Pakistan
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Pakistan
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Pakistan. Pakistan’s Creation. Originally part of British India. The British initially widened the divide between the Muslims & Hindu’s in a strategy to maintain control. There were ethnic, political & religious disputes between the Muslims & Hindus in British India. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan’s Creation• Originally part of British India. The British initially widened the
divide between the Muslims & Hindu’s in a strategy to maintain control.
• There were ethnic, political & religious disputes between the Muslims & Hindus in British India.
• Pakistan was formed in 1947 out of partition from British controlled India.
• During the split from India, there was a mass migration of over 15 Million.
• The Muslims were going to Pakistan as the Hindus were leaving for India.
• The creation of Pakistan was tumultuous, resulting in chaos, riots, deaths & crimes against humanity.
• This deepened the rift between Muslims and Hindus.
Partition
The Punjab and Bengal, with mixed populations, had to be divided.
Millions of people were stranded on the wrong side of the boundary.
Partition
10 to 15 million flee Pakistan. Violent clashes occurred and horrendous
slaughter took place. In the Punjab about ¼ million people
were killed. About 1 million die in Bengal. Gandhi is able to stop the violence by
going a hunger strike.
The deepening conflict between Hindus and Muslims, made worse by economic differences, led to the partition, or division, of the subcontinent into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan.
Religious Conflict
Violent Partition• Independence came to India and
Pakistan in 1947.• 12 million people moved to
avoid the rule of a majority religion to which they did not belong.
• Many refugees died from hunger and thirst, and an estimated one million people were killed in fighting between Muslims and Hindus.
• Since independence, India and Pakistan have fought three wars.
Bangladesh• Islam was the only thread that
connected East and West Pakistan.• East Pakistan had a less developed
economy and paid more taxes than West Pakistan, where most tax dollars were spent.
• After a devastating cyclone in 1970, grievances led to fighting, and India joined the conflict on the side of the East Pakistanis.
• As a result, in 1971, East Pakistan became the independent country of Bangladesh.
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Partition:
• Partition left both India & Pakistan devastated socially & economically.
• Some of the atrocities committed between the Muslims & Hindus were widespread rape, pillaging & murder, bordering on genocide.
• This included the bombing of trains of immigrants by Hindus and even filling trains full of the dismembered bodies & sending them across the border into Pakistan.
Civil War
• Pakistan begins as two separate and divided states
• East Pakistan is more populous; West Pakistan houses government
• East Pakistan declares independence from West Pakistan in 1971
• Civil war erupts; East Pakistan wins, becomes new nation of Bangladesh
The Early Years• After Partition there was Pakistan & East
Pakistan on the other side of India.• East Pakistan rebelled and split from Pakistan in
the 1971 India/Pakistan war to become Bangladesh.
• Pakistan itself is divided into four main areas: Baluchistan, North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), Punjab, & Sindh.
• Another province, Kashmir, is still under dispute with India & has been the cause of war between the countries in 1947, 1965, 1971 & 1999.
Politics• Pakistan goes back and forth from
being a democracy and being ruled by a military dictator after a coup.
• Pakistani politics have a tradition of being underhanded, violent, and volatile.
POLITICAL HISTORY
• PAKISTAN ALTERNATED BETWEEN ELECTED DEMOCRACY AND MILITARY DICTATORSHIP
• Shown at left: Zulfikar and Benazir Bhutto
Pakistan PoliticsJinnah (1947)>>
<<Zulfikar Bhutto (1973-77)
Benazir Bhutto>> (1988-90, 93-96)
<< Musharraf (1999-2008)
Sharif (1990-93, 97-99) Zardari (now)
History of Pakistan’s Political Leaders• 1948: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founding father of Pakistan, dies• 1951: Jinnah’s successor, Liaquat Ali Khan is assassinated.• 1956: Constitution proclaims Pakistan as Islamic Republic.• 1958: General Ayyub Khan becomes president.• 1969: General Yahya Khan takes over in a coup.• 1973: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Benazir’s father) becomes PM.• 1979: General Zia ul-Haq overthrows and hangs Bhutto in a
military coup & becomes president. Daughter Benazir goes into exile, returns in 1986.
• 1988: Gen. Zia dies in mysterious plane crash. Bhutto’s Pakistan’s Peoples Party wins election & she becomes PM.
• 1990: Benazir Bhutto is dismissed as PM on charges of incompetence & corruption.
History of Pakistan’s Leaders Continued• 1991: PM Nawaz Sharif begins economic liberalization.• 1993: PM Sharif resigns under pressure from military. General election
brings Bhutto back to power.• 1996: President Leghari dismisses Bhutto’s government amid corruption
allegations.• 1996: Nawaz Sharif returns as PM after his Pakistan Muslim League wins
elections.• 1999: Bhutto and her husband are convicted of corruption and sentenced.
Benazir flees to exile. Later that year Sharif is overthrown by General Pervez Musharraf in a military coup.
