Packet page # DNA. Packet page # Goals and Standards After completing all activities and assignments...
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Transcript of Packet page # DNA. Packet page # Goals and Standards After completing all activities and assignments...
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Goals and Standards
After completing all activities and assignments in this unit, students will be able to:
• Describe mitosis and meiosis and explain their importance.• Construct and identify the parts of a model of a DNA molecule.• Describe how DNA copies itself.
PA Science and Technology Standards covered in this unit:• 3.1.7B Describe the use of models as an application of scientific or
technological concepts.• 3.3.7C Know that every organism has a set of genetic instructions
that determines inherited traits.
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Vocab: DNA, gene, replication
• DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid – a chemical in the nucleus of cells that codes and stores genetic information.
• Gene – A segment of DNA on a chromosome that directs the making of certain chemicals, controlling traits that are passed to an offspring
• Replication – creation of new exact copies of DNA to be used in newly made cells
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Vocab: Mutations
Mutation – a mistake that is made when DNA is copied. This may or may not show a problem in the individual
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Vocab: Mitosis, chromosome, asexual and
sexual reproduction• Mitosis – process that divides the nucleus to
make 2 identical cells• Chromosome – threadlike strands of DNA in the
nucleus that carry the information for all the characteristics of an organism
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Vocab: Meiosis, fertilization, RNA
• RNA – ribonucleic acid – similar to DNA, but one stranded. Leaves the nucleus to make proteins at the ribosomes.
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Vocab: Transcription, translation, amino acid, protein
• Transcription – DNA is copied into RNA
• Translation – RNA is copied into proteins
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What does DNA look like?
A
A
A
T
T
C
GC
G
T
T
A
C
G
Sugar
Phosphate Group
Thymine
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
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Characteristics of DNA:1. The sides or “handrails” of the DNA “ladder” are made of sugar and phosphate molecules.2. The “stairs” are made of molecules called nitrogenous bases.3. The 4 nitrogenous bases are:Adenine thymine cytosine guanine4. The nitrogenous bases always match up like this:Adenine and thymineCytosine and guanine5. The two strands of DNA are to each other.
DNA Model Notes
complimentary
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Materials Key
Material DNA Structure
Beads Blue = Adenine
Yellow = Thymine
Green = Guanine
Purple = Cytosine
Red = Sugar
Pipe Cleaners Serve to anchor everything else together
Straws Phosphate groups
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Making your DNA model
First, build a half strand of DNA that looks like this.
Then, match the nitrogenous bases and build the other half of the DNA strand.
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Interphase: When the cell is doing its work
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Centrioles
DNA – 2 copies
Nuclear membrane
8 – top left box
Nucleus
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Prophase – DNA starts to appear as chromosomes
ChromosomesNuclear envelope dissolving
Spindle
Centrioles
8 – top right
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Metaphase: Chromosomes line upChromosomes lined up on equator of cell
spindle
centriole
8 – middle left
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Meiosis vs Mitosis
Mitosis
1. 1 division of the nucleus
2. Makes all other types of cells
3. New cells are identical to original
Meiosis1. 2 divisions of
the nucleus2. Makes sperm
and egg cells only
3. New cells have ½ the number of
Chromosomes as original
A. Involve chromosomes
B. Use prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase