Soad Jaber 2008Soad Jaber 2008

PROTEIN ENERGY PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITIONMALNUTRITION

Severe childhood undernutrition

SCU

objectives• Use the medical history and physical examination to

evaluate nutritional status.• Present an approach to recognizing and treating some

common nutritional problem of childhood.• Identify etiologic categories of malnutrition,1ry,2ry,• marasmus and kwashiorkor.• Display an understanding of the principles for

managing severe childhood under nutritionز

Why more common in children?

• High nutrient requirement/unit weight.• Dependence on adults for food

Water - Higher body water> older children Fat - Rapid increase in the 1st 6 months Growth - Rapid from birth till six months Growth rate increase at puberty. More for boys than girls.

Developmental Milestones: Neonates Good swallowing + sucking. 12 weeks Can-swallows food placed on anterior

tongue. 20 weeks Can drink from held cup with biting

movements. 28 weeks Teeth begin to erupt.

Feeds self biscuits., chewing movements.

7 months Shuts mouth. Shakes head to refuse foods.

9 months Fingers feeding 10 months Drinks from cup. 12 months Holds spoon unable to get food to

mouth. 15 months Control spoon + cups. 18 months Plays with food.

How to assess nutritional status?????

• - Clinically • - Anthropometrically• - Bio-chemically • - Clinical "Signs" • Muscular, skeletal …Tone. ,muscle

wasting ,delayed walking• Abdomen- Hepatomegally.. spleenomegally,

ascites….. • CVS --Cardiomegally ,oedema • CNS--- Apathy, confusion, psychosis,

depression….

Anthropometric techniques

• The trend overtime… serial reading, NOT single…

• Weight for age reflect the combined effect of both recent and longer term level of nutrition.

• Height for age long term problem,comulative effect of undernutrition during the life of the child.

• Weight for height and age ,recent nutritional experiences. Less<80-90% abnormally low

• Skull circumference: Rapid growth in early infancy… Genetic, hormonal

• Mid-upper arm circumference• Skin folds thickness:. Triceps sub-scapular –% of body fat

..• They reflect severity and extent of the problem but not

specific for any particular disease

–

Weight> 80% expected

Weight < 90% expected

Height > 90% Normal Wasted

Height < 90% Short Stunted

INTERPRETATION OFINTERPRETATION OF WEIGHT AND HEIGHT FOR AGEWEIGHT AND HEIGHT FOR AGE

PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION

• Definition : ( WHO)

• * Marasmus Weight less than 60% of expected weight - no oedema.

• Kwashiorkor Weight between 60-80% of expected weight + oedema

No oedema Oedema

80% Under weight for age

Kwashiorkor 80%

Marasmus 60%60%Marasmic-Kwashiorkor

Wellcome Classification

Gomez Classification for Malnutrition

1ry PEM is a spectrum ranging from:

* mild formDecrease weight for length.

*severe formDecrease length and weight for age.

Aetiology of (PEM) • Leading cause of death (less than 5 years of age)

• 1ry:. Protein + energy intakes below requirement for normal growth

• 2ry:the need for growth is greater than can be supplied.• : decreased nutrient absorption• : increase nutrient losses

Linear growth ceases

Static weight

Weight loss

Wasting

Malnutrition and its signs

Kwashiorkor: • Ga language of West Africa = Supplanted one -

Child who recently have been weaned • (Pregnant mother) and emotional deprivation History:1933 Cecily * Ghanaian children

* Weaned recently* Oedema and hair changes

* Fatty liver 1967 Mc-Cane * Anaemia

* Cardiac * Skin changes

1971 Frood-Paskitt * Biochemical

Pathogenesis:Kwashiorkor:• Normal energy intake, Lack of protein• Edema:1970.decrease oncotic pressure,

– Recent> Increase Renin activity,N a and fluid retention.

• Amino aciduria due to proximal tubular dysfunction

• Failure of adaptation• .Hepatomegaly due to fatty infiltration

from lipogenesis of excess CHO• - Biochemical and haematological changes

•

Pathogenesis:

Marasmus:

• - Lack of all nutrients stimulate cortisone secretion which result in muscle wasting, the released a. a will synthesize albumin to prevent edema.