• 2002: Musharraf grants himself new powers including the right to dismiss parliament.
• 2007: Bhutto’s and Sharif’s parties protest Musharraf. Musharraf takes over media and communication networks.
• 2008: Musharraf forced to step down in face of impeachment• 2011: Musharraf indicted for assassination of Benazir Bhutto
A Pattern of Instability
Many different governments rule Pakistan, non achieve stability
Benazir Bhutto leads Pakistan in 1980s and 1990s but is ousted. The military now rules.
Bhutto is assassinated in 2007.
U.S. President George W. Bush condemned the assassination in a 27 December press conference.
U.S. President George W. Bush condemned the assassination in a 27 December press conference.
Led briefly by Led briefly by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Prime Minister Ayub Prime Minister Ayub Khan.Khan.
Dangerous combinationDangerous combination Was not prepared Was not prepared
to rule in 1948.to rule in 1948. Strong Islamic Strong Islamic
fundamentalism.fundamentalism. Impoverished.Impoverished.
Pakistan divides in 1972Pakistan divides in 1972 W. Pakistan = PakistanW. Pakistan = Pakistan E. Pakistan = BangladeshE. Pakistan = Bangladesh
PakistaPakistann
PakistaPakistann
First Woman Prime First Woman Prime Minister, 1988Minister, 1988 Ousted in 1990, 1993 Ousted in 1990, 1993
on corruption on corruption charges.charges.
Nawaz SharifNawaz Sharif Ousted three times.Ousted three times. Struggle between Struggle between
modernizers and modernizers and fundamentalists.fundamentalists.
Benazir BhuttoBenazir BhuttoBenazir BhuttoBenazir Bhutto
Coup d’etatCoup d’etat.. Secular government against Secular government against Islamic Islamic fundamentalists. fundamentalists. U.S. ally in the “War on U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.”Terror.”
Gen. Pervex Gen. Pervex MusharaffMusharaff
Gen. Pervex Gen. Pervex MusharaffMusharaff
The Musharraf Era• Musharraf came to power in a 1999 military coup, self
appointed as president in 2001.• Enjoyed western support due to his announced
intentions in 2002 to combat extremists in Pakistan.• Legitimacy of his rule is dubious - In 2007 he suspended
the constitution and jailed several supreme court members before they were about to evaluate the validity of his election.
• During Musharraf’s time Pakistan enjoyed impressive economic performance.
• Musharraf’s approval rating plummeted to 15%.
Pakistan, The U.S. and the War on Terror
• US supported Pakistan and Musharraf ever since he pledged to be an ally to the US in the war on terror.
• US placed its faith in Musharraf by appropriating over $10B in foreign aid since 9/11.
• Stark contrast to the sanctions US had against Pakistan before Musharraf pledged his support.
• Question now is whether or not the US should have continued to support Musharraf since he became widely unpopular and Illegitimate.
Should the US have continued to support Musharraf? And today Zardari?
• YES: The US was familiar with him, he offered continuity. A different leader could have been worse politically. He is more moderate than Sharif and the PPP.
• NO: The aid given him did very little. He was undemocratic and vastly unpopular. By continuing to support him the US lost the credit it has gained in the Middle East by supporting an Islamic nation.
ASSASSINATION OF BENAZIR BHUTTO
• Prior to parliamentary elections this year, opposition leaders were allowed back into the country
• Benazir Bhutto returned, was assassinated
Bhutto’s Assassination 2007
THE END OF MUSHARAF?
• Musharaf dismissed the Supreme Court after he stepped down as head of the army
• Lawyers protested
NEW PRIME MINISTER SWORN IN – TRANSITION BACK TO
DEMOCRACY?• Has freed imprisoned judges
• Army remains strongest institution in country
• Rebellion in Baluchistan province
• Problems of poverty and lack of development
PresidentPrime MinisterAsif Ali Zardari Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani
Current Situation
• Mumbai killings
• Bhutto/Zardari
• Musharraf gone
• Judge
• Swat Valley and FATA – Allowed to govern themselves –
Sharia law
• Predator strikes into these areas
Government
• President: Asif Ali Zardari • Serves as the Chief of State• Co-Chair of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)• Widower of Benazir Bhutto (former Prime
Minister; assassinated on 27 DEC 2007)
• Sworn in on 9 SEP 08 following the resignation of President Pervez Musharaf on 18 AUG 08. Elections were held on 6 SEP in which Zardari won a clear majority.
• Zadaris election solidified the country's return to civilian government after more than eight years of military rule.
• Presidential elections are for 5 year terms
Government
• Prime Minister: Yousaf Raza Gillani (PPP)• Assumed office 25 March 2008• Serves as the Head of the Government
• The Prime Minister is selected by the National Assembly.
