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CASE STUDY
ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND FORESTRY
ACTIVITIES IN FOREST VILLAGES
IN MERSIN PROVINCE FROM THE POINT OF MEDITERRANEAN FORESTRY
Villages : Olukkoyagi, Inköy, Ardiçli, Kesli, Emirler, Eminlik & Kusçular
Melekber SULUSOGLU November 2004
SILVA MEDITERRANEA
SILVA MEDITERRANEA Projet «Forêts méditerranéennes et développement durable »
PLAN BLEU/ FAO PROJECT
CONTRIBUTION OF FOREST RESOURCES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
A CASE STUDY CONDUCTED IN TURKEY, MERSIN
(Villages: Olukkoyagi, Inköy, Ardiçli, Kesli, Emirler, Eminlik and Kusçular )
By
Dr.Melekber SÜLÜSOGLU
Dr.Ahmet SENYAZ
Dr.Ersin YILMAZ
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CASE STUDY IN TURKEY SUMMARY
A case study has been conducted in 7 forest villages of Mersin Province, Tarsus town in Turkey in order to determine contribution of Mediterranean forestry to sustainable development, in particular, livelihoods of forest villagers under the auspices of FAO and Blue Plan. With this study, forest resources and their impacts on forest villagers located in Mediterranean Region were investigated.
To this end, opinion of local people, forestry staff and other stakeholders who have interest in forest resource management have been collected by using a participatory method. At the end of the survey sample scenarios for sustainable forestry practices have been formulated for the Region. In addition, attention of local authorities, ministries and related institutions have been drawn in order to build partnership and promote dialogue among them.
FRENCH SUMMARY
(Villages forestiers de Mersin)
Résumé de l’étude : L’étude de cas a été conduite, sous les auspices de la FAO et le plan bleu, dans 7 villages forestiers de la province de Mersin, ville de Tarse en Turquie. L’objectif de l’étude est de déterminer la contribution de la forêt méditerranéenne au développement durable, en particulier, la vie des populations des villages forestiers. L’étude a concerné les ressources forestières et leurs impacts sur les villages forestiers situés dans la région méditerranéenne. À cette fin, l'opinion des populations locales, du personnel forestier et des autres partenaires concernés par la gestion des ressource forestières a été recueillie en en utilisant une méthode participative. Ainsi, des exemples de scénarios de pratiques de gestion forestière durable ont été formulées pour la région. En outre, l’étude a permis d’attirer l’attention des autorités locales, des ministères et des institutions concernés en vue de l’établissement d’un partenariat et favoriser le dialogue entre les différents protagonistes.
2005, 55 pages
Key words: Mediterranean Region, forest resources, sustainable management, protection natural
resources
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This case study is the result of strong collaboration and contribution of people from FAO , Plan Blue
and Ministry of Environment and Forestry in Turkey.
Special thanks to Mersin Regional Directorate of Forest, South-East Forestry Research Institute and
Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry in Mersin for their active participation and
supports. Appreciation is also extended to Mr. Jean De Montgolfier and Mr. Luc Dassonville, who
are consultant and coordinator of Silva-Mediterranea/Plan Blue Regional Project, for their guidance
and support.
And thanks go to inhabitants of Olukkoyagi, Inköy, Ardiçli, Kesli, Emirler, Eminlik and Kusçular villages.
Also, special thanks to all participants for their contribution in all stages of the studies.
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CONTENTS
Summary
Acknowledgements
List of tables
List of figures
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Purpose of the Survey
1.2. General Features of the Survey Area
1.2.1. Geographical situation
1.2.2. Background
1.2.3. Ecological features
1.2.3.1. Climate
1.2.3.2. Soil structure
1.2.3.4. Vegetation
1.2.4. Settlements
1.2.5. Ownership and management of forests
2. METHOD OF SURVEY
2.1. Preparatory Meeting and Field Trip
2.2. Participatory Activities with Villagers and Interested Groups
2.3. Compiling Statistical Data
2.4. Organizing a Workshop in Mersin and Building the Scenarios
2.5. Awareness Raising Trip
3. FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY
3.1. Survey Results in the Villages
3.1.1. General information about the villages
3.1.1.1. Olukkoyagi village
3.1.1.2. Inköy village
3.1.1.3. Ardiçli village
3.1.1.4. Kesli village
3.1.1.5. Kusçular village
3.1.1.6. Eminlik Village
3.1.1.7. Emirler Village
3.1.2. Results drawn by mapping and H form
3.1.2.1. Positive opinions of the villagers on natural resources, forests resources and activities
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3.1.2.2. Negative opinions and scores of the villagers on natural resources, forests resources and activities
3.1.2.3. Recommendations and scores of the villagers for improvement of region, natural resources, forests resources and activities
3.2. Results from Negotiations with Line Agencies in the Region
3.2.1. Mersin and Tarsus Municipality
3.2.2. District Directorate of Tarsus (Local governor)
3.2.3. Mersin Regional Directorate of Forestry and Mersin provincial Directorate of Forestry
3.2.4. Problems in agriculture and activities of Mersin Provincial Directorate of Agriculture
3.2.5. Activities Tarsus Provincial Directorate of National Education
3.2.6. Activities on Mother-Child Healthy in Tarsus
3.2.7. Activities of Religion Department Tarsus (Mufti)
3.2.8. Activities by Directorate of Rural Services
3.2.9. Activities by Poultry firm
3.2.10. Activities of NGO’s
3.3. Economic Structure and Main Income Sources in Region
3.3.1. Status of forestry sector and its contribution to regional economy
3.3.1.1. Forest resources in Mediterranean Region and its importance to Turkish Forestry
3.3.1.2. Forest resources in Mersin
3.3.1.4. Forestry activities in Region
3.3.1.5. Important non-wood Forest Products
3.3.1.6. Factors which threats the natural structure and forests in the region
3.3.1.7. Contribution to regional Economy of Forest resources
3.3.1.8. Relations between villagers and forestry departments
3.3.2. Vegetative production and economical importance for region
3.3.2.1. Crop production
3.3.2.2. Horticultural plants
3.3.2.3. Agricultural equipment and machinery in the region
3.3.2.4. Main problems faced with in vegetative production
3.3.3. Livestock and animal products in the region
3.3.3.1. Cattle, sheep and goat breeding
3.3.3.2. Poultry (Broiler)
3.3.3.3. Beekeeping activities
3.3.3.4. Main problems in livestock production
3.3.3.5. Nomadic animal raising
3.3.4. Credit possibilities in the region
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3.3.5. Marketing of agricultural products
3.4. Social Structure in the Region
3.4.1. Social relations in the settlements
3.4.2. Social problems in the villages of the research area
3.4.3. The ability to organize of the people in the region and the cooperative structure
3.5. Demographic Structure
3.6. Public Services in the Region
3.6.1. Education system
3.6.2. Transportation and Communication services
3.6.3. Electricity, sewerage system and water waste treatment
3.6.4. Health services
3.6.5. Other services
3.7. Results of Workshop and building the scenarios
3.8. Results of Awareness Raising Trip
3.8.1. Bilinçlendirme gezisi yapilan köylerdeki gelisme süreci
3.8.2. Bilinçlendirme gezisinin çalisma bölgesindeki köylüler üzerinde etkileri
4. CONSEQUENCES AND SUGGESTIONS
REFERENCE
ANNEX
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1. General information on the villages
Table 1.2. Long term climatic data
Table 2.1. Participatory activities carried out in the villages
Table 3.1. Dissemination of opinions resource use in region and activities of forest department
Table 3.2. Income sources and importance to villagers
Table 3.3. Ranking resource uses in the Region* (Participatory studies)
Table 3.4. Distribution of forested area by the region in Turkey (ha)
Table 3.5. Forest Resource in Mediterranean Regional Directorates (ha)
Table 3.6. Change in forest resources in Tarsus Forest District for 10 years (ha)
Table 3.7. Situation of forested areas in survey region
Table 3.8. The activities of Inköy micro catchments project (2000-2003)
Table 3.9. Private afforestation in Mersin
Table 3.10. Relations of villagers with forest resources
Table 3.11. Distribution of Agricultural activities in the villages
Table 3.12. Distribution of land size by number of households.
Table 3.13. Agricultural Land use in the region
Table 3.14. Field crops (da)
Table 3.15. Distribution of fruit plantation areas (da)
Table 3.16. Agricultural Equipments and Machinery in the region
Table 3.17. Animal breeding for milk production
Table 3.18. In the region feeding and care condition of the animals and fodder production
Table 3.19. Poultry production in the villages.
Table 3.20. Beekeeping in the region
Table 3.21. Problems in livestock production and scores
Table 3.22. ORKÖY credits in the region
Table 3.23. Influential People and level of their influence
Table 3.24. Demographic structure in the region
Table 3.25. Education condition in the region
Table 3.26. Courses requested by villagers
Table 3.27. Transportation and communication
Table 3.28. Other services
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1. Local Surveys with Olukkoyagi,Inköy and Ardiçli villagers
Figure 3.2. Local surveys with Emirler, Eminlik, Kesli and Kusçular villagers
Figure 3.3.Studies with Ministry of Environment and Forestry Departments
Figure 3.4.Study with Mersin Provincial Directorate of Agriculture
Figure 3.5. Study with Tarsus Provincial Directorate of National Education
Figure 3.6.Study with Tarsus Mother-Child Health Service
Figure 3.7. Study with Mufti
Figure 3.8. Studies with Poultry Firms
Figure 3.9. General view from region and aforestation area
Figure 3.10. The bridge has been closed result of the erosion and aforestation areas for combating with erosion
Figure 3.11. Grazing activities in forest area (Emirler village)
Figure 3.12. Distribution of Farming Families in the villages
Figure 3.13. Distribution of agricultural activities in the villages
Figure 3.14. Distribution of arable land by size (da)
Figure 3.15. Awareness trip
Figure 3.16. Green houses and citrus areas in the Üçtepe village
Figure 3.17. Soil structure in study areas (left) and in the awareness trip areas (right)
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ANNEXES
Annex 4. General information about the villages
Annex 2. Activities carried out with institutions
Annex 3. Scenario 1.
Annex 4. Scenario 2.
Annex 5. The activities and responsibilities of institutions in scenario 2
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Purpose of the Survey
Forest is one of the important natural resources of the countries. Forests, which are renewable natural
resources, have several economic, social, cultural and environmental functions such as providing
wood and non-wood materials, offering recreational areas and protecting soil and regulating water
regime. Therefore, forests have to be planned and managed in such a way as to provide all society with
benefits from forests and to protect them, considering sustainable development.
In recent years, increase in the world population, initiatives for economic growth and social
improvement have been main factors for increased demands from forests. Concern about food
security, climatic change, depletion of Ozone layer, and desertification have become key
environmental challenges. As these threats have increased, forests have been attached more attention
and as a result, main changes in general policies of the countries have taken place. Rapid urbanization,
increased awareness on environmental issues, effective NGOs initiatives and their roles as a pressure
group, have been increasingly growing importance of local administrations have caused some
important changes. Countries have accelerated to planning activities of forests in a sustainable manner.
Providing data base, proper monitoring system and sharing information are of vital importance in
preparation of forest management plans. All these efforts provide an opportunity for countries located
on the same region to build partnership and share information in sustainable forest management. An
important partnership between Blue Plan and Silva-Mediterranea has been created under the Regional
Project which is aimed at seeking contributions of forestry to sustainable development. Under this
Project some case studies have been planned to conduct in some countries. Main purpose of case
studies is to create an outlook for future forestry in the Region and it’s contribution to sustainable
development.
Case study intends to determine the expectations of stakeholders from forest resources for the future,
considering ecological, economic, social and cultural factors and interaction between them. As a
result of the surveys, scenarios including proposal for the solutions have been formulated.
Ministry of Environment and Forestry in Turkey has participated in the Project being as a
Mediterranean country. Seven forest villages have been selected in Mersin Province, which is located
on South- Eastern Part of Turkey. Base-line surveys seeking economic and social conditions of the
villages have been conducted.
In the survey area most of the lands are scattered and agricultural lands are very limited. In most
villages other land-free sources for subsistence such as live-stock breeding are gaining more
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importance. In this circumstance, illegal grazing, encroachment, illegal hunting, illegal non-wood
forest harvesting have been seen in the region.
There is no way to manage forests without considering people living in the forested areas and having
improper life conditions. In recent years initiatives have been increased to involve forest villagers in
sustainable forest management and their full participation has been sought. In this survey status of
natural resources and forestry activities have been examined and existing subsistence sources have
been discussed and recommendations and proposals for actions have been made.
In addition, other stakeholders involved and other public institutions have been involved in these
scenario activities. Thus, scope of the activities have been enlarged.
It is believed that findings of the survey will contribute to all regions where forestry activates have
been carried out, particularly in Mediterranean region.
1.2. General Features of the Survey Area
1.2.1. Geographical situation
Survey region covers 7 villages in Mersin Province, in Tarsus town. These villages are located on the
western part and high altitude. These are at the transition zone between Mediterranean and Central
Anatolia where encompass Taurus and Bolkar mountains. (Içel-Tarsus-Inköy Micro Catchments
Pro-Report, 2002 General Directorate of Rural Affair).
Kesli and Ardiçli has the highest altitude in region. Winters in this villages are generally harsh. While
average altitude of forest villages in Turkey is over 500 m, average altitude of Kesli and Ardiçli is 969
m.
Eminlik, Ardiçli and Olukkoyagi are located on slope land, Kesli on ridge, and Emirler, Kusçular and
Inköy on foot of mountain.
Inköy has the nearest distance from its town, which is 45 km away. On the other hand, Olukkoyagi
has the furthest distance from its town, which is 67 km away (Table 1.1.).
Table 1.1. General information on the villages
Villages Altitude (m) Distance from town (km) Olukkoyagi 910 67 Inköy 900 45 Ardiçli 1050 55 Kesli 1150 60 Eminlik 950 55 Emirler 850 60 Kusçular 970 53 Average 969 56,4
Reference: Participatory studies
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Villages in the region have short distances from each other and the other villages vicinity to them.
Region has been divided by highway. On one side, Inköy and Ardiçli, on the other side Olukkoyagi
Kesli, Eminlik, Emirler and Kusçular are suited.
1.2.2. Background
Foundation date of the villages are unknown. However, local people are mostly immigrant known as
“yoruk” and growing goats. Over the last four decades supports from public institutions, some
advantageous of permanent settlements have caused them to give up immigration. Also, improved
communication networks, spread of modern agricultural techniques have made an effect on acceptance
of permanent settlement.
1.2.3. Ecological features
1.2.3.1. Climate
Region is located on the transition zone between Central Anatolia and Mediterranean Region.
Mediterranean Climate type has dominated on the region which is characterized by hot and dry
summer and rainy and warm winter season. Extreme temperature in summer is 36 degrees. Annual
average temperature is 14-18oC. In winter temperature is minus 0oC. A few number of days have risky
for freezing (Table 1.2).
These area is more rainy than Mediterranean sub region. Precipitation has been seen as snow and
serve as a basis for spring water. Climate is very dry and irrigation is necessary especially in dry
seasons. North winds dry vegetation and cause forest fires on Göksu valley.
Table 1.2. Long term climatic data
Months Average temperature
(oC)
Maximum temperature
( oC)
Minimum temperature
(oC)
Precipitation (mm)
Average relative
humidity (%)
Average wind speed
(m/sn)
Number of days
freezing January 3,5 17,1 -7,6 184,9 70 1,0 2,5
February 1,5 17,3 -6,3 108,7 72 1,0 1,0 March 8,5 23,3 -3,6 116,3 70 1,8 0,5 April 12,4 32,4 -1,5 66,2 63 1,7 0 May 16,5 33,4 3,9 85,1 66 1,6 0 June 20,9 35,7 8,9 41,8 61 1,6 0 July 23,6 36,3 12,1 10,2 63 1,7 0
August 23,5 35,4 12,4 5,2 48 1,7 0 September 20,5 36,0 8,4 22,3 55 1,7 0
October 15,2 31,3 2,5 45,7 58 1,9 0 November 10,0 24,4 -3,0 85,4 64 1,8 0,2 December 6,2 19,0 -6,6 210,1 72 1,9 0,9
Annual 13,8 36,3 -7,6 981,8 64 1,7 5,2
Reference: Records of Çamliyayla/Tarsus Meteorogical Station
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1.2.3.2. Soil structure
In Inköy, Olukkoyagi and Ardiçli soil is classified as brown soil, medium and weight texture and deep
and medium deep soil. From Kesli to Emirler and Eminlik soils are very stony. Soil is very shallow
and villagers have difficulty in ploughing the soil by man power or plow.
1.2.3.4. Vegetation
Mediterranean forests are of vital importance to Turkish forestry. Taurus mountains, ascending to a
height of 2000 m have located on this region. Region has been divided into three sub-region.
Mediterranean sub-region, Mediterranean mountainous region and Mediterranean meadows.
Mediterranean sub-region has mainly consisted of maquis and red pine forests as well as quercus, wild
olive, sandal, laurel etc. Mediterranean meadows which is located above a height of 2000 m, doesn’t
have any tree species, instead, mountainous meadows and steppe grass can grow on these region. In
the Mediterranean mountainous region altitude is between 1000-2000 m, and coniferous forests which
consist of cedar, black pine and fir dominate in this area. There is a buffer zone between sub
Mediterranean and Mediterranean mountainous region and some oak and juniper species grow on area
(Atalay, 2002).
Taurus mountains represents micro climatic areas. There is vegetation cover of richness.
Cehennemdere ve Kadincik valleys have variety and richness of vegetation. Main sources of water
have been created by this region. Survey area is located on mountainous area over the plan Tarsus.
There are cedar, fir and red pine in Ardiçli, Inköy and Olukkoyagi. Other villages have also same tree
species and there are also maquis fixed with laurel tree in Emirler and Eminlik villages.
1.2.4. Settlements
All settlements are gathered up. All forest villagers are located in forested areas. Kesli has 3
Olukkoyagi 1 neighboring. Other don’t have any. There are 1035 households in the region.
Most of the buildings are empty and they are occupied by some families in Summer season.
Olukkoyagi has the largest number of households (350).
Most houses have title deed and registered. Main materials to construct building are stone, brick and
wooden. Houses have generally two flats. First floor is allocated for hayloft, woodshed and warehouse
and second floor is allocated for the families.
Land Cadastral has been completed in all villages. However, forest cadastre has not completed in
Kusçular.
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1.2.5. Ownership and management of forests
Forest are managed by Ministry of Environment and Forestry and belonging to Government. After the
establishment of the Republic of Turkey, forest definition was first done in the forest Law, dated
18.2.1937 and no 3116. In the first original text of the law, forest definition was mentioned as “United
trees and shrubs which were grown by themselves or by workforce and give any kind of forest return
or yield are defined as forest with their habitats”.
After the cadastral studies in 1940, the Nationalize Law was put into effect in 1945. It was mentioned
in the article 2 (B) of the “Nationalize Law” No.4785, private stone pine forests in Kozak/Izmir have
been left outside the content of the Nationalization Law. This definition has never been revised so far.
Definition only contains the stone pines which were determined to be in the private lands at the date
when the law was put into effect. This region has great importance for this reason and there is no other
sample in Turkey.
Responsibility of management of the forest resources is given by law to the General Directorate of
Forestry (GDF) under Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The afforestration activities have been
carried out by AGM and OGM. Erosion control, range grazing and producing of seedless of forest
species are executed by AGM. Improvement of degraded forests and protection forest activities are
executed by OGM. Conservation and improvement of forest biodiversity (ecosystem, species, genetics
and process diversities), to establish of National Parks and other protected areas are given to
responsibility of DMP. Incoming generating activities in forest villages is given responsibility of
ORKÖY. Forestry research activities have been coordinated by Research and Development
Department of Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Research studies should be strengthened and
improved. Training, public relations and awareness activities of the Ministry of Forestry, have been
executed by the departments at the Ministry and OGM central units, by the units at division director
level in other general Directorates (Turkey National Forestry Programme, 2004).
Policies in Five Year Development Plans which are approved by the Turkish Higher parliament and
have legal status should be accepted as formal forestry policies of the country. VIII, Five Year
Development Plan which is still operational, forestry principles have been placed with ecosystem
approach as below;
(i)Sustainability (ii) multi-purpose management and utilization (iii) Participation(iv) Biodiversity
Conservation (v) Contribution to Community Development and Stability.
The studies on determination of forestry policies, evaluation of the implementations and
improvements, have been carried out generally by the state forest organization (Ministry of
Environment and Forestry). Participation and contributions of other community parties are lacking. In
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order to fill in this deficiency, great efforts have been spent. However, in spite of these efforts,
participation of stakeholder groups except for forest organizations and forestry faculties is not at the
expected level,
The present forest law 6831 (enacted in 1956) recognized three categories of ownership as (1) state
forests; (2) forests belonging to public institutions with legal personality; (3) private forests (less than
20000 ha). Presently the ownership of over 99 % of the forest lands and resources belong to the state
and are the property of the Treasury. Responsibility of conservation management and utilization of
these forest resources on behalf of the state is given to the General Directorate of Forestry under the
Ministry of Forestry.
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2. METHOD OF SURVEY
Survey has been conducted under the 5 phases.
2.1. Preparatory Meeting and Field Trip
Initially general preparatory meeting was held and a field trip was taken (Figure 2.1. and 2.2.). This
meeting was attended by Mr. Luc Dassonville, project coordinator, Mr. Jean De Montgolfier, project
consultant, Head of Research and Development Department, Regional Director of Forests in Mersin,
Province Director of Environment and Forest in Mersin, representatives and researchers from South-
East Forestry Research Institute. At the end of the meeting villages to be included in the survey were
selected. Extent of forestry activities, the dependency of villagers on forest resources and income
situations were considered in the selection of the villages. All selected villages are located in the
forest.
Villages have been divided into two groups. First group includes Kesli, Eminlik, Emirler and Kusçular
villages. Income levels in these villages are highly low. Most of the villagers grow goats. There is high
pressure on protection forests especially on laurel trees. Second group includes Olukkoyagi, Inköy ve
Ardiçli villages. In these villages income sources have varied. Forestry activities are highly dense and
goat breeding remains at a low rate. Awareness on natural resource protection is higher and
infrastructure has been nearly completed.
Figure 2.1. Preparatory meeting
7 forest villages were visited and villagers were consulted and general information of villages was
gathered during the field trip. Mr. Luc Dassonville and Jean De Montgolfier attended field trip.
2.2. Participatory Activities with Villagers and Interested Groups
Opinions of men and women in the villages were collected through mapping, Venn diagram drawing
and H form filling (Table 2.1.). Mapping is the first step of participatory surveys. People concentrate
on physical assets and natural resources and values in the villages and draw a map indicating main
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points. With this map they are able to determine main threats and opportunities in the villages and
make some recommendations to make the situation improved.
Figure 2.2. Field trip
Second step is Venn diagram. With this diagram, main resource users and their interactions with other
stakeholders have been determined. Villagers have determined which user group has influence over
resource use or interact with others.
Villagers declare themselves, private sector, saw mills, transporters, municipality and forest
department as main user groups. With H form villagers determine main weakness and strengths about
forest resource management in the villages. By using H form a question was asked people to answer
“are you satisfied with forestry department’s policy and resource management” and expectations of
people from forest resources were noted.
People work in groups. Enough time has been allocated to villagers to think in comfort. Every villager
has pencil and stick to express his feelings freely. All opinions have been attached with the form and
they have been demonstrated to everyone. People vote recommendations and give priority to them.
Main points at this survey are getting people involved in the survey and make the things visible
enough. There is no intervention and direction by surveyor during the survey. General information
about villages are given in Annex 1.
After the village surveys, information was gathered on the activities of line agencies carried out
currently and to be carried out in the future (Annex 2).
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Table 2.1. Participatory activities carried out in the villages
Villages Activities
Inköy, Ardiçli, Kesli,
Kusçular
Mapping, Venn diagram, H form activities
with men and women
Eminlik Because of work season women in that village refused to participate in activities.
Because of unwillingness to attend in activities only H forms were formed.
Olukkoyagi, Emirler Mapping, Venn diagram and H form were drawn with male participants, but due to
unwillingness of female participants only mapping were formed and their
recommendations were received.
2.3. Compiling Statistical Data
At this stage statistical data of regional economic and social structure and forest resources was
compiled. Some literature surveys were done.
2.4. Organizing a Workshop in Mersin and Building the Scenarios
A workshop was organized in Mersin. All the interested groups (villagers, NGO’s and governmental
institutions) studied in collaboration in this workshop. They developed 2 scenarios. First one was
about good situation that local people will have enough financial and technical support for their
development. The other scenario was pessimistic one that villagers will continue to use all resources in
unsustainable way. The scenarios were developed for a period of 20 years. Questionnaire has also
been used for determining existing situation in the villages. This also contributes to gather information
on natural resources in region. Questionnaires have been completed by men and muhtars in the
villages.
2.5. Awareness Raising Trip
2 villagers from every village joined to awareness trip. There are greenhouses in these villages and
people produce tomatoes, cucumber and roses. One of these villagers produces some vegetables in the
field. The soil on the fields was gathered from the degraded forest areas. Irrigation water was also
provided from the place at 30 km distance from villages. Nowadays, the villagers in these villages
have chance to export these products.
During field surveys, forest villagers have been informed about some income generating activities and
probable development initiatives and public institution’s projects for the villages. However, villagers
are generally reluctant to adopt any new initiatives without seeing consequences of some sample
initiatives.
That approach has allowed to building awareness of the villagers on applicability of some initiatives in
their villages as well.
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3. FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY
3.1. Survey Results in the Villages
3.1.1. General information about the villages
3.1.1.1. Olukkoyagi village
There are 350 households and population is 800 (Figure 3.1.). There is no out migration in the village.
Village people respect towards the traditions. Forests have been degraded due to long-standing grazing
almost for 30-40 years. Therefore some people in the village went to Adana for agricultural works.
With the initiative of forest department some forestry activities such as rehabilitation and afforestation
have resulted in creating incomes for the villagers. People living in Olukkoyagi, Inköy and Ardiçli
village have worked at forestry activities every year. They are aware that income generation from
forestry activities have contributed to their living conditions. Protection of forests in the villages also
prevents people from flood and erosion. Villagers request government to support goat breeding and
beekeeping.
The most important source of income is poultry in Olukkoyagi village. After good income has been
gained in Inköy village, since 1997 poultry has become important income source in Olukkoyagi as
well. In recent years orchard farm have been attached attention. In recent years orchard farms have
been paid attention. When irrigation water project is completed, agricultural activities in the villages
will increase. Villagers want to grow cherry as well.
This village is the only village that has secondary school.
3.1.1.2. Inköy village
There is 190 households in village. Population is 713 (Figure 3.1.). A micro-catchments project that
is funded by World Bank was executed. Afforestation and rehabilitation activities carried out in the
village under the project have resulted in raised awareness of people. Rehabilitation activities create
work opportunity for the villagers. Support of public institutions for poultry and livestock breeding has
been positive results. Inköy is the first village where poultry activities first initiated. Coops are
promoted after income of villagers from forestry increase. At the beginning coops were constructed
near the houses. However because of wastes extracted, coops have been constructed on the areas far
from houses. There has been primary school in Inköy since 1951. School building was restored in
2004. There is also health center in village, but it is close due to absence of personnel.
3.1.1.3. Ardiçli village
There are 220 households and population is 600 (Figure 3.1.). Project wanted villagers to give up goat
growing for successful afforestation. People have stopped growing goat and sold their goats and
11
settled in the village. They have undergone adaptation problem after nomadic life. Villagers refused to
psychological treatment. There is poultry in this village. Because of costly investment it has not been
common. Main source of income is forestry. There is a cooperative of 200 members. Village legal
entity is very active. Timber sells with standing volume has been demanded by villagers if contractor
available. They have requested government to invest in village.
Inköy
Ardiçli
Olukkoyagi
Figure 3.1. Local Surveys with Olukkoyagi,Inköy and Ardiçli villagers
3.1.1.4. Kesli village
There are 70 households. Population of village is 350 (Figure 3.2.). Goat and sheep breeding is
common. Villagers also grow wheat and barley. They also produce cheese to the extend they meet
their own needs. They requested forestry department employment for harvesting. Main problem of the
people in the village is to be reluctant to team work. There is conflict between the old and the young.
Irrigation facilities are limited. Support has been required for poultry and fattening breeding. Women
are conscious on benefits of non-wood forest products. They have required training on production of
12
these products. First founder of cooperative in village was a lady. She was also chairwoman of the
cooperative. She has participated in the survey. Great efforts have been done for reviving the existing
cooperative.
Emirler
Eminlik
Kesli
Kusçular
Figure 3.2. Local surveys with Emirler, Eminlik, Kesli and Kusçular villagers
13
3.1.1.5. Kusçular village
There are 70 households. Population of village is 180 (Figure 3.2.). Out migration has stopped and
people began to return village. Laurel has been grown in the village. There is goat grazing in forest
area. Protected areas have increased due to regeneration activities. That narrows grazing areas. The
have intended to stop breeding goats. There is need for investment in livestock breeding. It will be
difficult for villagers to replace released grazing with breeding in the barn. Main problem in the
village is insufficient water. They requested Government to construct water pond in the village. Only
single crop is grown in a year. The next year, lands are fallowed. If the water is available, second crop
will be able to be grown. There is wild pistachio and may be grafted. Wheat, barley, walnut and
pomegranate fruits have been grown by rain fed. Province Authority has delivered these kinds of seeds
at a low rate. Range improvement activities have been demanded by Ministry of Agriculture.
Cultivated mushroom production may be supported. Cooperative is active in this village. Merging two
cooperatives in Emirler and Kusçular was proposed but not accepted by the villagers.
3.1.1.6. Eminlik Village
There are 55 households. Population of village is 120 (Figure 3.2.). Young population has decreased.
Due to the insufficient forest land, forestry activities are limited. Villagers request to invest in
livestock breeding in order to stop immigration. There are 6 mushroom species around the village.
Arable land is limited. Problem of water is about to solve. There was conflict during the muhtar
election. That effected cooperative activities negatively.
3.1.1.7. Emirler Village
There are 80 households. Population of village is 300 (Figure 3.2.). Living condition has been
improved by irrigation water in the village. Emirler is one of the villages where illegal cuttings are
common. In recent years illegal cuttings have fallen due to the limited forest land and people’s
awareness. Emirler village has not wanted to protect the laurel areas because of grazing there are
numerous wild olive woods and wild pistachios (Pistacia terabentus) in the region. Villagers
requested government to graft wild olives on the areas between Emirler and Çokak. Capari is widely
growing. Because of heavy grazing it has not been able to be protected. In the area afforestation by the
village legal entity will benefit for people. There are 17 thyme species. With the protection of the areas
populations of the species have increased. Over time these areas have been planned to give people.
This is a poor village and modern home materials are very few.
3.1.2. Results drawn by mapping and H form
It can be drawn by the grade on H forms that villagers believe themselves to underestimate natural
resources surrounding villages (Table 3.1.).
14
Table 3.1. Dissemination of opinions resource use in region and activities of forest department
Participants Grade Opinion Village Sex Number
of person Age
average Resource
use Forest
resource use
Forestry activities
Positive (%)
Negative (%)
Male 11 48,5 5.0 5.0 1.9 44,0 56,0 Olukkoyagi Female** 9 49,2 - - - 35,7 64,3
Male 18 46,8 4.9 1.5 6.9 47,8 52,2 Inköy Female 15 38,5 5.9 6.1 6.4 52,4 47,6 Male 26 45,1 2.1 6.6 5.6 38,9 61,1 Ardiçli
Female 10 37,5 4.1 3.6 5.7 31,6 68,4 Male 9 48,2 2.2 9.2 9.6 42,1 57,9 Kesli
Female 14 28,7 3.7 8.3 1.7 45,0 55,0 Male 14 38,0 1.9 9.5 9.5 46,7 53,3 Kusçular
Female 15 31,6 5.3 9.6 8.0 38,1 61,9 Male ** 18 45,4 - - - 31,6 68,4 Eminlik Female
** - - - - - - -
Male 13 38.5 4.2 5.6 1.9 44,0 56,0 Emirler Female
** 6 42,5 - - - 40,0 60,0
Male 3,4 6,2 5,9 Female 4,8 6,9 5,5
Average
General 3,9 6,5 5,7 Forest
Department Male 8 39,8 6,0 5,3 7,2 60,7 39,3
* Grading is made between 0-10. Average of the points given by villagers. ** No point available
However, importance of forest resources has been well known by the villagers. They found forest
department’s activities semi-satisfactory. It is clear that villagers are not satisfied with the
implementations of laurel production. Villagers in Olukkoyagi have found forestry services
inadequate. In Kesli men are very satisfied with forestry activities carried out by forestry department,
but women don’t agree with this opinion. They consider that wildlife reserves have not been protected
effectively by forestry department. They complain on the lack of assessment and promotion of non-
wood forest products. In Kusçular most of the villagers are satisfied with the forestry activities carried
out by forestry department. Their grade are very high on the H form (Table 3.1.). In conclusion
Villagers other than those who lives in Eminlik ve Emirler are aware of forest resources and concern
about degradation of these resources.
Opinions about resources using can be divided into two categories. First one is positive other is
negative. In general, positive opinions are more than negative ones (Table 3.1.).
3.1.2.1. Positive opinions of the villagers on natural resources, forests resources and activities
?? There is no out-migration in region. However, There is concern about that unemployment will cause The youth to leave villages for finding job in city center and settle there in the future.
?? People living in the village benefit from clean air, water and intrinsic values of the forest. Despite a number of difficulties, they’d rather live in the country than the city.
15
?? Everyone in the villages has arable land. They grow grain on these agricultural lands.
?? Over the last decade initiatives for establishing cooperatives have accelerated.
?? Agricultural Department organize training courses on beekeeping, fodder production etc.
?? For the young girls in villages some training courses on handicrafts production are organized by Agricultural Directorate and Publish Education Directorate
?? Health checks of the children in the villages were taken place regularly up to last two years. Established mobile teams served women and children on birth control and child health.
?? Relation between forest department and forest villagers is good. Upon request, forest department makes contributions to activities in the villages.
?? Forest roads are being used to access agricultural lands.
?? Wood material was provided by forest. Wood is the main fuel source in region.
?? Working in the forest is a main income source of the villagers.
?? Forest is of vital importance to villagers for livestock raising. They gaze their animals on the open areas in the forest.
?? They collect some non-wood forest products such as mushroom, thyme, snail and laurel. They use them for their needs and sell a portion of them to the markets. They also collect some herbs for medicinal use and spices.
?? Forest is also suitable for beekeeping.
?? Recently, illegal lodging and forest fires have decreased in number. The villagers are aware of detrimental effects of illegal hunting. They appreciated protection activities of wild animals and the increment on the number of wild animals.
?? Some activities such as afforestation and erosion control protect soil loss and flood. As a result villages have been rehabilitated and restored.
3.1.2.2. Negative opinions and scores of the villagers on natural resources, forests resources and activities
?? Frequently there has been electricity cut, due to insufficient infrastructure. That causes difficulty in lighting and heating, especially for poultry producers. (62)
?? Roads need maintaining. Beekeepers and other villagers have difficulty in going up to meadows and agricultural lands, because of bumpy roads. (109)
?? There is not sufficient amount of water in the villages. People dealing with animal raising have to carry the required water by tankers. Poultry farms are out of the villages and there is no watering system for them. In addition, there is no any water ponds, either. Villagers are not able to get benefit from water sources around the villages (218).
?? There is no school in the villages other than Olukkoyagi. Mobile education system cause some troubles for the villagers in Kesli, Emirler, Kusçular ve Eminlik (53)
?? There is not sufficient course on computer, handcraft and foreign language for youth (50)
?? Ladies in Olukkoyagi, Kesli and Emirler complain about preventing children from studying at high school after secondary school (16).
?? There is no areas allocated to youth for sport and leisure activities. Children play on the road and face danger (29)
16
?? There is no health center serving people in the villages. Women still give birth to their children in the village (54)
?? There is no sewerage system in the villages (-)
?? There is no sufficient phone network and connection in the village (9)
?? Provision of subsidized wood material is not enough and at a high price (22)
?? Unemployment is a major concern in the villages. There s no income sources for youth other than working at forestry activities and farming (71)
?? Income from harvesting activities from forest is very low. Wages are not paid duly. Villagers only can provide their livelihood, they can’t save money to invest in any business (12)
?? Agricultural products are sold at a low rate. (12)
?? There is not enough range lands in the villages. Ban on animal grazing on afforestation areas put the villagers into trouble (13)
?? There is no basic centers such as extension office or veterinary center to make people known about raising animal (92)
?? Potential for beekeeping is not properly used (6)
?? Credits provided are not sufficient. Payback conditions are not convenient (3)
?? Because of insufficient education level, cooperative system has not improved. Villagers have difficulty in establishing and managing cooperatives. So, They don’t make use of credits provided for cooperatives (-)
?? Forest workers are not insured. In case of casualty, there is not relief for them (13)
?? During cadastral survey technicians included individual lands in to forested lands in Inköy and Emirler (0)
?? Mostly women work in the field. They don’t have economic freedom (14)
?? Protection activities for the wild animals is not sufficient. Number of species such as wild goat, jackal and partridge have declined (3)
?? Poultry farms cause environmental issues in Olukkoyagi and Inköy. Manures stink (19)
?? Villagers are against with clear cut harvesting (10).
3.1.2.3. Recommendations and scores of the villagers for improvement of region, natural resources, forests resources and activities
?? Cadastral surveys should be completed as soon as possible. The areas taken over by forestry agency as a result of cadastral surveys should be given back to villagers Arable lands in forests should be delivered to village people (5)
?? Municipalities should provide some vehicles with villages for mass transportation (3).
?? Health centers should be established in central places that will be able to serve all villages as well (57).
?? To stop accidents roads should be improved. Villagers can also participate in road constructions. Forest road should be constructed and range areas should be designed 65).
?? Forest villagers should be benefited from water resources in the forest more efficiently. The irrigation system and irrigation pools should be built (170).
17
?? A new school should be built between the villages. A library should be built in every village and should be put a computer for villagers. Some courses (computer, foreign language etc.) should be organized by the education institution. Education of girls should be paid special attention (82)
?? Electric transformers should be repaired in partnership with villagers (65)
?? Sport areas should be designed in the village. Forest agency should support in the construction of football pitch in the village (35)
?? Transmitters for TV broadcasting should be strengthened (4)
?? Network for mobile phone connection should be improved (0).
?? During the forestry activities all the works should be done by forest villagers as soon as possible (10)
?? Some facilities (sewing, carpet business and handcraft) for ladies to enjoy themselves should be constructed (57).
?? Round-wood and fuel-wood subsidies should be continued to provide at lower prices
?? Support should be given for marketing non-wood products such as thyme, laurel. Forest villagers (especially wanted by women) should be trained on harvesting and evaluating of non-wood forest products
?? Subsidized price for wood and fuel wood should be determined with villagers. (9)
?? Forest workers should be insured. (16
?? Afforestation areas should be opened for controlled- grazing (1)
?? Beekeeping activities should be supported and improved (16).
?? Viniculture should be supported in the region (0)
?? Animals for breeding should be provided and villagers should be supported to fodder production (125)
?? Cooperatives should be supported and people should be encouraged to establish cooperatives. (21).
?? A portion of the villagers in Eminlik want forestry department to support for goat raising(18)
?? Villagers should be educated on animal raising (17)
?? Poultry farming should be supported and improved (38).
?? Afforestation areas should be determined taking into consideration range lands requirements of the villagers (8
?? Hunting pigs that have destructive affects on agricultural crops should not be banned
?? Credit for ORKÖY activities should be increased (especially for sheep breeding and poultry)
?? Collecting place for manure should be built (3).
?? Clear cutting should be stopped. (3)
?? Villager should be trained on plowing techniques and soil protection (1)
18
?? Grazing in the forest should be banned not only for goats but also other animals People should raise their goat in a closed buildings (14
?? Forestry agency should be strengthened to protect and maintain forests
?? Areas needed for afforestation should be afforested (13).
?? Poultries should be constructed out of the village
3.2. Results from Negotiations with Line Agencies in the Region
3.2.1. Mersin and Tarsus Municipality
Major of Mersin Municipality and Major of Tarsus expressed their pleasure to get informed on
forestry activities and express their gratitude for forestry activities. They believe that Province
coordination meetings will make a great contribution to collaboration among institutions. Tarsus
Municipality will also make contribution to dissemination of survey results to the villagers.
3.2.2. District Directorate of Tarsus (Local governor)
Public institutions in the region have worked under the auspices of local governor. These villages have
made use of social development fund through Local Governor. Local Governor stated that he will
support the project activities in the villages.
3.2.3. Mersin Regional Directorate of Forestry and Mersin provincial Directorate of Forestry
H form was made with them (Figure 3.3) and their recommendations are given in below.
?? Coordination should be created between MOF and other institutions for development of villages and protection of natural resources
?? Harvesting operations should be controlled in the forests
?? Some forest areas should be allocated to agro-forestry activities
?? Staff should be retained from political pressure and should be motivated
?? Forestry policy should be reformulated according to needs of the villagers
?? Some seminar should be organized to make people awakened on nature protection
?? Forest agencies should be in good relations with people
?? Forest agencies should be in good relations with people
?? Better dialogue should be built between forest departments and NGOs
?? Incoming activities should be carried out together with Ministry of Agriculture
?? Control should be strengthened in the villages to prevent illegal hunting
?? Endemic species should be protected and publicized
?? Non-wood forest product should be harvested by taking protective measures into account
?? Garbage stored in the forests should be banned
?? Forests should be managed by multi-purposes
19
?? Staff should be appointed by a formulated appointment board
?? Staff should be worked at the same places at least 5 years
?? Cooperatives which are very efficient in development should be supported
?? Income generating trees should be selected during the afforestation
?? Forest villagers should participate in the forest planning
?? Accountability of the Local authorities should be enhanced
?? Crafting and handcrafting should be supported in the villages
?? Private forest establishment should be supported for protection of forest
?? Water resources should be detected and protected
?? Eco-tourism should be encouraged
?? All activities should be explained to people and asked for their participation
Environment-Forest Provincial Directorate Tarsus District Directorate
Figure 3.3.Studies with Ministry of Environment and Forestry Departments
3.2.4. Problems in agriculture and activities of Mersin Provincial Directorate of Agriculture
The biggest problem is lack of irrigation water in this area. To solve irrigation problem in short-term,
irrigation ponds that have capacity of 200-400 ton have to be constructed. There are sanitary problems
in the barns. Less costly and well ventilated semi-open barns have to be constructed. Some sample
applications have been good results. Ventilation in existing barns has to be improved.