• - Growth and energy expenditure limited, in response to dietary stress

• - Adaptation to reduce protein + energy • - Biochemical and haematological tests within

normal • -Abdomin,flat due to ms wasting, OR distended

due to 2ry lactose intolerance.

•

Causes:

Social.ecomomic.poverity.ignorance.maternal malnutrtion.enviromental.

Kwashiorkor: • Insufficient intake of protein of good biological

value. • Impaired absorption of protein e.g. chronic

diarrhoea.• Abnormal losses of protein e.g. severe nephrosis . Severe or prolonged infection • Failure of protein synthesis e.g. chronic liver diseases.

Marasmus:

Inadequate caloric intake due to insufficient diet . • Improper feeding habits .• Emotional deprivation. • Metabolic abnormalities • Congenital malformation

• Severe impairment of any body system

Management:

- Accurate history of social and economic factors. poverety,ignorance. environmental factors .

diet history: maternal malnutrition, breast milk and other feeding habits .food allergies ,food taboos.

chronic illness ,burns .HIV. cystic fibrosis .malignancies .inborn error of metabolism ,

- Evaluation of growth parameters: weight, height, head circumference

- Evaluation of the degree of illness and dehydration: skin fold thickness - Biochemical evaluation * mild * moderate * severe

1) Mild - moderate with no complication • - Home management • food increase calories + energy • Multivitamin 1st week • Iron replacement 2nd week. • ± antibiotics for infection

2) Severe marasmic or severe kwashiorkor Complicated cases or marasmic kwashiorkor Hospital management INITIAL PHASE1st day: History --- clinical exam -- rehydration Prevent heat loss NGT feeding ORS, IVF (glucose and electrolytes) Treatment of infection,bacterial and parasitic.

2nd -7th day: a) Continue rehydration by NGT, b) start diet by NGT .calories 80-100/kg/day ,Protein 3-4 g/kg/d. small

volumes 2hourly then 4hourly to6 hourly. and increase calories gradually , c) multivitamin. Vit A, folic acid. Without IRON for the 1st week.

d) Correct anaemia ( packed RBC carefully) If diarrhea starts or fails to resolve may be lactose intolerance lactose free milk or cow

milk protein intolerance start soy protein hydrolysate formula.

Rehabilitation phase week2-6a) Start oral feeding b) Continue antibioticsc) Start iron Oedema disappear ,, appetite improvement .the

child is more interested in the surroundingFollow up phaseDischarge..

Supervising the mother in cooking parental education to prevent an additional

episodes

Follow-up: 1st sign of improvement:

-Awareness in the child -Appetite (kw) -Weight loss (kw)

Weight gain rapid Marasmus

Slow (10th day) Kwashiorkor

Failure of improvement:

1) Combined marasmic -kwashiorkor

2) Infection TB ,,,parasite

3) drowsiness -Severe hypokalemia -Hepatic failure -Protein intolerance

4) Rapid gain of weight - Cardiac failure - Grossly disturbed metabolism - Unable to tolerate the rate of re feeding (oedema)

5) Profuse diarrhea - GIT infection - Food intolerance (discharidase) - Other nutrients deficiency

Complications: 1) Infection:

1. Immunological defect - Cell mediated> humoral - Measles> fatal disease

2. Subtle infection - Lack of fever - Hypothermia - No increase in WBC

- Inability to localize infection

Complications (cot’n)

2) Hypoglycaemia apnoea 3) Hypothermia bradycardia 4) Heart failure death 5) Vit deficiencies Vit A blindness 6) Permanent growth stunting 7) Prolonged illness developmental delay

cognitive function slow intellectual

achievement

Prevention: Improve nutritional status Improve water

supply Without change in food supply Proper sanitation

Health education Social worker visits,

Reduce infection rate Immunization Supervision of

feeding Good weaning

practice

Long term community health measures

Effective for one generation

Prognosis: Marasmus due to under feeding good

Kwashiorkor MR 10-25%

Marasmus I Kwashiorkor worse progress

End point of nutritional

stress failure of adaptation