• Cabinet positions are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister
Locus of power
President Undemocratic constitutions (especially since Zia), with unprecedented concentration of powers in the President
Military Weakness of the political system; Perceived threat of external aggression
Bureaucracy History & state formation;Elitism of the Muslim League;Concentration of power in the head;Cultural bias against politicians;
Religion Perhaps the most complex locus of power
The US The US’s own interests - oil- anti-communism
Government• 3 Federal Branches
– Executive• President• Prime Minister• National Security Council
– Legislative• Federal Govt Ministries
– Federal Ministers
• Parliament– Senate – National Assembly
» Leader of the Opposition
– Judicial• Attorney General• Attorney Chief
Constitution
3 constitutions since independence (1956, 1962, 1973) each reiterating the importance of Islam
The last iteration (1973) of the constitution came after the cessation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1971
Government
• Constitution: 12 April 1973;– suspended 5 July 1977, restored 30 December 1985;– suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002;– amended 31 December 2003; – suspended 3 November 2007,restored on 15 December 2007
• Independence: 14 August 1947 (from British India)• National holiday: Republic Day, 23 March (1956)• Suffrage: 18 years of age- universal; joint electorates and reserved
parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims
• Member of the United Nations and World Trade Organization. • Is a Nuclear State, but not part of the Nuclear Nonproliferation
Treaty.
• Unemployment rate- 7.4%• 24% of population below poverty line
Role of Religion in the State
The various degrees of state secularity/religiousity of different governments demonstrates the difficulties, at the state level, to articulate the role of Islam in the state
Zia-ul-Haq’s government (1973-1988) came closest to implementing Shariah law through its ‘Islamization programs’, but no federal government has fully implemented Shariah Law
Shariah Law has existed, however, in certain territories
Women in Pakistan
Zia-ul-Haq’s ‘Islamization’ policies had detrimental effects for women especially through a set of law called the Hudood Ordinances
A vocal and vociferous women’s movement emerged during Zia’s rule
Women’s movement in Pakistan struggling to articulate a balance between Islam and secularism
Political Economy of Defence
Ayesha Jalal (1995) has argued that Pakistan’s overdeveloped military has had determinative effects on Pakistan’s political economy
She argues that there is a key difference between the political economies of India and Pakistan:India has a ‘political economy of development’Pakistan has a ‘political economy of defence’
Political Economy of Defence
First decade after independence, Pakistani military and civil administration took up 3/4 of the federal budget
Military governments Ayub Khan (1958) Zia-ul Haq (1977) Pervez Musharraf (1999)
Political Economy of Defence
Class aspect of military is tied to the extent to which the military has been able to infiltrate key economic structures/entities
Military presence can be felt in: housing developments, agriculture, transportation, oil/gas, defence production, hospitals, schools
Greater upward mobility for military personnel and their families because of access to better social services (schools, hospitals)
Political Economy of Defence
“Dominance of non-elected institutions in Pakistan…points to a disjunction between state power and class power”
Support of landowning families alongside failure to bring about effective land reforms
Mutually constitutive relationship between dominant social classes and military i.e. members of military entering dominant social classes, and dominant social classes being protected by military
Opposition to military
The military has been met with opposition from other political parties
But many of the same parties have often worked in tandem with the military to secure their power
The times where political parties have emerged in opposition to the military is connected to the degree of economic marginalization in the country
Opposition to military
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Pakistan People’s Party) took power in 1971 in the context of unrest in rural areas, including rural Punjab
“Roti, kapra, aur makaan” - bread, clothes, and shelter
(1971-1977) Glimmer of democracy Bhutto legacy (dynasty) is very strong but is
also often romanticized (ex. treatment mohajirs) Post-Zia - “constitutional coups”
Suffering Economy
Economy suffered from decades of internal political disputes
a fast growing population mixed levels of foreign investment a costly, ongoing confrontation with
neighboring India
Rapid population growth, ethnic conflicts, and environmental threats are major challenges to the region
today.
Major Challenges for Pakistan
• Lack of government stability
• Rapid population growth
• Troubled relationship with India, especially over the territory of Kashmir
• Terrorists within Pakistan’s borders
Economic development.Economic development. Political instability/militaryPolitical instability/military dictatorship. dictatorship.
Hindu-Muslim tensions.Hindu-Muslim tensions. Gender issues Gender issues honor honor killings.killings.
Terrorism.Terrorism. The Kashmir dispute and The Kashmir dispute and nuclear nuclear weapons. weapons.
Major problems & Major problems & Issues Issues
in Pakistan todayin Pakistan today
Major problems & Major problems & Issues Issues
in Pakistan todayin Pakistan today
Conflict Over Kashmir
Freedom Brings TurmoilA railway station in Punjab during large-scale migration that followed partition of India along religious lines.
A railway station in Punjab during large-scale migration that followed partition of India along religious lines.
Partition and Bloodshed
British adopt a policy of partition—splitting Indian into two countries
India would be largely Hindu nation; Pakistan mostly Muslim
Great Britain grants independence to both in 1947
Kashmir, Nehru, the British
Muslim ruler of Kashmir agrees to sign on with India, and Nehru makes exception to the rule of partition:
“in cases of majority population land goes to Pakistan in border regions”......