Figure 3.4.Study with Mersin Provincial Directorate of Agriculture
Provincial Directorate of Agriculture has supported villages through cooperatives (Figure 3.4.).
Training seminars have been organized for villagers on crop raising, fodder production and
20
processing. In addition, subventions, subsidies, veterinary services have been provided for villagers
through cooperatives. Cooperative should be established for providing villager with these services.
There is also potential for beekeeping because honey is valuable.
3.2.5. Activities Tarsus Provincial Directorate of National Education
Mobile education system is very common in the region. Selection of the schools in this system has
been organized by Provincial Directorate of National Education taking account of villager’s opinions
(Figure 3.5.). In Inköy and Ardiçli villages there are no transportation problems, due to the short
distance from the schools. However, for the other villagers there have been troubles in transporting
students because of long distance, especially in the winter. People living in these villages requested
government to build a school nearby their villages.
Figure 3.5. Study with Tarsus Provincial Directorate of National Education
3.2.6. Activities on Mother-Child Healthy in Tarsus
The most comprehensive healthy service has been given by Mother-child health center (Figure 3.6.).
They served people for family planning, reproductive health, and sexual health issues. The team also
trained young girls in the villages. However these services are not sufficient due to financial
constraints and team fails to serve effectively. The most vulnerable group is children and there is also
great demand of women for birth control. Therefore these activities should be continued and
improved.
Figure 3.6.Study with Tarsus Mother-Child Health Service
21
3.2.7. Activities of Religion Department Tarsus (Mufti)
Villagers have demanded for training on some of the aspects related to religion from Mufti. Religious
have influence on people in the villages. Mufti stated the survey would help to announce the problems
and recommendations for solving them (Figure 3.7.).
Figure 3.7. Study with Mufti
3.2.8. Activities by Directorate of Rural Services
This directorate is responsible for constructing village roads, infrastructure for irrigation and drinking.
These are the most critical activities in the region to be taken into account.
3.2.9. Activities by Poultry firm During the survey, some of the poultry firms have been negotiated
(Figure 3.8.).
Akyem Poultry Firm
Saray Poultry Firm
Figure 3.8. Studies with Poultry Firms
22
There are producers in every village linked to these firms. Since 1998 these firms have diverted their
investment to domestic markets and urged people to participate in poultry production by covering
some costs. These firms had also positive effects on the small producers as well. Main factors
effecting costs in poultry are quality of chicken, quality of feed and sanitary conditions.
3.2.10. Activities of NGO’s
There has not been any effective studies until now in the study area, but they have been planning some
activities to protection of forest and environment. The most known NGO’s are Turkish Foundation for
Combating Erosion, for Reforestation and Protection of Natural Habitats (TEMA) and Forest Village
Development Cooperatives Central Union (OR-KOOP).
3.3. Economic Structure and Main Income Sources in Region
Main income sources of the villagers are agricultural activities, forestry and animal breeding.
However, there are also villagers who provide their incomes from other activities such as grocer,
miller, baker, coffeehouse holder, lumberman and blacksmith. A few people go to Tarsus, Mersin and
Adana to work in railway construction, mining and forestry. Income sources of the villagers and their
importance has been given in Table 3.2. It is seen that sources of income in Olukoyagi and Inköy
vary, whereas, in Eminlik sources of income are fewest.
There is no income sources in the region such as weaving, handicrafts, wood engraving and working
in the field. However in Kesli women stated that incase of having an active cooperative they would be
able to market the products they produce and they required some courses on handicraft and weaving.
Table 3.2. Income sources and importance to villagers
Animal production Plant production
Village Poultry Grazing
Livestock Breeding
Beekeeping Fruit-vegetable
Field Mining Trade Forest
works NWFP*
Olukkoyagi 1 2 3 5 - 3 - 6 4 - Inköy 1 3 2 5 - - 7 6 4 -
Ardiçli 3 1 4 4 - - - 5 2 - Kesli - 1 - 3 - - - 4 2 -
Eminlik - 1 - - - - - 2 - - Emirler - 1 2 - - 3 - - 5 4
Kusçular - 1 4 - - 2 - 5 3 - *NWFP: Non-wood Forest Products.
Reference: Questionnaire studies
According to results from Venn diagram main user groups and relations of interest groups with
resource have been shown in Table 3.3. Villagers stated that forests represent one of the main income
sources. For this reason, the highest point have been given to forest resources. They are aware
themselves to be in closer relations with forest department. Forest villagers depend on forests and
involve in all activities of forestry. Likewise, they think private sector benefits from forest more than
villagers. They also state some natural resources such as water, meadows, lands and areas for hunting
23
have been used by them. However, utilization level of these resources has been rather low, compared
to forest resources.
Table 3.3. Ranking resource uses in the Region* (Participatory studies) User group Villagers Private sector** Public agencies***
Participatory group
Female Male Female Male Female Male
Resource Use relation Use Relation Use Relation Use Relation Use Relation Use Relation Wood 3,5 5,0 3,5 5,0 3,5 2,3 3,2 1,3 5,0 4,0 3,7 3,3
Hunting 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,3 0,5 0,6 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,2 NWFP* 0,4 2,2 0,4 2,2 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,5 Water 1,8 2,0 1,8 2,0 1,3 0,8 1,5 1,7 0,8 0,5 2,2 0,5
Agriculture 2,0 3,8 2,0 3,8 0,0 0,0 0,5 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Horticulture 0,5 1,0 0,5 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Poultry 1,3 2,5 1,3 2,5 1,3 1,0 1,3 0,8 0,5 0,8 0,8 0,7 Livestock 3,0 5,0 3,0 5,0 3,3 1,5 3,0 1,2 0,0 0,0 0,3 0,3
Bee-keeping 1,3 3,0 1,3 3,0 0,5 1,0 0,2 0,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Transportation 0,3 1,0 0,3 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,3 *5: The most usage of resource; 1: The least usage of resource 5:The most important relation with resource; 1: The least important relation with resource **Wood merchant, timber merchant, sawmill, hunters etc. ***Forest Department, Municipalities and other public organizations and institutions. 3.3.1. Status of forestry sector and its contribution to regional economy
3.3.1.1. Forest resources in Mediterranean Region and its importance to Turkish Forestry
Mediterranean forestry features in Turkish forestry. %21.4 of total forested areas is on the
Mediterranean region. Mediterranean has the second largest forested area after the Black Sea Region
in Turkey (Table 3.4.).
In Mediterranean Region Forests have been managed by 5 Regional Directorate of Forest. %43,1 of
Mediterranean forests in Turkey is high forest and high coppice forest , while %56,7 of that is
degraded forest and coppice forest. (Table 3.5.). Degraded forest areas have been attached special
attention in order to provide enabling environment for wildlife management. Non-wood forest
products have been increasingly given priority in new management plans. Mersin province is famed
with thyme and laurel species. Recently thyme species has been improved and improved plants have
been delivered to producers. That provides income for villagers.
Table 3.4. Distribution of forested area by the region in Turkey (ha)
Region High forest Degraded forest Total Mediterranean 1913971 2499473 4413444 Black Sea 3149478 2249873 5399351 Marmora 1936973 1068076 3005049 Aegean 1682964 1691933 3374897 Central Anatolia 681266 1218410 1899676 East-Southeast Anatolia
1442947 1134092 2577039
Total 10807599 9859455 20667054
Reference: Records of Mersin Regional Directorate of Forest
24
Table 3.5. Forest Resource in Mediterranean Regional Directorates (ha)
Isparta Antalya Adana Mersin K.Maras Total Productive High forest 307986 548447 405754 335275 267494 1864956 Degraded high forest 275723 504758 310518 421096 378560 1890655 Total high forest 583709 1053205 716272 756371 646054 3755611 Productive coppice 1003 1172 13910 1376 31554 49015 Dedraded coppice 132283 16402 127722 46246 286165 608818 Total coppice 133286 15574 141632 47622 317719 655833 Productive forest 308989 549619 419664 336651 299048 1913971 Degraded forest
408006 521160 438240 467342 664725 2499473
Total forest area 716995 1070779 857904 803993 963773 4413444 Openings 1024357 926179 3762788 755084 4877666 11346074 General area 1741352 1996958 4620692 1559077 5841439 15759518
Reference: Records of Mersin Regional Directorate of Forest
3.3.1.2. Forest resources in Mersin
Mersin province area covers 1.5 million ha. Forests cover about 803 993 ha. Growing stock is 34
million cubic meter. According to inventory survey in 1992 annual increment is 700 000 qm and
allowable cut is 500 000 qm. In 2002 forest inventory surveys have been initiated and cadastral
surveys have been completed by % 80.
Forest areas in Tarsus town covers 100 664 ha. Half of the forested area is degraded. For the last
decade high forest area has increased. A part of the productive coppice forests is transferred into high
forest. (Table 3.6.).
Table 3.6. Change in forest resources in Tarsus Forest District for 10 years (ha)
Forest type 1992 2002 Productive high forest 43018 55087 Degraded high forest 27403.5 44669 Productive coppice 1116.5 908 Degraded coppice 27374 - Total Forest area 98912 100664
Reference: Records of Tarsus District Directorate of Forest
3.3.1.3. Forest resources in Region
General area of the region is 23132 ha. Total forested area is 13000 ha. in the region Productive forest
cover is 6505 ha. Most of the degraded forests are located in Inkoy. (Table 3.7.) To rehabilitate these
areas General Directorate of afforestation and Erosion Control has been launched a Project. However
water needed for irrigation and drinking can not be provided to village.
25
Table 3.7. Situation of forested areas in survey region
Venue Productive forest area
Degraded forest area
Total forest area
Openings
Olukkoyagi, Inköy ve Ardiçli villages
2101 5421 7522 6145
Kusçular, Kesli, Eminlik ve Emirler villages
4404 1992.5 6396.5 159.5
Total survey area 6505 7413.5 13918.5 6304.5 Tarsus 55995 44669 100664 Mersin 336651 467342 803993 755084
Total area of Mediterranean Region
1913971 2499473 4413444 11302558
Turkey 10807599 9859455 20667054 55865651
Reference: Records of Tarsus District Directorate of Forest
3.3.1.4. Forestry activities in Region
Wood production
As of 2004, annual growing stock of Regional Directorate of Forest in Mersin is 390.000 qm and
produced amount is 255.000 qm. Mersin is the region where the largest standing sale has been taken
place. Standing volume was directly sold to forest village cooperatives and after that cooperatives sell
it to lumberman. Harvesting activities have been done by villagers who are member of village
cooperatives under the supervision of General Directorate of Forestry. In this way it is possible for
villagers to benefit from harvesting activities efficiently. Also, woods were transported by forest
cooperatives. Thus, forest villagers have opportunity to gain income from transportation of woods.
Silviculture activities
As it is the case in Mediterranean region, in Tarsus, half of the forested area is non-productive.
Functional planning has become much important for the last two decades. Also some areas covering
non-forest products have to be rehabilitated .All these activities such as natural generation, artificial
generation and rehabilitation have been carried out were carried out by forest villagers. 6 million YTL
has been allocated for silviculture activities for the year 2004.
Combating diseases
A forested area of 82.000 ha has been affected by the insect (Thamatopoa pityacampa) and combating
activities include mechanically (10000 ha) and chemically (72000 ha) by the villagers.
Afforestation activities
These activities have been carried out by Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forest,
Afforestation Division Directorate (AGM) and Regional Forest Directorate in Mersin. Afforestation
activities have been carried out by villagers who are member of cooperatives. Forest villagers are very
26
successful in planting trees. Private afforestation activities have also been supported by individuals.
Village legal entity has planted and grafted olive and pistachio on an area of 171.5 ha in Olukkoyagi
village.
In Inköy, Olukkoyagi and Ardiçli micro-catchments pasture, afforestation and erosion control
activities have been carried out under the Watershed Rehabilitation Project funded by World Bank
(Table 3.8. and Figure 3.9.). Under a new SRAP project initiative, 62000 USD will be allocated for
pasture rehabilitation, and erosion control.
Table 3.8. The activities of Inköy micro catchments project (2000-2003)
Type of activities Application Erosion control activities 1250 ha
Pasture rehabilitation 425 ha Afforestation (cedrus) 250 ha
Protection of natural cover (pasture)
535 ha
Forest roads construction 260 km Boundary activities 124 km
After afforestation planted areas have been closed down for grazing. That causes conflicts between
villagers and forestry department sometimes but generally this kind of afforestation activities have
been supported by villagers because they gain income from these activities. Early 2003, a code
encourage villagers to protect forest areas and got them involved in protection activities. Afforestation
areas have been guarded by village legal entities. Earned money by village entity has been transferred
to village budget.
Ardiçli village
Figure 3.9. General view from region and aforestation area
Private afforestation activities
Ministry of Environment and Forestry has been working with great effort to increase the private
afforestation. Afforestation areas established in the state forests, can be carried out on behalf of
individuals or village legal entities. Individuals or village legal entities can hire the lands from
Treasury for private afforestations to be done in Treasury lands. Hiring process for the areas that are
accepted to be state forests and need afforestation is done from the General Directorate of Forestry.
Afforestation area
27
Individuals or village legal entities apply to the General Directorate of Afforestation and Erosion
Control (AGM), the project is prepared and later on afforestation is carried out. The lands are hired for
49 years for both situations. Procedure related to hiring is carried out according to the Law. no.3302
and dated 5.6.1986. In the related law, it was dictated that “the afforestations are done according to the
plans approved by the General Directorate of Forestry by village legal entities or other real legal
entities in the areas that belong to the state and suitable for forest site conditions. During afforestation
activities olive, pistachio, cedar, red pine and carob species. Economically important species have
been paid special attention in afforestations established by village legal entities. Mostly pistachio,
stone pine, walnut species have been demanded by villagers. Seedlings of these species have been
grown in nurseries belonging to forestry department.
