 540,000 cusecs offlood water. The 250 ft. high and 460 ft. long. Cost: Rs. 156 million

Scrib (Dams in Pakistan Uploaded by Waqar Khattak)/ The news teller (top ten dam of pakistan)

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4-Hub Dam

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Cont….. Hub Dam is a reservoir on the Hub River. It is

situated 56 km from Karachi city in Karachi and Lasbela Districts on Sindh and Balochistan provinces border.

The dam is extended to 24300 acres with gross storage capacity of 857000 acre feet.

Started: 1963 Completed: 1981


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Cont….. It is an important source that provides the

drinking water to the metropolitan city Karachi.

It is the Pakistan's third largest dam. Cost: Rs. 1,191.81 million

Barrages & Dams in Pakistan By DR. Izharul Haq (Secretary Pak. Engg. Congress)/The news teller (top ten dam of pakistan)

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5-Khanpur Dam

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Cont….. Khanpur Dam has been constructed in a

narrowgorge on the Haro River. It is amultipurpose project which

suppliesdrinking water to Islamabad andRawalpindi and irrigation water to NWFP (110 cusecs) and Punjab (87cusecs)

The dam is167 feet high and stores 106,000 acre feet of water. Construction was started in 1968 and completed in 1983 at a cost of Rs.1352 million.

Scrib (Dams in Pakistan Uploaded by Waqar Khattak)

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Present Indus basin water strategy(Dams) 2000-2017

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1-Mirani Dam

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Cont….. Mirani Dam is another major dam in Pakistan. It

is a medium-sized multi-purpose dam that is located on the Dasht River in Balochistan. In terms of volume for flood protection it is the largest dam in the world having floodstock of 588,690 cubic hectometer. Its construction was began on July 8, 2002 and completed on October 2006.


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Cont….. The primary purpose of Mirani Dam was to

store water from the three rivers during the summer season and during floods.

The secondary purpose of Mirani Dam is to ensure a constant supply of clean drinking water to the towns of Turbat and Gwadar throughout the year.


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2-Sabakzai Dam

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Cont….. Sabakzai Dam is an embankment dam at Zohb

River in Balochistan. The construction of the dam began in 2004 and the irrigation works for the dam are still being constructed. According to ICOLD, Sabakzai Dam is the 7th largest in the world with a floodstock of 23,638 cubic hectometer.

Construction cost PKR 1960.823 million Total capacity40,335,000 m3(32,700 acre·ft)

"SABAKZAI DAM PROJECT"WAPDA, Govt of Pakistan. Retrieved 6 July 2012.

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3-Gomal Zam Dam

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Cont…..

Gomal Zam Dam is a multti purpose gravity dam in South Waziristan Agency of Federally Administered Tribal Areas.

The purpose of the dam is irrigation, flood control and Hydoelectric power generation.

Started: June 2007 Completed: June 2015 Cost: Rs. 18,056.060 million

The news teller (top ten dam of pakistan)

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Cont….. Gomal Dam is a Roller Compacted

Concrete (RCC) gravity dam with a height of 437 feet (133 m).

It produces 17.4 MW of electricity. It has a gross storage capacity of 1,140,000 acre

feet (1.41 km3) and the 60.5 km long main canal will irrigate about 163,000 acres (660 km2) of barren land.


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Future Indus basin water strategy(Dams)2017-So on

Dasu Dam- under construction Bara Dam - under construction Munda Dam-under construction Kalam Dam-under construction Akhori Dam-under construction Kalabagh Dam-proposed Darawat Dam-under construction Nai Gaj Dam-under construction

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Barrage What is a barrage? An artificial structure or obstruction placed

in river or water course , to increase the depth of water(to some feet), so that the water can be diverted into canals is called barrage.

A type of dam which consists of a line of large gates that can be opened or closed to control the amount of water passing the dam

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What is difference between Barrage and Headworks?

The head works are built on river or water course between two banks at the same level of river to control water, distribute it through canals for irrigation or other purpose of supplying water.

Barrage is made in similar way but main difference is that barrage is designed in such a way so that it could increase the water level and serve as a storage. Electricity can be produced at a barrage after construction of hydro power plants but could not be at a head work.

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Barrages At present 10 barrages & 10 Head Works which include

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Barrages Headworks Chashma Barrage Islam Barrage(1927) Jinnah Barrage Rasul Barrage Taunsa Barrage TrimmuBarrage(1937-1939) Guddu Barrage Kotri Barrage Sukkur Barrage

Islam Headworks Mohammad wala Headworks Sidhnai Headworks Sulemanki Headworks Khanki Headworks Marala Headworks Panjnad Headworks Qadirabad Headworks Balloki Headworks Munda Headworks

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Past Indus basin water strategy(Barrages)

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1-JINNAH BARRAGE

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Cont….. Jinnah Barrage was constructed in 1946 on

kalabagh,River Indus with a maximum design discharge of 950,000 cusecs.

The maximum flood level height of Jinnah Barrage is 28 feet.

8 units with a gross head of 16 feet will generate power.


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2-GUDDU BARRAGE

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Cont….. Guddu Barrage was constructed in 1962 on

kashmore,River Indus with a maximum design discharge of 1.2 million cusecs. It is a gate-controlled weir type barrage with a navigation lock.

The maximum flood level height of Guddu barrage is 26 feet.

Guddu Barrage is used to control water flow in the River Indus for irrigation and flood control purposes.

Sindh Irrigation Department - Canal System

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3-CHASHMA BARRAGE

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Cont….. Chashma Barrage was constructed in 1971 on the

River Indus near the village of Chashma. It was constructed to divert the water released from

Tarbela into River Jhelum through the Chashma-Jhelum Link Canal, which has a capacity of 21,700 cusecs.

Storage capacity 649 ft. The barrage is 3,536 feet long with 3,120 feet of

clear waterway and with a maximum design discharge of 1.1 million cusecs.

CHASHMA BARRAGE/Wapda.gov.pk.

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4-KOTRI BARRAGE

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Cont….. Kotri Barrage was constructed in 1955 on near

hydraabad,River Indus with a maximum design discharge of 875,000 cusecs.

The maximum flood level height of Kotri barrage is 43.1 feet.

Kotri Barrage was constructed to irrigate Fulleli, Pinyari and Kolari canals through lined channels and enhance agriculture in the lower Sindh region.


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5-SUKKUR BARRAGE

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Cont….. It is the largest barrage of pakistan and was

build during british rule. It was known as Lloyd Barrage. Sukkur Barrage was constructed in 1932 on near

sukkar,River Indus. It is among the few large barrages in the world, and has a maximum design discharge of 1.5 million cusecs.

The maximum flood level height of Sukkur barrage is 30 feet.


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Cont….. The Sukkur Barrage, is the pride of Pakistan’s

Irrigation system as it is the largest single Irrigation network of its kind in the world.

The introduction of barrage-controlled irrigation system resulted in more timely water supplies for the existing cultivated areas of Sindh Province of Pakistan.

Sindh Irrigation Department

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan

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6-TAUNSA BARRAGE

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Cont….. Taunsa Barrage was constructed in 1959 on near taunsa sharif,River Indus, 18- miles downstream of Chashma Barrage in district Muzaffargarh. The barrage has a maximum design discharge of 750,000 cusecs.

The maximum flood level height of Taunsa Barrage is 26 feet.

The length of the left and right guide bank is 8,327 ft. The gates, 60 x 22.5 feet in size, are manually operated.


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Cont….. Storage capacity of barrage 1,000,000 Cusec. The feasibility for low-head hydel power has

been completed through a CIDA grant, and 120 MW power station will be installed with 8 pit type turbogenerators.


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