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Kashmir Kashmir, a region
occupied by Pakistan and India, lies south of the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan.
This disputed territory is the scene of sporadic fighting between the armies of Pakistan and India. China also occupies a part of Kashmir.
• 3 Wars Between Pakistan and India in 50 years, 2 over Kashmir
•Most militarized space in the world
•80,000 dead over this conflict
•A regional problem gone global
The problem of Kashmir
Kashmir is India’s only Muslim majority territory
India accuses Pakistan of waging a proxy war by arming militants
Jammu’s population is 2/3 Hindu Kashmiris never voted;
extremists/separatists were born Why did the U.S. adopt Pakistan as
its ally?
History of the Conflict
The territory of Kashmir
The territory was handed over to India after they gained independence from the British in 1947.
The Problem
The Kashmir area was predominantly Muslim.
The ruler of Kashmir fled to India and agreed to place Kashmir under Indian rule if India would protect Kashmir from invasion.
If there had been a vote in Kashmir, the majority probably would have voted to become part of Pakistan for religious reasons.
REGION Buddhist
Hindu Muslim Other
Kashmir Valley
- 4% 95% -
Jammu - 66% 30% 4%
Ladakh 50% - 46% 3%
REGION Buddhist
Hindu Muslim Other
Northern Areas
- - 99% -
Azad Jammu and Kashmir
- - 99% -
Religious Groups in India-Controlled Kashmir
Religious Groups in Pakistan-Controlled Kashmir
Source: BBC World News, Pakistani and Indian Census Data
The Importance of Kashmir to India and Pakistan
• The geography is mostly rural, with large mountains, deserts, and valleys.
• The region could have natural resources such as oil, gold, or silver that has not yet been discovered.
Control of the Indus River
• The Indus begins in
Kashmir, flows through Pakistan, then flows into mainland India.
• Since Kashmir is part of India, they could dam the Indus and change the flow of the river.
• Without fertile land to grow crops, Pakistan would become a desert and its people would starve.
Religious Sites
• Both Pakistan and India have sites in Kashmir that are important to their respective religions. – Pakistan is
predominately Muslim. Kashmir is predominately Muslim.
– India is predominately Hindu.
Strategic Location
• India-Kashmir acts as a buffer.
• Pakistan-Kashmir offers a fertile roadway into India for possible invasion.
Partition and Bloodshed
Millions leave their homes to resettle in Hindu and Muslim lands
Hindu-Muslim violence erupts during this movement; one million die
Some basics…
Independence on August 14, 1947East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West
Pakistan4 provinces: Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, NWFP3 territories: Azad Kashmir, Federally
Administered Tribal Areas, and Gilgit-BaltistanNational language is Urdu - but most people
speak Punjabi (60-70%)
1947: Pakistan invaded Kashmir
... Pakistan objects, Indian sends in new army to Kashmir, and war breaks out in 1947-8, ending in the “LINE OF CONTROL” still extant today...
Partition and Bloodshed
Indian independence movement leader Mohandas Gandhi is assassinated by a radical Hindu Nathuram Godse, January 30, 1948. Assassin opposed
Gandhi’s support of Muslim rights
Supporters of Gandhi opposed his death sentence because they say it was against was Gandhi’s principles.
He was hanged November 15, 1949.Group photo of
the alleged conspirators.
Group photo of the alleged conspirators.
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Pakistan
Tensions with India, Kashmir situation etc., also created insecurity
This led in turn to a strengthening of the military
Resource scarcity
Assassination of first PM Liaqaut Ali Khan
By 1951, the US saw this as an opportunity to extend Cold War politics
1965: Second war over Kashmir
1965 War
Conflict’s Context:
US [Pakistan] vs. USSR [India] Global Cold War
War
Three major wars between India and Pakistan have been fought over the Kashmir territory 1947-1948 1965 1971
A fourth war almost took place when Pakistan invaded and attempted to capture Kargil.
The Battle for Kashmir
India and Pakistan fight over Kashmir, a region in northern India
Cease-fire in 1949, but disputes over the region continues.
In total, India and Pakistan have fought four wars Indo-Pakistan War of 1947 Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 Indo-Pakistan War of 1999 (minor war)
1971 India-Pakistan War1971 India-Pakistan War
1999 Kargil Skirmish
Context:
Both nations nuclear powers
Kargil conflict (1999)
• In 1998, India carried out nuclear tests and a few days later, Pakistan responded by more nuclear tests giving both countries nuclear deterrence capability.
• Diplomatic tensions eased after the Lahore Summit was held in 1999.
• The sense of optimism was short-lived, however, since in mid-1999 Pakistani paramilitary forces and Kashmiri insurgents captured deserted, but strategic, Himalayan heights in the Kargil district of India.
