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Transcript of Page 1 Updated by: Yap Boon Thiam Technical Engineer Email: [email protected]@oyl.com.my Date:...
Page 1
< Alternative Refrigerants>
Updated by:Yap Boon ThiamTechnical EngineerEmail: [email protected]: 15/5/2012
Page 2
1. Ozone Layers
2. Ozone Depletion
3. List of Refrigerants
4. Montreal Protocol
5. Kyoto Protocol
6. R22 Alternatives
Contents
Page 3
OZONE LAYER
• Ozone (O3 ) is a gas composed of three oxygen atoms.
• 90% of the ozone is found in the upper atmosphere, 10-50km above earth surface (stratosphere).
• The ozone layer absorbs most of the harmful ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation from the sun.
• CFCs and HCFCs link to ozone layer depletion.
• If the ozone layer depletes, more harmful UV-B radiation will reach the earth through the damaged ozone layer.
• Ecological damages and health risk.
Page 4
OZONE LAYER
Source: http://www.theozonehole.com/atmosphere.htm
Page 5
OZONE DEPLETION
Source: http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/biochemistry/causes-of-ozone-depletion.html
Causes:
Page 6
• In 1985, British scientists discovered a large
thinning in the ozone layer over the Antarctic
continent.
• In September 1998, the Antarctic ozone hole
reached a record size of 25 million km2 ,or
two and half times the size of Europe.
• UV-B levels are now about 7% higher than thirty years ago.(1970s)
• UV-B radiation has increased dramatically nearer the poles, 22% higher in the Arctic and 130% higher in the Antarctic relative to values in the 1970s.
OZONE DEPLETION
Source: American Chemical Society [August 29, 2011]
Page 7
OZONE “HOLE”
OZONE DEPLETION
Source: http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/biochemistry/causes-of-ozone-depletion.html
Page 8
LIST OF REFRIGERANT
Type ASHRAE No.
Chemical Name Molecular Formula
ODP GWP
CFC R-12 Dichlorodifluoro-methane
CCl2F2 1.0 2,400
HCFC R-22 Chlorofdiluoro-methane
CHClF2 0.05 1,700
HFC R-32 Difluoromethane CH2F2 0 650
R-134a Tetrafluoroethane C2H2F4 0 1,300
Refrigerant Azeotropic Mixtures
R-407C R32+R125+R134a (23%+25%+52%)
23% CH2F2 25% C2HF5
52% C2H2F4
0 1,610
R-410A R32 + R125(50% + 50%)
50% CH2F2 0 1,725
Natural Refrigerant
R-717 Ammonia NH3 0 0
R-744 Carbon Dioxide CO2 0 1
Source: www.ashrae.org/technology/page/1933
Page 9
OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL (ODP)
GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP)
TOTAL EQUIVALENTWARMING IMPACT
(TEWI)
Based on R12 GWP= 1
0
500
1000
1500
R22 R134a R407c R410a R717
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
R22 R134a R407c R410a R717
Based on R12 ODP= 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
R22 R134a R407c R410a R717
LIST OF REFRIGERANT
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REFRIGERANT TRANSITION
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1. Developed under the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) in 1987.
2. Objective is to protect the Ozone layer by phasing
out the production of numerous Ozone depletion
substances.
3. Requirement to phase out CFCs in year 1996 and
HCFCs in year 2030.
4. In Malaysia, CFCs total phase out in year 2010.
HCFCs total phase out in year 2040.
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
Page 12
100
65 65
4035
20
10
0 0.5 00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Per
cent
1996 2004 2007 2010 2015 2020 2030
HCFC Phase Out Montreal ProtocolEuropean Union
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
Page 13
World Top Ten GHGs Emitters (2010)
KYOTO PROTOCOL
Source: BP, Statistical Review of World Energy (London: June 2011)
Page 14
To phase out R22, alternatives to R22 should be chosen carefully though overall evaluations:
1. Energy efficiency2. Total emission3. Safety4. Economic aspects
There are several candidates:1. HFC32 : Intermediate GWP and efficient2. Propane(R290): Natural and efficiency but highly flammable3. CO2: Natural but poor in efficiency4. HFC410A: High GWP but applications are widely commercialized
In comprehensive points of view, R32 is recommended as best alternative to new split air conditioners.
R22 ALTERNATIVES
Page 15
R22 ALTERNATIVES
Page 16
R22 ALTERNATIVES
Energy Efficiency
Page 17
R22 ALTERNATIVES
Total Emissions
Page 18
R22 ALTERNATIVES
Safety
Page 19
R22 ALTERNATIVES
Safety
Page 20
R22 ALTERNATIVES
Cost
Page 21
R22 ALTERNATIVES
Summary
