PAI Recitation 3 – Logic Yuxin Chen 12-10-2012. Inference Truth tables Modus ponens Resolution …
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Transcript of PAI Recitation 3 – Logic Yuxin Chen 12-10-2012. Inference Truth tables Modus ponens Resolution …
PAI Recitation 3 – Logic
Yuxin Chen12-10-2012
Inference
• Truth tables• Modus ponens• Resolution• …
Resolution
Transform KB into CNF
Resolution: Example
H: Heads upT: Tails upIW: I winUL : You lose
Heads, I winTails, you loseEither heads or tailsI win or you loseI don’t win
H => IWT => ULH <=> ¬TIW <=> UL¬IW
Resolution
• Why can’t we just use resolution to derive the sentence we are interested in (instead of adding its negation and derive false)?
Use resolution to derive from KB?
Resolution
• Why can’t we just use modus ponens instead of resolution to derive the sentence we are interested in?
Modus ponens
Example: P implies Q; Not P implies Q. Show that Q is ture.
Resolution
• Resolution is sound and complete• Recall:
First order logic
• A superset of propositional logic• Don’t treat propositions as “atomic” entities. • Sentences refer to objects, their relationships,
and their properties.Types ExampleObjects Bob, October 12
Relations/predicates MotherOf, ColorOf
Functions IsMotherOf, IsBlue
Connectives ∧∨¬ ⇔⇒
Quantifiers Universal: x:(isMan(x)) isMortal(x)) ∀ ⇒Existential: y: ( isFather (y, Fred) ) ∃
Example: Convert to First-Order Logic
• ∀x isSibling (x, Bob) isKind(x)⇒• ∀x isSibling (x, Bob) isKind(x) ∧• ∃x At(x, ETH) isSmart(x) ⇒• ∃x At(x, ETH) isSmart(x)∧
Example: Convert to English
• There is only one correct answer (do not use !) ∃
• First cousin (child of your parent’s siblings) • All grad students watch the same TV shows• Any person can fool some of the people all of
the time, all of the people some of the time but not all of the people all of the time
Example: Convert to English and FOL
Example (Cont..)
• In the sentences below, a symbol is missing. What symbol is it most likely to be? – ∀x Something(x) ??? SomethingElse(x) – ∃x Something(x) ??? SomethingElse(x)
Example (Cont..)
• Is this correctly written? – Peter has at least two children. – ∃x,y ParentOf(Peter, x) ParentOf(Peter, y) ∧
Resolution in FOL: Example
• Jack owns a dog. Every dog owner is an animal lover, and no animal lover kills an animal. Either Jack or Curiosity killed the cat, who is named Tuna.
• Did Curiosity kill the cat?
Resolution in ROL: Conjunctive Normal Form
• Jack owns a dog.
• Every dog owner is an animal lover.
• No animal lover kills an animal.
• Either Jack or Curiosity killed the cat, who is named Tuna.
• Did Curiosity kill the cat?
Resolution in ROL
Summary