• Soldiers of the Sikh Light Infantry
Kashmir CrisisKashmir Crisis
Indian Soldiers Patrol the India-Indian Soldiers Patrol the India-Pakistan Border in Pura, the Winter Pakistan Border in Pura, the Winter
Capital of the State of Capital of the State of Jammu & Jammu & KashmirKashmir - 1998 - 1998
Nine killed in violence in India's KashmirMarch 21, 2001JAMMU, India -- Nine people have been killed in a series of military skirmishes in India's troubled northern state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Indian Soldiers Near the Indian Soldiers Near the Pakistani Border - 2001Pakistani Border - 2001
A Pakistani Ranger at the A Pakistani Ranger at the Indian-Pakistani Joint Border Indian-Pakistani Joint Border Check Post in Wagha, India - Check Post in Wagha, India -
20012001
Anti-war Protestors in Anti-war Protestors in Karachi, Pakistan - 2001Karachi, Pakistan - 2001
Kashmiri Militants - 2003Kashmiri Militants - 2003
Photo: Punit Paranjpe/Reuters
Mumbai Bombings, Nov 26, 2008163 people die from terrorist bombingsA Kashmir Connection?
Lashkar,Regional Historyand Islamist Militarism
Taj Mahal Hotel
Kashmir TodayInsurgency and Terrorism, State and Proxies
Hindu Kashmiri Panditas terrorized, flight into refugee camps in Jammu
Still:Kashmiris not allowed to decide their own fate
Kashmir now located in the “War against
terror”
India-Pakistan Border DisputesIndia-Pakistan Border Disputes
War & Terrorism
• Both India and Pakistan are convinced that they are right and that they will prevail
• In the past 60 years, Pakistan and India have fought three wars over ownership of Kashmir. India won all three.
• Today, the fight continues with acts of terrorism.
• The people of Kashmir are probably wondering why the UN and U.S. won't help them
Why doesn't the U.S. lend a helping hand with the Kashmir
conflict? • The U.S. wants to be
allies with both Pakistan and India.
• Pakistan shares a border with Afghanistan so need Pakistan’s help with war on terrorism.
• We do a great deal of trade with India that is mutually advantageous.
Stalemate Continues....
Nuclear Rivalry Between Pakistan and India
INDIAN PARADOX – POVERTY AND POWER
What title would you give What title would you give this political cartoon?this political cartoon?
Nuclear Power: India-Pakistan
Indian Nuclear Power Plants Pakistani Nuclear Power Plants
India Weapon of Mass Destruction
• India does possess nuclear weapons and maintains short- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles, nuclear-capable aircraft, surface ships, and submarines under development as possible delivery systems and platforms.
• Although it lacks an operational ballistic missile submarines India has ambitions of possessing a nuclear triad in the near future.
India Weapon of Mass Destruction
• India tested a nuclear device in 1974 (code-named "Smiling Buddha"), which it called a "peaceful nuclear explosive."
• India performed further nuclear tests in 1998 (code-named "Operation Shakti").
India’s Prithvi Missiles First India’s Prithvi Missiles First Tested in 1988Tested in 1988
Supporters of former Indian Prime Supporters of former Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee chant Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee chant nationalist slogans in support for nationalist slogans in support for
his nuclear policy - 1998his nuclear policy - 1998
The India-Pakistan Arms The India-Pakistan Arms Race Heats Up in the Late Race Heats Up in the Late
1990s1990s
THE “ISLAMIC BOMB”
• PAKISTAN EXPLODED ITS FIRST NUCLEAR DEVICE IN DESERT IN 1998.
• DR. A.Q. KHAN RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS SECRET DEVELOPMENT, AND SHARED TECHNOLOGY WITH “ROGUE STATES” LIKE LIBYA, NORTH KOREA, MAYBE OTHERS
1998: India tested their first nuclear weapon. Pakistan
followed with nuclear tests.
Former Indian Prime Minister, Atal Former Indian Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, displays a sword Bihari Vajpayee, displays a sword
given to him by Sikh youths in New given to him by Sikh youths in New Delhi to honor him for making India Delhi to honor him for making India
a nuclear power - 1998a nuclear power - 1998
Right-wing Pakistani Right-wing Pakistani Activists Burn Indian Flag to Activists Burn Indian Flag to Protest Indian Nuclear Tests Protest Indian Nuclear Tests
- 1998- 1998
Hot Air Balloon Protesting India Hot Air Balloon Protesting India & Pakistan’s nuclear testing - & Pakistan’s nuclear testing -
19981998
2002 Military Statistics2002 Military Statistics
India Displays Nuclear India Displays Nuclear Missiles During “Republic Missiles During “Republic
Day,” - 2002Day,” - 2002
India Successfully India Successfully Tested Agni Missiles - Tested Agni Missiles -
20022002
India Successfully India Successfully Tested Agni Missiles - Tested Agni Missiles -
20022002
2002 Nuclear 2002 Nuclear StatisticsStatistics
Musharraf and Vajpayee at a Musharraf and Vajpayee at a meeting on nuclear issues in meeting on nuclear issues in
Nepal Nepal in 2002in 2002
Is this a possibility?Is this a possibility?