This is a new implementation and there is no establishment at the age of 49 years yet. However,
arrangements to protect the individual rights have been determined by the laws. In the Article 17 of the
Law.no.6831. Hiring duration of the lands which were hired for 49 years and one building was
constructed on can be extended up to 99 years by the value of the establishment on the land. In order
to prevent the illegal use of the afforestation areas, in the article 57 of the law no.3302 and dated
5.6.1986, it was dictated that “Permission rights of the persons who don’t protect and maintain the
afforested land as forest are canceled”.
In Mersin to date 1820 ha area hasbeen planted by village legal intities. 171.5 ha plantation area is
located in Olukkoyagi village. (Table 3.9.). Plantation area was enclosed by a wire fence. Pistachio
and olive species have been used in this plantation.
Table 3.9. Private afforestation in Mersin
Ownership (ha) Village legal entity 1820 Cedar cooperative 20 Municipality 71,1 Individuals 428,4 Total 2340
Reference: Records of Mersin Regional Directorate of Forest
National parks and wildlife management
There is a wild-goat protected area in Kusçular- Eminlik villages, protected area for trout in
Olukkoyagi village. Protection of these areas has been conducted by village legal entities. By the
protection of forest by villagers illegal hunting has decreased by % 40. In the region there are also
other areas available for hunting. There is also great potential for eco-tourism but this idea has not
been put into action yet. Forest villagers in the region have contributed to conservation of nature. This
28
is a result of providing some income generating activities for them. Some part of hunting incomes has
been transferred to village legal entity. In addition, villagers have earned from accommodation,
transportation and guide services.
Supporting activities for the forest villagers
Controlled grazing and expanding new agricultural techniques in the region have vital importance for
conservation of forests. In this respect General Directorate of Forest-Village Relations ORKOY
activities have play important role in supporting these activities in the villages. ORKÖY is the only
Directorate providing credits for individuals. Individuals have to be member of cooperatives or may
come together in order to make use of credits. Therefore ORKOY credits will enable to conduct
sample applications in the villages where there have been conflicts between individuals. Credits have
been provided according to poverty criteria. In these villages credits are used for cattle and sheep dairy
farming, cattle and sheep breeding and apiculture.
Recreation activities
Region is suitable for recreational activities. Some visitors from Mersin, Adana and Tarsus have
visited to Ardiçli, and Inköy for having picnic, tracking and mountainous sports.
There are some natural resources such as Ziyaret Cave, Pozanti Creek and Kadincik river. Kir Cistern,
Kilise Yikigi, Asar Castle ve Kalecik Castle are among the ruins of the region.
3.3.1.5. Important non-wood Forest Products
Collecting permissions of non-wood forest products in the state forests are given to the villagers with
the symbolic tariff prices. Villagers wait for product until it becomes mature and do the harvesting in
appropriate period. More attention has been given to the harvesting season.
As a non-wood forest product, laurel, thyme, mushroom, and snail have been produced in the region.
Non-wood forest products collected by villagers have been sold in villages to dealer coming from
Adana, Mersin and Tarsus. There are also laurel production areas. In addition thyme production has
been promoted by forestry department. Collected products have been sold in the villages to dealer
coming from Adana, Mersin and Tarsus.
There are many Laurel protection areas in Emirler village. However most villagers are against it. They
think that forestry department has enclosed larger area than they need to. Villagers graze their animals
in afforestation area planted on behalf of village legal entity. To prevent grazing they need to be
supported with income generating activities.
29
3.3.1.6. Factors which threats the natural structure and forests in the region
Illegal Grazing and Combat Erosion
Erosion is mainly major problem in the Region (Figure 3.10.). Moreover, there are some problems
caused by illegal grazing of goats. Erosion has negative impacts on the land productivity. Directorate
of Afforestation sub-division has been conducted afforestation activities. Topography is an important
factor that causes erosion. In region mountains can go up to 2000 m height. Precipitation is mostly
seen as snow. The heavy rain leads to surface flow. Green vegetation has to be maintained.
Figure 3.10. The bridge has been closed result of the erosion and aforestation areas for combating with erosion
While in winter villagers use the lands of 0-300 m altitude for grazing their goats, in summer they use
lands of 1000 m altitude. Afforestation above 1000 m height have failed to be effective, therefore
these areas illegally are used for grazing (Figure 3.11.). However in plantation areas protection
measures have been established and goat grazing has been controlled. That contributes to control
erosion. There are not many housings in the regions. Because a bridge that was constructed 22 years
ago is damaged, people’s contribution to construction activities have increased.
Figure 3.11. Grazing activities in forest area (Emirler village)
Environmental Problems
There is no regular place for garbage disposal. There is still stubble burning in the region. Pesticide
use is also another problem. Resources of drinking water are under threat.
Regular garbage storage is will be established to solve this problem. Public awareness campaign has
been conducted in partnership of muhtar, imam and teachers in Tarsus and has good results.
30
Problems in Range Rehabilitation
Due to the high elevation and bad weather condition rehabilitation activities have failed to succeed.
Because of extreme snow, fences have to be renewed every year. That cause increased costs. Animal
breeders have been cause of concern. When grazing is prohibited on large areas the prohibition causes
more damage and degradation. Grazing by rotation has been applied in some areas, informing local
people on accessibility of the areas. After a year villagers are allowed to graze.
3.3.1.7. Contribution to regional Economy of Forest resources
Forests in the region are regarded as a fuel wood source and an area for grazing. In particular, in
Kusçular and Eminlik villages, fuel wood use for cooking is first priority. All villagers use fuel wood
from forest for heating. Some people use coal for heating in Inköy. Forest roads provide opportunity
for villagers who have farm near forest to access their farms. Collecting non-wood forest products and
bee-keeping activities are subsidiary activities (Table 3.10.).
Table 3.10. Relations of villagers with forest resources
Villages Fuel wood Farm near forest
Grazing NWFP Bee-keeping Forest Works
Employee in forest
Department Olukkoyagi 2 3 1 - 5 Available 4
Inköy 1 2 1 5 4 Limited 3 Ardiçli 2 3 1 6 5 Available 4 Kesli 2 3 1 - 5 Available 4
Eminlik 2 3 1 - - Available - Emirler 3 1 2 5 4 Available -
Kusçular 2 4 1 - 4 Available -
Reference: Questionnaire studies
While people from Emirler, Kusçular, Eminlik, Kesli, Ardiçli and Olukkoyagi villages, have been
working at harvesting activities, people from Eminlik, Kesli, Ardiçli, Inköy and Olukkoyagi have been
working at planting activities. People from Ardiçli, Inköy and Olukkoyagi collect seeds, people from
Eminlik, Ardiçli and Inköy are involded in insect combating activities, people from Kusçular,
Eminlik, Kesli, Ardiçli and Olukkoyagi are dealing with fire fighting. Only people from Inköy are
working at forest road constructions.
Forest works are given to village legal entities. The controls of the forest department have been taken
easy greatly towards carrying out the implementations by the village legal entities. In addition, village
legal entity has been solving the problems among the individuals. Village legal entities are the
effective mechanisms in the villages and are governed very well in the Turkish village system.
Villages are the local authorities that have public legal entities. Foundation of this structure goes back
to the first years of the Republic. Villages have been established by the “village Law” no.442 and
dated 18.3.1924. By this law, it was mentioned that “Village is a self is more than 150 and less than
31
2000. It has the duties to execute the services and activities in order to meet the local and common
needs of the inhabitants due to being a local administration. In the lights of demands of the villagers, it
carried out the services and activities towards ensuring the economic and social development and
improvements.
Villagers invest their money earned from forest Works in livestock raising, cars and tracktors. Forestry
activities are of vital importance to people who have no income sources other than forest works. In
addition, people from Olukkoyagi, Inköy, Ardiçli and Kesli have been working for forestry department
(Table 3.10.).
3.3.1.8. Relations between villagers and forestry departments
According to questionnaire results, villagers in Kusçular, Ardiçli, Inköy and Olukkoyagi villages state
that forest resources have increased, on the contrary, people from Emirler and Eminlik think that forest
resources have decreased as a result of overuse. In addition, it is stated that there has not been
significant change in forest resources in Kesli.
All villagers state that projects executed and activities have made good impacts on forests. Once
forest villagers committed illegal cutting and set fire, nowadays these people have recognized the
importance of forests together with other stakeholders.
The most benefit obtained from afforestation activities is preventing flood. After enclosing areas with
fences, soils have been protected and since 1999, no floods have been seen.
People’s awareness have resulted in solving grazing problems. In 2003, 151 illegal cutting, 146 illegal
grazing, 261 encroachment have been recorded. In the same year, 54 forest fire broke out and 112 ha
area was burnt. In the survey region crime ratios have been decreased. For the last decade, 4 people
from Emirler, 2 people from Ardiçli and 10 people from Inköy, total 16 crime records have been noted
for illegal cutting. Also, 10 people from each villages, Emirler and Inköy, 3 people from Ardiçli and 2
people from Olukkoyagi, total 25 people have committed illegal grazing.
Forestry department states that there are no serious problems between forestry department and the
villagers, Kusçular, Eminlik, Kesli, Ardiçli and Olukkkoyagi. On the other hand, it is stated that
relations between forest department and Emirler and Inköy villages are getting worse due to ban on
grazing and department’s fail to employ villagers in Inköy, respectively.
3.3.2. Vegetative production and economical importance for region
Farming is mostly seen in Olukkoyagi, Inköy and Ardiçli villages (Table 3.11. and Figure 3.12.).
32
Table 3.11. Distribution of Agricultural activities in the villages
Number of Households Agricultural activities of households Place Total No
farming farming with
land without
land Crop production
and livestock Crop
production Livestock
Olukkoyagi 350 86 264 262 2 181 81 2 Inköy 190 79 111 88 23 65 23 23 Ardiçli 220 100 120 120 - 89 31 - Kesli 70 10 60 51 1+7* 57 2 1 Eminlik 55 10 45 41 4 36 5 4 Emirler 80 32 48 47 1* 40 7 1 Kusçular 70 36 34 30 4 17 13 4 Total 965 353 682 639 42 485 162 35 Tarsus 19220 7178 12042 11650 969 5592 5970 473 *In Kesli 7 households have farmed in the land that they hired. Reference: Records of Tarsus District Directorate of Agriculture
38%
16%18%
9%
7%7% 5%
Olukkoyagi Inköy Ardiçli Kesli Eminlik Emirler Kusçular
Figure 3.12. Distribution of Farming Families in the villages
Vegetal and livestock production have been made together in households (Figure 3.13.). Farming has
been performed with traditional methods and based on householder members. Farmers meet their
needs by selling their yields. Fruit and vegetable yields are very limited. Therefore, they only meet
their own needs from the fruit and vegetable growing.
Figure 3.13. Distribution of agricultural activities in the villages
In Turkey average size of an arable land of a household is 2,7 ha. (Records of Chamber of Forest
Engineers, 1988). In region there not many people who have large arable lands. In general, %42 of
0%20%
40%
60%80%
100%
Olu
kkoy
agi
Inkö
y
Ard
içli
Kes
li
Em
inlik
Em
irle
r
Kus
çula
r
Plant+livestock Plant Livestock
33
total arable land has the size of 21-50 da.(Figure 3.14.). Only in Ardiçli a household has an arable
land of 200 da. (Table 3.12.)
4% 7%13%
42%
29%
5%
0-5 da 6 -10da 11-20 da 21 -50 da 51-100 da 101-200 da
Figure 3.14. Distribution of arable land by size (da)
Table 3.12. Distribution of land size by number of households.
Land size (da) Village 0-5 6-10 11-20 21-50 51-100 101-
200 201-500
Total number of households
Olukkoyagi 13 15 33 133 67 1 - 262 Inköy 7 10 13 28 27 3 - 88 Ardiçli - 18 15 56 24 6 1 120 Kesli - 1 - 22 100 27 - 51 Eminlik 2 1 7 17 14 - - 41 Emirler - - 2 2 25 18 - 47 Kusçular 1 - 11 12 6 - - 30 Total number of households
23 45 81 270 263 55 1 639
Tarsus 658 1237 2108 4205 1936 735 276
Reference: Records of Tarsus District Directorate of Agriculture
In region, rain fed agriculture has been performed mostly. In Ardiçli 388 da and in Olukkoyagi 100 da
have been irrigated. There is no irrigated agriculture in other villages. Irrigated lands have been
allocated for vegetable production in 125 da, and fruit production in 401 da. About % 40 of arable
lands have been fallowed annually (Table 3.13.).
3.3.2.1. Crop production
Olukkoyagi has the largest agricultural land and as a result the most crop has been produced in that
village. Eminlik and Kusçular have the smallest agricultural lands. In these villages, people grow
crops for their own subsistence (Table 3.14.). In the region wheat accounts for % 67 and barley
accounts for % 28 in rain fed agricultural lands.
34
Table 3.13. Agricultural Land use in the region Vegetable gardens Fruit gardens Place Field
land Fallow land*
Irrigation Non-irrigation
Total Irrigation Non-irrigation
Total
Agricultural land
Marginal land
Olukkoyagi 8265 2056 25 - 25 75 23 98 10444 4679 Inköy 3126 401 - - - 38 7 45 3572 3916
Ardiçli 5973 - 100 - 100 288 - 288 6361 4533 Kesli 3083 2724 - - - - 5 5 5812 3250
Eminlik 951 1549 - - - - - - 2500 1490 Emirler 3004 2117 - - - - 3 3 5124 986
Kusçular 775 677 - - - - - - 1452 1951 Total 25177 9524 125 - 125 401 38 439 35265 20805
Tarsus 761080 22817 58632 7908 66540 59843 67093 126936 977373 279566 *Fallow land: One year are sowed, one year are fallowed for reserving underground water.
Reference: Records of Tarsus District Directorate of Agriculture
Table 3.14. Field crops (da)
Crop Olukkoyagi Inköy Ardiçli Kesli Emirler Eminlik Kusçular Total Tarsus Wheat 6500 1720 3500 1750 2253 571 620 16914 421680 Barley 1000 1406 2200 1333 751 285 155 7130 37489 Sesame 765 - 207 - - - - 972 1692 Chickpea - - 66 - - 95 - 161 1723 Total 8265 3126 5973 3083 3004 951 775 25177 462584
Reference: Records of Tarsus District Directorate of Agriculture
3.3.2.2. Horticultural plants
Vegetables and fruits have been grown in a limited number of irrigable lands. Peach and apple have
been grown in fenced gardens. Plum and walnut grows in agricultural land scattered (Table 3.15.).
Recently cherry plantations have been established and fenced. Lack of water is an important problem
that hinders development of fruit growing.
Vegetable growing is not widespread in the region. People grow them in their garden for their own
use. Olukkoyagi is producer of tomato in a land of 25 da and Ardiçli in a land of 100 da respectively.
Table 3.15. Distribution of fruit plantation areas (da)
Fruit Olukkoyagi Inköy Ardiçli Kesli Eminlik Emirler Kusçular total Tarsus Grape 51 7 - 169 - - 227 63667 Apple 37 10 90 - 84 - - 221 459 Peach 6 3 66 - 116 - - 191 2048
Persimmon 4 20 - - 74 - - 24 296 Walnut - - - 2 93 3 - 79 29 Plum - - - - - - - 304 Pear - - - - 153 - - 153 267
Cherry - 2 132 3 89 - - 226 712 Fig - 3 - - 91 - - 94 14
Mulberry - - - - 51 - - 51 - Pomegranate - - - - 90 - 90 293
Total 98 45 288 5 1010 3 - - 68089
Reference: Records of Tarsus District Directorate of Agriculture
35
3.3.2.3. Agricultural equipment and machinery in the region
In the region there is not enough number of apparatus. There are 84 tractors which are the indicator of
economic status of the villagers and are being used for traveling. 178 households have saw chains.
(Table 3.16.).
Table 3.16. Agricultural Equipments and Machinery in the region
Type of equipment
Olukkoyagi Inköy Ardiçli Kesli Emirler Eminlik Kusçular Total Tarsus
Wooden plow 5 1 - - 50 - - 56 748 Tractor plough 22 22 7 8 14 5 5 83 4943 Cultivator 5 8 4 8 14 5 1 45 4714 Thresher 15 8 - 5 8 - - 36 208 Feed grinder 3 - - - - - - 3 30 Barrow duster and combine sprayer
30 10 15 - 2 - 3 60 4366
Duster - - 2 - - - - 2 315 Engine driven pomp
10 5 - - - - - 15 388
Cream separator 70 - 20 20 30 5 4 149 1142 Trailer 22 15 7 8 14 6 3 75 6093 Tractor 22 22 7 8 14 6 5 84 6329 Water tank - 10 2 - 18 3 - 33 1737 Milking plant machine
- - - - 1 - - 1 255
Fertilizer broadcaster
- - 1 - - - - 1 11
Chainsaw 70 30 30 15 2 11 20 178 *
Reference: Records of Tarsus District Directorate of Agriculture and Questionnaire studies
3.3.2.4. Main problems faced with in vegetative production
Confronted problems in vegetative production can be divided into two groups. One is land type and
second is bottlenecks in input use. Fragmented lands is the most important problem that affects
production. In region while Inköy, Ardiçli, Kesli, Eminlik, Kusçular and Olukkoyagi households have
generally 3 fragment lands in Emirler there are many households who have 4-6 fragment lands. The
other important problems in land using are small scale farming and unproductive agricultural lands.
Agricultural lands are generally sloping and stony in the region.
Lack of irrigation water is the most important problem for all villages in the region. High fuel costs,
high fertilizer costs, high seed costs, high insecticides costs and high rental rate of equipment is the
other problems in input using.
3.3.3. Livestock and animal products in the region
This is main income source of villagers in the region. Villager also breed cattle, sheep, goat, poultry
and deal with beekeeping.
36
3.3.3.1. Cattle, sheep and goat breeding
Animal breeding has been performed by grazing and keeping animals in the barn. Grazing is common
in Emirler and Eminlik. Orkoy has recently supported the villagers to construct their barns for animal
breeding.
Cattle owners prefer to grow cross-bred type due to their adaptation to environment, high milk
productivity, and indifference to special care. Culture type only grows in Emirler village and farmers
have a milking machine (Table 3.17.).
In the region domestic sheep and goat has been breed. Number of goats is more than the number of
seeps. In Emirler and Eminlik villages goats and sheeps have been grown together. Goat raising is
easier than sheep raising and goat milk is more valuable than sheep’s and is a part of Mediterranean
rural culture. In Kusçular goat has been raised in the barn for villager’s own use. That prevents forest
degradation in the village.
Table 3.17. Animal breeding for milk production
Domestic cattle Cross-breed cattle Culture cattle Domestic sheep Goat Places Number
of animals
Milk prod.
(kg/year)
Number of
animals
Milk prod.
(kg/year)
Number of
animals
Milk prod. (kg/year)
Number of
animals
Milk prod.
(kg/year)
Number of
animals
Milk prod.
(kg/year) Olukkoyagi - - 271 3240 - - 1161 40 2870 50 Inköy 102 2000 50 3000 - - 273 40 2290 60 Ardiçli - - 182 3000 - - 1976 110 3047 110 Kesli 180 2700 81 3500 - - 1415 80 2835 120 Eminlik 15 1500 25 2500 - - 330 30 495 40 Emirler - - 110 3500 72 4000 - - 1995 80 Kusçular 13 1250 15 2700 - - 78 30 2480 50
310 7450 734 21440 72 4000 5233 330 16012 510 Total Total number of cattle: 1116 Total milk production: 32890 kg/year
Tarsus 2312 - 15345 - 2653 27360000 40658 - 73514 - Mersin 5275 - 52985 - 14395 - 225055 - 405225 -
Reference: Records of Tarsus District Directorate of Agriculture
There is only pasture land in Kusçular. There is no area to be opened for grazing in Inköy, Ardiçli and
Emirler. Main feeding source of animals in culture type raising is industrial fodder in Inköy,
Olukkoyagi, Ardiçli and Kusçular. In Kesli, Eminlik and Emirler grazing is main feeding source of
animals (Table 3.18.).
In Ardiçli, Kesli, Eminlik and Emirler, fodder has been grown in rain fed conditions. The most variety
in fodder production is located in Ardiçli (wheat, cow vetches and clover). In the villages other than
Kesli and Eminlik animals have been regularly under the veterinarian control. In Kesli and Eminlik
veterinarian has been applied, in case of emergency (Table 3.18.).
37
Table 3.18. In the region feeding and care condition of the animals and fodder production (questionnaire)
Type of feeding* Fodder crops production Village Industrial
fodder Grazing in the forest
Grazing in the fallowed
land
Grazing in pasture
land
Number of raiser
Fodder Veterinary control
Olukkoyagi 1 2 3 - - - Available Inköy 1 - 2 3 - - Available
Ardiçli 1 - 2 3 3 Clover, barley, cow vetches
Available
Kesli 3 1 2 - 80 Barley Non-Available
Eminlik 3 1 2 - 50 Barley Non-Available
Emirler 2 1 3 - 70 Barley, cow vetches
Available
Kusçular 1 2 4 3 - - Available * (1) the most important type of feeding Reference: Records of Tarsus District Directorate of Agriculture
3.3.3.2. Poultry (Broiler)
There is poultry production in Ardiçli, Inköy and Olukkoyagi villages. Inköy has the largest number of
producers (Table 3.19.).
First initiative for poultry production has began in Inköy. People living in three villages invest in the
poultry by selling their goats. Poultry production has provided villagers with additional income.
Table 3.19. Poultry production in the villages.
Village Households dealing with poultry farming
Number of poultry Chicken meat production (kg/year)
Olukkoyagi 14 280000 420000 Inköy 32 896000 1433000
Ardiçli 4 80000 136000 Total 50 1256000 1989000
Tarsus 509 12406500 19498565
Reference: Records of Tarsus District Directorate of Agriculture
Poultry farming has been performed with the support of some firms suc as Saray, Civkur, Akyem, CP
and others.
During the local survey, interviews have been made with CP, Saray and companies. CP is Tailand
origin company. This company runs not only in Turkey but also in other countries. Saray mostly
deliver products to east and South-east part of Turkey, while Akyem runs at the local level.
Develoment of Poultry Farming
First poultry coops in Tarsus were established in the 1980’s. At that time government subsidies for
coops construction and input lead to increase investment. At the earlier period of the production
people produced their products on their own and they also marketed them properly.
38
Later on with the end of subsidies by government villagers had to work with firms that have modern
slaughterhouses. Since 1998 firms have supported individuals to make their investments.
In the region poultry farming activities coincide with these initiatives. Firms has given a number of
chickens and feeds to villagers who have coop under the contract. All costs of vaccine, disinfection,
heating and lighting have been covered by villagers. To guarantee product quality, poultry coops have
been inspected. Ventilation of coops in forest villages have been performed at a low cost. Main factors
affecting costs are quality of chickens, quality of feeds and sanitary conditions.
3.3.3.3. Beekeeping activities
There is beekeeping activities in all villages other than Kesli and Eminlik. While the most production
has been performed in Olukkoyagi, the least production is seen in Kusçular (Table 3.20.). Two bee-
keepers from Olukkoyagi have performed mobile bee-keeping with their 180 beehives. In region total
4 ton honey has been produced. Honey produced in the region is very valuable.
Table 3.20. Beekeeping in the region
Village Number of household
Hives Production(kg/year) Supporter Institution
Olukkoyagi 50 202 1900 Agricultural Directorate Inköy 6 100 1000 ORKÖY Ardiçli 10 100 1000 Agricultural Directorate Emirler 5 - - Agricultural Development
Foundation Kusçular 3 30 250 Agricultural Directorate Total 74 432 4150 -
Reference: Records of Tarsus District Directorate of Agriculture
Bee-keeping activities have been initiated by Agricultural Directorate, Agricultural Development
Foundation and ORKÖY (Table 3.20.). In addition, under the Eastern Anatolia Watershed
Rehabilitation Project credits have been given to householders in Olukkoyagi, Ardiçli and Inköy.
3.3.3.4. Main problems in livestock production
The most important problem of livestock production in the region is high costs of fodder. Insufficient
pasturelands, sale of products at low price, difficulty in providing credit and high cost of veterinary
services are other problems. (Table 3.21.).
3.3.3.5. Nomadic animal raising
In the region 20 households from Inköy, 10 households from Olukkoyagi and 7 households from
Ardiçli have dealt with nomadic animal raising. 3000 goats from Inköy, 2500 from Olukkoyagi and
2000 from Ardiçli, total 7500 goats have been grazing in summer. Villager go up high plateaus in June
39
and come down in September. People performing nomadic animal raising follow different tracks and
on the way to high plateau they graze their animals. In addition to animal raising they deal with bee-
keeping activities. Nomadic animal raising is an indicator of people’s culture. However goats may be
detrimental for forested areas.
Table 3.21. Problems in livestock production and scores
Village High fodder
cost
Insufficient pastureland
Meat at a low price
Milk at a low price
Chicken at a low price
Veterinary cost
Olukkoyagi 1 2 - 3 4 5 Inköy 1 - 2 - 3 - Ardiçli 1 - 3 2 4 - Kesli 3 1 2 - - - Eminlik 3 1 2 4 - - Emirler 1 2 4 3 - - Kusçular 3 2 1 - - 4 (1): the most important problem (-) there is not any opinion
Reference: Questionnaire studies
3.3.4. Credit possibilities in the region
In the region villager prefer to take credits from Agricultural Credit Cooperative, Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Affair (MARA) and ORKÖY. To prevent forest from goat grazing goat raising
has to be decreased and new agricultural techniques have been adopted. ORKOY activities are of vital
importance to realize these activities. To date planned and implemented and realized activities by
ORKOY in the villages have been shown in Table 3.22.
In the region, credits have been used for dairy cattle breeding and fattening cattle breeding and
beekeeping. Despite ORKÖY plans cover credits for poultry production, these credits have not been
used so far in Olukkoyagi, Inköy and Ardiçli. People prefer to use their own capital to attain poultry
production. People in Emirler and Eminlik villages are reluctant to use credit for poultry production.
ORKOY has also given credits to villagers for chainsaw. Lack of irrigation system in the villages
prevent implementing credits for vegetal production, as well. Credits for fruit raising have not been
implemented (Table 3.22.).
In addition to ORKÖY credits, MARA also provide some credits for the villagers. Credit user have
mentioned some problems with the credits such as high interest rate, guarantor finding, lack of credit
provision duly and insufficient amount of credit, mortgage and short term due.
40
Table 3.22. ORKÖY credits in the region
Type of credit Places Status Dairy cow
breeding
Dairy sheep
breeding
Poultry for egg
production
Beekeeping Fruit growing
Weaving carpets
Chainsaw
Plan 30 30 30 30 - 30 5 Olukkoyagi Implementation 4 7 - 16 - - - Plan 5 5 5 16 - 10 5 Inköy Implementation - 5 - 5 - - 3 Plan 15 15 18 15 37 20 5 Ardiçli Implementation - 6 - 3 - - 5 Plan 15 10 13 - - 15 - Kesli Implementation - 3 - - - - - Plan 10 12 - 10 - 10 - Eminlik Implementation - 3 - - - - - Plan 10 5 6 9 20 - - Emirler Implementation - - - - - - - Plan - 3 3 8 - - - Kusçular Implementation - 2 - - - - - Plan 85 Toplam Implementation 4
Note: The amount of the credit is enough for one family and they can pay it back easily. The person who takes credit has to be pour (according to selection criteria) Reference: Records of ORKÖY
3.3.5. Marketing of agricultural products
Producers have to sell their products under their production cost. Only peach produced in Ardiçli have
been sold and there has not been any marketing activity in other villages. In the region all animal
products have been marketed. Produced milk has been sold at local dealers in Emirler, Eminlik, Inköy
and Ardiçli. There is no milk sales in other villages. Dairy products such as butter and cheese have
been sold to local dealers in Emirler, Kesli, Ardiçli, Olukkoyagi, and Inköy and there is no dairy
products sales in the other villages. Wool has been sold in all villages. Manure has been sold to local
dealers in all villages.
3.4. Social Structure in the Region
3.4.1. Social relations in the settlements
Muhtar is the most influential person in all the villages of the research area. Members in the villages
are in charge when the muhtar is absent. The other groups those are efficient in the settlement regions
of the research area are; seniors, teachers, imam and directors of forest district. It has been stated that
seniors have no influence within the village duties in Kesli, Inköy ve Olukkoyagi villages. This is a
different situation concerning the case that seniors have great influence in Turkish social structure. It
has been declared that Ardiçli is the only village that the director of forest district has an influence
41
(which is a very little influence ) in village works, however all the villages that have been experienced
are forest villages (Table 3.23.).