India's Prime India's Prime MinisterMinister
ManMohan ManMohan SinghSingh
Pakistan's Pakistan's PresidentPresident
Pervez Pervez MusharrafMusharraf
New Friends?New Friends?
Musharraf and India's new Musharraf and India's new Prime Minister Manmohan Prime Minister Manmohan Singh speak by telephone Singh speak by telephone frequently affirming a strong frequently affirming a strong desire for peace and desire for peace and resolution of their disputes, resolution of their disputes, including Kashmir, on which including Kashmir, on which the two countries have the two countries have fought two of their three fought two of their three wars. wars.
Partners in the “War Partners in the “War on Terror?”on Terror?”
US Sells F-16 Jets to US Sells F-16 Jets to Pakistan—India Not Pakistan—India Not
Pleased!Pleased! (3/25/05)(3/25/05)
ManMohan Singh ManMohan Singh of India with of India with
President Bush President Bush (9/04)(9/04)
Threat of Taliban to Pakistan
Taliban Connections Rooted in Pakistan
• The Taliban emerged as a powerful movement in late 1994 when Pakistan chose the Taliban to guard a convoy trying to open a trade route from Pakistan to Central Asia.
• With Pakistan providing weapons, military training, and financial support, the Taliban gained control over several Afghan cities and successfully captured Kabul in September 1996
Taliban Connections to Pakistan• Pakistani support for the Taliban is based on strong religious
and ethnic bonds between the Taliban and Pakistan, especially with the tribal areas on the North-West borders of Pakistan.
• Most of the Taliban’s leaders were educated in refugee camps in Pakistan where they had escaped the Soviet invasion.
• Taliban militants are Sunni Muslim Pashtuns, and Pashtuns constitute thirteen percent of the total population of Pakistan.
• Pashtuns dominate the Pakistani military and are concentrated in the North-West Frontier province, which was the command center for the Mujahedeen groups fighting the Soviet troops and a major destination for the Afghan refugees
Taliban Connections to Pakistan
• Pakistani Taliban members have been involved:• In insurgent activity and terrorist attacks inside
Afghanistan• Trained the Times Square bomber Faisal
Shehzad• Participated in numerous suicide bombings and
urban guerrilla attacks inside Pakistan including the siege at the Pakistan Naval Base Mehran in Karachi
Pakistani Taliban Alliance with Al-Qaeda
• Dates back to the Soviet-Afghan War
• Taliban has provided shelter to Al-Qaeda leaders
• Has been operationally active with the terrorist group
• Vowed to avenge the killing of Osama Bin Laden
• Vows to continue the war with the USA
Since September 11, 2001• Five days after September 11, 2001, Pakistan's president,
General Pervez Musharraf, pledged support for the U.S. efforts to capture Bin Laden and fight militant groups and all the Taliban members associated with Al Qaeda, a pledge that was followed by immediate demonstrations and protests by the pro-Taliban groups in Pakistan, where Taliban’s leaders were educated and where they fled the U.S. bombing of Afghanistan.
• Despite the pledge to fight Taliban and Al Qaeda, having such religious, ethnic, and political ties with Taliban, and being uncertain about an immediate severing of the momentum in the multifaceted and historical ties with the Taliban have pushed the Pakistani military and Musharraf's regime to avoid provocation of the Taliban fighters.
• Thus, the Taliban leaders, who survived the U.S. bombing of Afghanistan and the combat against the NATO troops in 2001, went back to Pakistan, precisely to the tribal areas where their Pashtun brothers reside, and namely to the North- West borders of Pakistan .
Taliban Moves to Pakistan• In October 2001, thousands of Pakistani
Pakthun tribesmen were mobilized for armed action and crossed the Durand Line into Afghanistan to resist both the American and NATO forces.
• For example, Sufi Mohammed, a Pakhtun cleric and leader of the Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Law infiltrated Afghanistan with about 10,000 boys and young men.
Taliban Moves to Pakistan
• The arrival in tribal areas of the Afghan’s Taliban and Al-Qaeda’s senior leadership along with hundreds of Afghan, Arab, Chechen, Uzbek, East Asian, and Sudanese fighters in Pakistan distributed millions of dollars among the tribal elders for shelter
• Al-Qaeda as been leasing compounds from the tribesmen to establish training camps and command and control centers.
Taliban Moves to Pakistan
• In 2002, when the Pakistani Army invaded the tribal areas, it transformed the existing widespread militancy into a full-blown insurgency.
• This has since spread throughout Pakistan
Taliban Moves to Pakistan• Recognizing NATO strength and losing a large number of its fighters and more
importantly its strategic base of command in southern Afghanistan, Taliban moved to Pakistan, specifically to Waziristan, where they were welcomed by their Pashtun brothers .