Table 3.23. Influential People and level of their influence
Village Muhtar Members Seniors Teachers Imam Forest chief Olukkoyagi 1 2 - 3 - - Inköy 1 2 - 3 4 - Ardiçli 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kesli 1 2 - - 3 - Eminlik 1 2 3 - 4 - Emirler 1 2 3 4 5 - Kusçular 1 2 3 - 4 - (- ) indicates that group has no influence.
Reference: Questionnaire studies
3.4.2. Social problems in the villages of the research area
There is no problem with the issues like sharing land and water, irrigation, between the people of the
village in the settlement region of the research area. Furthermore, there is a territorial dispute between
Emirler village and Kuzulok, Bucak, Bolacali villages. The same problem exists between Inkoy
village and Olukkoyagi villages as well.
It has been stated that there are 3 types of crime that has been committed during the last decade in the
research area. These are; forest crime, land conflicts and trade conflicts. The forest crime is the first of
these crimes in the villages, Emirler, Kesli, Ardicli, Inkoy and Olukkoyagi.
3.4.3. The ability to organize of the people in the region and the cooperative structure
The ability to organize is one of the important signs of the social structure. Villages in the region know
the cooperative system and its benefits. But there is no sufficient cooperative structure because people
are not organized very well.
There is Agricultural Development Cooperative in Kuscular, Ardiçli and Olukkoyagi villages. In Kesli
and Inkoy; the cooperatives have been closed because of personal conflicts. Activities have been
carried out to activate the cooperatives in both of the villages. In Emirler ve Eminlik, there has been no
activity related with the cooperatives so far.
Ardiçli Village Cooperative has been established in 1970, Olukkoyagi Village Cooperative has been
established in 1972 and Kusçular Village Cooperative has been established in 1994. Ardiçli Village
Cooperative has 200 members, Olukkoyagi Village Cooperative has 190 members and Kusçular
Village Cooperative has 101 members. These cooperatives are founded in the aim of getting to work
with forest department and supporting the village development.
42
Therefore, these cooperatives are settled on the village basis, so that they are small-scaled enterprises.
Cooperatives are only dealing with harvesting. Kusçular makes debit while others make neither profit
nor debit.
3.5. Demographic Structure
Population in Mersin is 1.650.000. %20 of population is living in forest villages. In general population
of forest villages have fallen. In winter people who are in good economic condition come down to city
for their children’s education, in summer go up to village. In the region total population is 3063.
Number of households is 1035 (Table 3.24.).
Table 3.24. Demographic structure in the region
Village Household Population Average number of persons
Olukkoyagi 350 800 2.3 Inköy 190 713 3.8 Ardiçli 220 600 2.8 Kesli 70 350 5.0 Eminlik 55 120 1.6 Emirler 80 300 3.8 Kusçular 70 180 2.6 Total 1035 3063 3,1
Reference: Records of State Institute of Statistics Prime Ministry (2004)
The most populated village is Olukkoyagi (Table 3.24.). In Eminlik householders live in the village all
the time. The region doesn’t have overpopulation. In general there is not much migration to cities. In
the region for the last decade, 3 households from Emirler, 6 people from Kesli have migrated. Most of
people who migrate live in Tarsus and Adana. Main reason for emigration is unemployment, lack of
arable lands, consequently poverty. Most people migrating to city work as a worker at private
companies. On the other hand, there is also households who return to village. Most of people that
returned are from Kusçular. 60 households returned to village.
3.6. Public Services in the Region
3.6.1. Education system
In the literacy rate is %95. In the region there is primary school only in Ardiçli and Inköy and
secondary school in Olukkoyagi. Students living in Ardiçli and Inköy go to secondary school in
Olukkayagi. There is also schools in other villages, but all schools are closed due to few students.
Students living these villages go to Çokak to study (Table 3.25). That causes problem in winter due to
the long distance from villages People in all villages have requested new investments for the schools.
Villagers want some courses for their improvement (Table 3.26).
Table 3.25. Education condition in the region
43
Primary Mobile Graduated* Village Number
of students
School Type
Number of
classroom
Venue distance High school
University
Olukkoyagi 99 primary+secondary 10 - - 20 10 Inköy 30 Primary 4 Olukkoyagi 7 km 19 10 Ardiçli 47 Primary 2 Olukkoyagi 10 km 20 20 Kesli 34 Primary (closed) 1 Çokak 25 km 5 - Eminlik 29 Primary (closed) 1 Çokak 15 km 4 2 Emirler 20 Primary (closed) 1 Çokak 17 km 5 - Kusçular 27 Primary (closed) 1 Çokak 22 km 20 3 Total 286 - - Çokak - 93 45 *Everyone under 70 is graduated from primary school. Reference: Records of Tarsus District Directorate of Education
Table 3.26. Courses requested by villagers
Villages Courses requested Courses offered Olukkoyagi Poultry production, computer Handicraft, beekeeping, Inköy Carpet business, handicraft, sewing and poultry
production Handicraft, beekeeping, read-write
Ardiçli Carpet business, handicraft, sewing Handicraft, beekeeping, read-write Kesli Beekeeping, carpet business, computer - Eminlik Animal raising, Handicraft Emirler Beekeeping, handicraft, animal raising, fodder
production Handicraft, beekeeping, read-write
Kusçular Handicraft, beekeeping Beekeeping, carpet business
Reference: Questionnaire studies
3.6.2. Transportation and Communication services
Roads in Ardiçli, Inköy and Olukkoyagi are paved and roads in other villages are paved or gravel.
Some roads need maintenance. Main transportation vehicle is minibus. There is also other vehicles in
the villages such as car, bus, motorcycle and truck (Table 3.27.).
Table 3.27. Transportation and communication
Village Minibus Private car Bus Motorcycle Truck Telephone-television Olukkoyagi - 6 2 6 15 200 Inköy 2 5 - 10 20 200 Ardiçli 2 2 - 2 20 200 Kesli - - 1 - 3 60 Eminlik 2 - 0 - 3 40 Emirler 2 1 0 1 - 60 Kusçular - 3 1 1 4 75 Total 8 17 4 20 65 835 Reference: Questionnaire studies
3.6.3. Electricity, sewerage system and water waste treatment
In the region there is electricity in all villages. Mill and sawmill have benefited from the electricity.
With the exception of Kesli, there is no problem with drinking water. There is plenty of spring water
44
in the surrounding area. There is no sewerage system in the villages. Waste water has been discharged
to well. Solid waste has been burnt in large area.
There is no serious problem with communication but the systems are needed some improvement in the
region. Most households have TV and telephone. TV features in people’s daily life.
3.6.4. Health services
There is health center in Kesli and Inköy, but they both are closed and out of service.
In Emirler, Eminlik and Inköy diarrhea, jaundice, dysentery and malaria are common diseases. On the
other hand, there is no serious disease in Kusçular, Kesli, Ardiçli and Olukkoyagi.
Family planning and mother and child care are important health issues to be taken into consideration
in the villages as well
3.6.5. Other services
In the region there are 8 mosques. Each village has a cafe house. Other buildings are mill, forge,
grocery, village room, village fountain, oven and sawmill (Table 3.28.). However, there are no
libraries, newsstands, cafe house (for women) and laundries.
Table 3.28. Other services
Village Mosque Café Mill Forge Grocery Village room
Village fountain
Oven Sawmill
Olukkoyagi 2 2 1 1 2 1 15 1 4 Inköy 1 3 1 - 2 - 1 - 2 Ardiçli 1 2 - - 1 1 6 - - Kesli 1 2 1 - 2 1 1 - - Eminlik 1 1 - - - 1 - - - Emirler 1 2 - - 1 1 - - - Kusçular 1 1 - - - 1 - - - Total 8 13 3 1 8 6 23 1 6
Reference: Questionnaire studies
3.7. Results of Workshop and building the scenarios
Two different scenarios have been formulated. First scenario is to sustain existing situation for 20
years (Annex 3). Villagers state that it will be difficult to use the resources without making any
improvements on existing system.
According to first scenario the following results have been accepted:
?? Rapid immigration. Infrastructure and security problems will increase
?? Unless human exist, there will not any maintenance on the forests and forests will decrease
?? Unless villagers exist, dependency for food will increase
45
?? Resources allocation will be a problem
?? People not settling in the city centre, will be back to villages
?? Economic situation will be worse
?? If the humans don’t exist, nature will restore itself.
Second scenario, under the condition of needed financial support has been provided, what will the
situation for 20 Years (Annex 4).
According to second scenario the following results have been accepted:
?? Main income resources will be promoted such as animal husbandry, poultry production and bee keeping
?? Irrigation systems have been established
?? Training and awareness-raising activities have been promoted. Qualified personal have been provided. Awareness on environment has been built
?? Forest-based industries will develop.
?? Income level and purchasing power of people will increase; Infrastructure will be developed and eco-tourism will be improved
?? Variety of income sources will contribute to national economy. The environment will be improved and future of de next generation will be guaranteed.
Main actors in carrying activates under scenarios 2, discussed during the workshop. The roles of
related groups have been determined (Annex 5).
3.8. Results of Awareness Raising Trip
3.8.1. Development process in the villages
An awareness raising trip has been organized to Üçtepe and Küstülü villages (Figure 3.15.)
Figure 3.15. Awareness trip
Cattle breeding have not been carried out by villagers, due to the lack of arable land for fodder
production. Agricultural activities have gained importance as the income from goat breeding has been
in sufficient. Irrigated agriculture has been preferred.
46
Irrigation system has been established by the initiative of an agricultural engineer and with the
participation of 80 households. After foundation of the Irrigation Association, people sold their
animals and established irrigation system. They have spent their income for the development of
existing system for 5 years. Only 5 km of total irrigation pipeline of 45 km has been installed by
government.
Üçtepe Village seems to be self sufficient economically. Everyone in the village has arable land.
Closeness to central town has played important role in development of the village. After establishing
irrigation system, villagers have bought work machines by credit. After paying their dept they home
bought a new one. There are 10 work machines in the village and these are rented by neighbouring
villages.
Arable lands in the villages consist of maquis that is sloping and stony. With the support of machine
stones on the lands have been cleaned and terraces have been built. Soil has been bought and carried
from other places. Lemon trees have been planted. First five years tomato and cucumber have been
grown. When the lemon trees were 5 years old, lemon trees have been transferred to other areas. In
this way, agricultural lands have been expanded (Figure 3.16.).
Figure 3.16. Green houses and citrus areas in the Üçtepe village
The main reason for improvement in the village is collaboration between the villagers. As the living
conditions are getting better immigration from city to village has begun. Number of households
amounted to 300 from 170. People have spent their income for improving agricultural lands,
restoring houses, maintaining village roads and renewing electricity facilities. Everyone in the village
has a car. Everyone has social security and everyone has enable land. 15 families raise animals. There
is no unemployment in the village; some people come from other villages to work here.
Cadastral surveys have begun in 1982. Cleaning of maquis for agriculture caused some problems
dewing the cadastral survey. After that same initiatives have been started to give permission villagers
to continue their activities on existing agricultural lands on condition that new agricultural lands would
not open. Some concessions have been proposed to denote for villagers to use these lands for
47
agricultural production. Villagers wanted the forest lands that are proper to use for agriculture. This
forest lands consist of maquis and never been defined as high forests. After improving living
conditions of the villages, illegal activities such as forest fires, illegal cutting and encroachment have
been stopped. Villagers have given their taxes to government, during the agricultural activities.
Therefore government also has opportunity to get income from villagers.
Greenhouse activities have been decreased due to the inputs of high costs nowadays. Most people
wanted to grow olive and citrus trees. In case arable land, have increased, they have proposed to
provide water by drilling and build an irrigation pool by their own. There is no sewerage system in the
village. They want to construct it by their own. They export agricultural products to Europe. They
have tried to be trade mark. They have also proposed to establish packaging facility.
In addition to agricultural activities, there is also other income generating activities in the village. Wild
olive, blackberry, carob has been granted. Laurel leaves have been used for soap production. Little
wheat has been produced.
In other village fruits have been produced in open area. Vegetable has been grown. Very early
vegetables have been sold at good prices. However irrigation water supply has been expensive. Much
effort has been needed for replanting the seedlings. In this village, also, fruit production has been
replaced by vegetable production. They have difficulty in transporting their products.
Activities in this village also are characterized by collaboration between villagers. Activities were
begun in 1980. Digging a canal that has 1000 m length and 2 m depth took 9 months. All the villagers
have participated to activities. Irrigation system starts with electricity power. Products yielded on open
area are not necessarily profitable.
In recent years, electricity fees have not been paid. Therefore, they diverted themselves to fruit
growing. In addition, agricultural expert designated by Ministry of Agriculture have made contribution
to activities since 2004. This contribution will take 3 years. After that villagers will hire consultancy
services by themselves. In the village, cooperative has established twice, but it didn’t work. They
have proposed to activate cooperative to improve marketing conditions.
3.8.2. Impacts of Awareness Trips on the Villagers.
Villagers who have participated in understood that scenarios for the villagers would be realized. They
accepted that they had more water sources and arable lands in their villages (Figure 3.17.). They
stated that they would have great results provided that they worked harder. They picked some products
to show their neighbours in their villagers. They also stated that they were very satisfied with such an
awareness trip.
48
Figure 3.17. Soil structure in study areas (left) and in the awareness trip areas (right)
This trip has also good impacts on host villages. People living in the Üçtepe village are very happy in
order that their village has selected as a “sample village”. In addition they were pleased to see
representatives from government, NGOS and international organizations come together.
During the village trip, exchange of knowledge has been taken place. Every villager gives his word to
collaborate with each other. In addition, institutions stated that they would support the villagers.
Decisions made by workshop participants sent to Research and Development Department of the
Ministry of Environment and Forestry. These decisions have been sent to all related institutions and
local authorities for the actions to be taken.
49
4. CONSEQUENCES AND SUGGESTIONS
Economic contributions to survey area have made proper impact on the villager’s life. Poultry
Production is one of the important developments in Inköy watershed. Moreover, under the Eastern
Anatolia Watershed Rehabilitation Project beekeeping credits have been delivered by ORKÖY.