• In 2003, the Pakistani government had intervened to contain and counter the Taliban’s expansion and influence and deployed a total of 80,000 troops in South and North Waziristan.
• After several confrontations with the Taliban militants and the loss of eight hundred Pakistani soldiers in combat, the Pakistani government and President Pervez Mushrraf realized that military confrontation of Taliban could further destabilize the country.
• Accordingly, in September 2006, Musharraf signed a peace agreement with seven militant groups in Waziristan, who call themselves Pakistan Taliban or Tehrik-i-Taliban.
• Under the terms of the agreement, Pakistan's army agreed to withdraw from the areas controlled by the Taliban in Waziristan, and the Taliban promised to stop launching attacks against NATO and Afghan troops in Afghanistan and against Pakistani army and government.
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The war spills over into Pakistan
• Pakistani military intelligence manipulation of the Afghanistan war - from the 1980s onward
• Taliban and Haqqani Network across the Pakistani border provinces
• Cross-border illicit trade• US operations in Pakistan
– CIA and Special Forces assassination teams– CIA drone bombings– The assassination of Osama Bin Laden
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Refugees• Afghans constitute the largest single refugee
population in the world with an estimated 6 million people or 30 percent of the global refugee population.
• The population has been greatly affected by a refugee problem for years.
• Large numbers of Afghans are refugees in Pakistan.
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Refugees
• Pakistan has received the most
Pakistani Taliban Numbers
• There are about 40 militant groups with a combined membership between 30,000 and 35,000.
• They are decentralized and do not always agree.
• They use social networks to recruit, raise funds, and to harass people.
Terrorism in Pakistan
• Tehreek-e-Taliban (TTP- Students Movement of Pakistan)– Main Taliban militant umbrella group in Pakistan– Began its formation in 2002 in FATA; DEC 2007 officially formed under
Baitullah Meshud.– Currently under the leadership of Hakimullah Meshud (no relation); – ISI claims he's a possible ‘look alike’ brother since the real Hakimullah
was killed AUG 8th.
• Brigade 313– Loose group of terrorist organizations to include LeT, Jaish-e-
Mohammad, Taliban and Al Qaeda.
• Lashkar-e-Islam (LeI- Army of Islam) / Jaish-e-Islami– Founded in 2004, currently headed by Mangal Bagh.– Operating out of the FATA; consists of Pakistani Taliban
Terrorism in Pakistan
• Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT- Army of the Good)– Active in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan. – AUG 09 issued an Islamic dress code ultimatum to all colleges in
Jammu and Kashmir region of Pakistan.– Supported Al-Qaeda efforts in Afghanistan
• Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ)– Formed in 1990s as a sectarian group targeting Shia Muslims.– Key ally of Al-Qaeda and Pakistani Taliban– Possible offshoot of SSP
• Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP- Army of the Friends of the Prophet)– Former registered political party in Pakistan– Focused attacks on Shiites– Credited with the AUG 2009 Gojra riots against Pakistani Christians
Why Pakistani Men Join the Taliban
• Recruit young men by offering them access to and membership in social networks, money, power, and respect
• Many are young unemployed men who have had no access to education or jobs
• Brainwash the men during the interactions• For example, many of the suicide bombers
are poor, uneducated students in their early teens
Why Pakistani Men Join the Taliban
• Existing poverty from an ongoing lack of infrastructure
• The government’s inability to provide education and fair legal system aid recruitment efforts
• Most join because they are poor and feel that the government does not care about them.
• For example, in 2009, the average salary of a low-level Taliban member was $180 a month, while in other areas it was as high as $240 a month
Why Pakistan Men Join the Taliban
• The government’s inability to provide better shelter and services to the refugees in the camps have aided recruitment.
• Young men frustrated by the preventable deaths of family members due to pneumonia and diarrhea join the Taliban
• The Taliban provides swift and free justice in hostile areas
Why Pakistani Men Join the Taliban
• They sometimes use abduction and other coercive tactics to recruit fighters and quell dissent.
• In early 2007, they began forcing school children to sign up for suicide bombing missions by kidnapping 30 children
Why Pakistani Men Join the Taliban
• The Pakistani Army when fighting against the insurgents have killed many civilians and this has led to the people joining the Taliban for revenge
• For example, in 2009, 1,150 civilians were killed during Pakistan Army actions
• The Pakistani Army also alienates locals by arbitrary arrests, illegal detentions, unlawful killings, deliberate property damage, executing people without trials
BBC, 2009
• 30 AUG: Suicide bomber killed 18 Pakistan police officers and seriously wounded another 12 in the NWFP.
• 1 SEP: Swat Valley- Pakistan military operations killed 43 militants including 2 important commanders. 105 militants surrendered, to include 5 additional commanders.
• 1 SEP: Increasing number of Blackwater personnel reported in Peshawar and other NWFP/FATA areas. US and Pakistani officials deny the reports.
• 2 SEP: Pakistan Religious Affairs Minister, Hamid Kazmi, was shot in the leg in a failed assassination attempt. His driver was killed in the attack.
• 5 SEP: Over 50 militants were killed by security forces in NWFP; 37 were killed as part of an operation targeting Lashkar-e-Islam. Another 14 were killed in Pakistani airstrikes.
• 8 SEP: Gunmen in NW Pakistan killed 4 Shia students in a sectarian attack.• 11 SEP: TTP (Tehreek-e-Taliban) Spokesman, Muslim Khan, and 4 other
council members were arrested in the Swat Valley. Reported Fazlullah (TTP-Swat Leader) lost his legs in a recent attack.
Examples of Terrorist Attacks in Pakistan in 2009
• 30 drone attacks in 2009 so far; killing an estimated total of 460 people• Last month:
– 5 AUG: strike in S. Waziristan killing Baitullah Mehsud and his wife.– 11 AUG: strike in Ladda village, S.Waziristan killed 10 militants.– 21 AUG: strike on village of Darpa Kheil, N.Wz, reportedly targeting
Sirajuddin Haqqani (Pashtun warlord), killing at least 21 people.– 27 AUG: strike on the Tapar Ghai area (S.Wz) killing at least 6.– 8 SEP: drone strike kills 13 in N.Wz. May have killed Al Qaeda leaders
Ilyas Kashmiri and Mustafa al Jaziri as well as 3 Punjabi militants and 2 or 3 local Taliban fighters.
– 9 SEP: strike targeted Taliban compound in N.Wz killing 5 militants.– 10 SEP: drone kills 12 militants and important commander in NWFP.
Most Recent and Widely Known Pakistani Taliban Attack
• The banned Islamist group, which has intimate links to the Afghan Taliban and al Qaeda, unabashedly confirmed it tried to kill teen activist Malala Yousufzai as she rode home from school in a van October 9, 2012
• But before that, the group, formally known as Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), took the global spotlight when Faisal Shahzad, a Pakistani-American, attempted to detonate a car bomb in New York's Times Square in May 2010. The TTP took responsibility, and Shahzad testified that he had received training from them.
• Formally known as Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, the group is very closely linked with its namesake in Afghanistan as well as with al Qaeda. It shares its religious extremist ideology -- but is its own distinct group.
• The TTP also has a different goal, but its tactics are the same, says Raza Rumi, director of policy and programs at the Jinnah Institute, a Pakistani think tank.
• "Their primary target is the Pakistani state and its military," he says. "It resents the fact that it (Pakistan) has an alliance with the West, and it wants Sharia to be imposed in Pakistan."
Malal Yousafzai• Ms. Yousafzai was targeted for advocating the right of girls to education, and for exposing
the daily violence and intimidation after the Taliban took control of the Swat valley. • She had been writing a blog for the BBC in Urdu under the pen name “Gul Makai” since the
age of 11. • As the Taliban were driven out of the Swat valley in 2009, her identity was made public.• She received the National Peace Award from former Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani on
December 19, 2011, and was nominated for the International Children's Peace Prize the same year by the Dutch organisation “Kids Rights”.
• Ms. Yousafzai was also a speaker for the Child Assembly in Swat, an initiative supported by UNICEF in 2011.
• She appeared on national and international television to express her views on the rights of children and girls.
• On the day of the attack, spokesperson for the Pakistani Taliban, Ehsanullah Ehsan, confirmed to international media that they attacked her because “she [was] anti-Taliban and secular”, adding that she “would not be spared. She was pro-West, she [was] speaking against Taliban and she [was] calling President Obama her idol […]She [was] young but she [was] promoting Western culture in Pashtun areas”,he said. He reiterated the threats to kill her if she survives the attack.
Malala Yousafzai
• Gunmen halted the van ferrying Malala Yousafzai through her native Swat Valley, one of the most conservative regions in Pakistan.
• They demanded that other girls in the vehicle identify her. Malala had faced frequent death threats in the past.
• Some of the girls pointed her out. • At least one gunman opened fire, wounding three girls. • Two suffered non-life-threatening injuries, but bullets
struck Malala in the head and neck.• The bus driver hit the gas. The assailants got away.• Malala was left in critical condition.
• An uncle described her as having excruciating pain and
being unable to stop moving her arms and legs.
Malala Yousafzai
• Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani girl shot in an attempted assassination by the Taliban in October, has spoken publicly for the first time of her recovery in Britain, saying God has given her "a second life" thanks to the prayers of those who supported her around the world.
• Malala has been treated at the Queen Elizabeth hospital in Birmingham since being flown to Britain after being shot by the Taliban for campaigning for women's rights and girls' education
Malala’s Courage
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/world/asia/pakistan-erupts-in-anger-over-talibans-shooting-of-malala-yousafzai.html?hp