Agriculture Department provided same technical and informative courses for the beekeepers.
Construction of forest roads also led people to access their grazing areas easily.
People who have not any income sources other than forestry harvesting activities have focused on
forestry activities. Villagers have bought car, tractor and restored their houses by the money they made
during harvesting activities.
Variety of income sources is great advantage. Irrigation agriculture and beekeeping are playing
important role for villagers in providing their income. Forestry harvesting activities are also important
for the villagers.
5 irrigation facilities have been proposed to build by Department of Rural Service under the
microcathment protect. When the facilities complete, 1239da land will be irrigated. However, this
project has not been realized yet. That discourages growing of cherry and Trabzon date palm that has
already started.
Activities in the survey villages are of not only important to people living in the villages but also
important but also important to other settlement in the valley. The Bolkar’s are an important water
reservoir. Water has been used for irrigation the lands on the valley. Drinking water for people living
in Mersin also provides from these reservoirs. In addition, electricity production has been realized by
the water provided from these resources. Therefore, it is important to protection of these resources in
the catchments.
Moreover, important developments have been taken places on the protection of Mediterranean Forests.
The area that is a distance of 0-300 km from watershed has to be allocated for protected area. This
would not be difficult because, there are not many settlements on the area. However, ecological
balance will be possible in 20 years.
About The Future of the Region:
?? Erosion control is of vital importance. People must be awakened on erosion impacts and certain amount of funds has to be allocated per da.
?? Same arid areas are located in the region which has to be terraced and the soil on these areas has to be kept.
?? Grazing of goats is very serious problem in the region. 95% of the harm on the forests is caused by goats. Supports have to be given to the villagers to avoid goat grazing. Awareness rising is very important.
50
?? A share of income gained by electricity production has to be devoted to forest village budget. That is very important for the perpetuity of the natural resource use and formulated projects
?? A share of afforestation fund has to be devoted to rural development. Increase in villager’s income will lead to successful afforestation activities. This will also make contribution to solving the grazing problem.
?? %96 of forest fires occurred annually is man-caused. Transferring a small amount of funds allocated for forest fire fighting will have an important role to play in reducing number of fires. That will also lead to a decrease in forest fire fighting costs.
?? Measures have to be taken to transform snow fall into water. Whereas an irrigation protect has been formulated, it hasn’t been realized yet. Implementation of this protect is very important.
?? Scattered settlements have to be combined, so investment will be cost effective.
?? One of the main problems facing Mersin province is attractiveness of upper forest lands by the people. Fast housing has been has been observed. That causes a pressure on forest lands. Some legislative measures have to be taken to solve this problem.
?? Awareness raising trips are very useful for promoting investments in the forest villages’ Investments have to be demonstrated and forest villagers have to be informed.
?? In-service trainings have to be increased in order to inform forestry staff about rural development and partnership has to be built and dialogue has to be promoted between forestry staff and villagers.
?? To establish forest village associations and unions will strengthen solidarity between villagers. That will also enable them to advocate their main rights for increasing their living conditions.
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5. BIBLIOGFAPHY
Anonymous 2002. Summary of Agricultural Statistics. State Institute of Statistics prime Ministry Republic of Turkey
Anonymous 2004. Records of Department of Cadastral and Possession, Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
Anonymous 2004. Records of Tarsus Agricultural District Management Directorate
Anonymous 2004. Records of Tarsus Education District Management Directorate
Atalay, I., 2002. Ecological Region of Turkey, Public by Meta, ISBN 975-8273-41-8, Bornova, Izmir.
Anonymous 2002. Içel-Tarsus-Inköy Micro Catchments Pro-Report, general Directorate of Rural Affair.
Anonymous 2004. Records of Çamliyayla-Tarsus Meteorological Station
Anonymous 1988. Records of Chamber of Forest Engineers
Anonymous 2002. Içel-Tarsus-Inköy Micro Catchments Pro-Report, 2002 General Directorate of Rural Affair
Sülüsoglu, M., 2005. Plantations in Kozak Region, Turkey: A case study. FON Paper No.5. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome.
52
Annex 1. General information about the villages
Name of the village
Altitude Distance from
district
Number of household
Population (person)
Incoming activities
Benefits from forest
Non-wood forest
products
Number of
Farmer (person)
Arable land (including
fallowing)(ha)
Cooperative Number of
tractor
School Health house
The efficient persons
Olukkoyagi 910 67 350 800 Poultry, crop production, Cattle and sheep breeding, bee-keeping, forest works, trading
Forest works, timber, firewood, grazing, hunting, recreation, field, bee-keeping
Snail, mushroom
264 10444 Agricultural Development Cooperative
22 Primary and secondary school
- Muhtar, teacher
Inköy 900 45 190 713 Poultry, Cattle and sheep breeding, bee-keeping, forest Works, trading, mining
Forest works ( limited), timber, non-wood forest products, firewood, grazing, hunting, recreation, field, bee-keeping
Snail 111 3572 Agricultural Development Cooperative (closed)
22 Primary school closed Muhtar, teacher, imam
Ardiçli 1050 55 220 600 Poultry, Cattle and sheep breeding, bee-keeping, forest Works, trading
Forest works, timber, firewood, non-wood forest products, grazing, hunting, recreation, field, bee-keeping
Snail, mushroom
120 6361 Agricultural Development Cooperative
7 Primary school
- Muhtar, old person, teacher, imam, chief of the forest
Kesli 1150 60 70 350 Sheep breeding, bee-keeping, forest works, trading
Forest works, timber, firewood, grazing, hunting, recreation, field, bee-keeping
Mushroom 60 5812 Agricultural Development Cooperative closed)
8 Primary school (closed) Transportation system
Closed
Kusçular 970 53 70 70 Sheep breeding, goat, crop production, trading, forest works
Forest works, timber, firewood, grazing, hunting, recreation, field, bee-keeping
Snail, mushroom, aromatic plants
34 1452 - 5 Primary school (closed) Transportation system
- Muhtar, imam
Eminlik 950 55 55 120 Sheep breeding, goat, trading
Forest works, timber, firewood, grazing, hunting, recreation, field
- 45 2500 - 14 Primary school (closed) Transportation system
- Muhtar, old person, imam
Emirler 850 60 80 300 Cattle and sheep breeding, goat, crop production, forest works, non-wood products
Forest works, timber, non-wood forest products, firewood, grazing, hunting, field, bee-keeping
Snail, thyme, laurel
48 5124 - 6 Primary school (closed) Transportation system
- Muhtar, old person, teacher, imam
Cadastral studies have been finished. The main forest species are cedar, red pine, go knar, some scrubs (especially laurel) The relationship between the villagers and forest staffs is good. The important problem: Lack of irrigation water, afforestation of pasture areas, disappearing of some animals and some plants; rubbish, erosion, destroying of forest by goat, grazing Private afforestation area: 171.5 ha (in Olukkoyagi village) Awareness level about the natural resources: Hig
53
Annex 2. Activities carried out with institutions
Institution Activities Visit to public agencies (Mersin and Tarsus Municipalities, Tarsus Governance)
General information was provided to local authorities and their opinions on the survey were received. These people committed themselves to supporting development activities in the villages and requested to be aware of activities and developments.
Regional Directorate of Forest in Mersin Environment-Forest Provincial Directorate Tarsus District Directorate of Forest
Information on forest resources and forestry activities has been gathered. Interviews have been made with Regional Forest Director in Mersin, Deputy Regional Forest Director and Division Directors. (7 participants). H form study has been conducted with Provincial Director of Environment-Forest, Division director and technical staff of 8 persons. District director, deputy director and sub-district director were met. In addition afforestation and wildlife managers were met. Because the staff has worked for long time at forestry department, they are all aware of the surroundings. Thus gathering information on developments in the region were easily gathered.
Mersin Province Directorate of Agriculture Tarsus Directorate of Agriculture
Information on agricultural activities in the region was gathered. A meeting was held with Agricultural Provincial Director. At the town level 4 experts participated in the activities.
Mersin Directorate of Rural Service Information was gathered on water irrigation facilities. Two experts were involved in this negotiation. Tarsus Directorate of National Education
Information was gathered on education situation and the structure of educational institutions. A meeting was held with Director of National Education in town.
Tarsus Mother-child Health Center Information was gathered on health institutions in the region, vaccine activities and mother-child health. A meeting was held with 3 experts.
Religious Affairs A meeting was held with Mufti of Tarsus and information was gathered on religious affairs in the region. Poultry Firms A meeting was held with CP, Saray ve Akyem firms. Information was gathered on development, implementation, challenges of
and recommendation for solutions of the poultry. A person attended each meeting. Other participants General information was gathered from former Regional Director of Forest in Mersin and retired teacher from Olukkoyagi
village, Ömer CIRIK. More, general information on forestry activities was given by division director of afforestation, Hüseyin ÖZBAKIR.
54
Annex 3. Scenario I. If existing conditions persist, what will the future of the village and forests in 20 years of perspective?
Increasing in erosion and environmental degradation
Increasing of immigration
1. Unplanned urbanization 2. Inefficient infrastructure 3. Security problems 4. Social problems
Revival of nature
Maintenance activities in forests couldn’t do, forest areas get lost
Desertification
Decline in water resources and qualities
Water will be scarce
Undermined ecological balance
Decline in animal species
Increase in illegal hunting
If hunting of pork’s banned pork population
If irrigation system is not available;
Economy will be disturbed Abandonme
nt of poultry
Pressure on the forests increase
Forest will be degraded
Disturb of natural balance
People returning to village invest in village, and village develops
Unless poultry production develops properly environmental disruption will be inevitable
Solid waste problems
Difficulty in resource allocation
Conflict between villagers and city-dweller
Dependency on outsider for food
Food will not be secured
Progress will be made even if slow
Rapid growth should be available at country level
Life conditions will get difficult
Population growth will be problem
Due to the lack of sanction problems will continue
Lack of training activities
Lack of solidarity in the villages
Unsuccessful activities
55
Annex 4. Scenario 2. If financial and technical contributions are made, which investments may be made and what will the future of the village and forests in 20 years of perspective? First, technical and financial support will be provided. Irrigation and electricity systems will be developed. At the end this, villagers will increase their income and finally they spend their income for different activities such as, breeding of livestock, bee-keeping, non-wood forest production, green housing etc.
Ekoturizm gelistirilir. (egitim, yeni tesisler,
Iç ve dis turizm gelisir.
Bilinçli avcilik gelisir
Köy bütçesine kaynak saglanir.
Devlet ve kurumlar gelir elde eder
Köyde çevre düzenlemesi yapilir. Herkes evini güzellestirir Ev pansiyonculugu gelisir. Köyde umumi tuvalet yapilir. Cami, köy odasi gibi sosyal yapilar gelistirilir.
Köyde birlik artar. Kooperatifçilik
Iletisim artar. Kültürel, kisisel ve sosyal gelisme
Elektrik kesintileri
Modern tarim ve hayvancilik baslar.(seracilik, sulu tarim, aricilik, vb. )
SONUÇLAR: Gelecegimiz garanti altina alinir. Insanlar mutlu yasar. Köyler dünyaya açilir. Yerel yayin kuruluslari gelisir. Yasanabilir bir dünya olusur. Ülke ekonomisi gelisir.
Production will be improved
Awareness will be raised
Energy sources improved
Electricity facilities improved.
Forest and water sources will be protected Infrastructure (road,
sewage system) improved
Ecotourism improved.
(Training, new facilities, advertisement)
Tourism improved
Legal hunting improved
Revenue for village budget
Revenue for government
Environmental plans formulated
Improved pensions in the village Lavatory built in the village Mosque, village house restored Employment possibilities for women (handcraft, operating pension)
Increased investments in the villages
Training courses
Solidarity improved.
The cooperative system improved
Cultural, personal and social improvement
Qualified personnel will rise. Purchasing power
increased
Living conditions in the villages improved people start to return to the villages.
Electric use properly
Modern live stock breeding starts (greenhouse, irrigated agriculture, bee-keeping, etc. )
Poultry production improved
Electricity can be used for heating to reduce fuel wood use
Forest-based industries will be developed
RESULTS: We can guarantee our future We can integrate with the world Local media can be improved. World can be livable Economic growth will be achieved.
Irrigation system improved
Increased productivity Water used economically Soil protected
Bio-gas energy may be used, that will be provided by sewage waste
Environmental quality will increase, health costs will be declined and diseases will be decreased
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Annex 5. The activities and responsibilities of institutions in scenario 2 Type of activities Responsible institutions Agricultural activities Breeding of animals Animal health Demonstration of new incoming activities Training Courses about agriculture Demonstrations about irrigation system in agriculture Improving the fodder crops production
District Directorate of Ministry of Agriculture
Agricultural credits General Directorate of Forest and Village relations (ORKÖY), Ziraat Bank, Agricultural Credit Cooperatives, Turkey Development Foundation
Rehabilitation of range lands General Directorate of Cadastral and Title Deed, District Directorate of Ministry of Agriculture, Village local entity, Forestry units (high places), Turkish Foundation for Combating Erosion, for reforestation and Protection of natural Habitats (TEMA) ( the most effected NGO in the region)
Grafting of wild plants District Directorate of Ministry of Agriculture Improving the Marketing system District Directorate of Ministry of Agriculture + Village development Cooperatives (coordination) Cadastral studies Bounder of forest areas, determining the range lands
Treasury, Ministry of Forestry
Awareness and educational activities about Forest and natural resources and environmental issues
Environment and Forest Directorate +NGO’s +District Directorate of Ministry of Education +Religion Department
Protection of soil resources District Directorate of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Rural and village service, World Bank (financial support)
Improving non-wood forest products (production, demonstration etc.)
Forestry Research Directorate
Protection of picnics areas in the forest Village Local Unit, Gendarme Protection of Wild Life and preventing illegal hunting activities
The General Directorates of Nature Protection and National Parks, Village Local Entities, Imam (religion person, especially for awareness activities), National TV canals ( in national level), media
Improving alternative heating systems (biogas, water tribunes etc.)
National and local channels
Improving the health services Ministry of Health Birth controlling activities, awareness of people Ministry of Health, müftülük, media Improving the road system Department of Rural and village service, General Directorate of Forestry (Forest roads)
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