PA Lecture 1 (PPP)

8/2/2019 PA Lecture 1 (PPP)

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PS2240

Introduction toPublic Administration

Lecture One


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What is PA?

The problem of how people are to be educated or trained for

participating in public administration.is one that can be solved

only after a decision as to what, after wall, is meant by public

administration..

-- Dwight Waldo in The Study of Public Administration (1955)


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What is PA?

1 PA is administration.

2 PA is public.

3 PA is an art (of practice)

4 PA is a (social) science.5 PA evolves over time.


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1. PA is administration.


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Administration

A type of cooperative

human effort that has a

high degree of rationality

(Waldo, 1955).

Dwight Waldo (1913-2000)Source: http://polt906f07.wikispaces.com/Waldo,+Dwight


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Administration

Rational actionaction

correctly calculated to

realize given desired goals

with minimum loss to therealization of other

desired goals



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Administration

Human behavior isintendedly rational, but

only limitedly so (Simon,

1957).

Herbert Simon (1916-2000)

Source: NobelPrize.org at

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates 1978 simon-autobio.html


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Administration

Nonrational actions

irrational component in

human psychologyare

also important.



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Administration

Nonrational factors are

not working against

organizational goals, but

they can be directedtoward the realization of

goals--- (Waldo, 1955).



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Administration

Organization:the

structure of authoritative

and habitual personal

interrelationsManagement: action

intended to achieve

rational cooperation in an

administrative system.

Dwight Waldo (1913-2000)

Source: http://polt906f07.wikispaces.com/Waldo,+Dwight


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2. PA is public.


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What makes PA public?

1. Goals externally determined.

2. Public goods (nonrivalrous, nonexcludable)

3. Monopoly (Not competitive)

4. Primary performance criteria not profits

5. Higher social scrutiny

6. Legal foundation Limited freedom of action7. Things that the government does---?


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Is this public?

Source: Singapore Police Force at http://www.spf.gov.sg/


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Is this public?

Source: Singapore Sports Council at

http://www.ssc.gov.sg/publish/Corporate/en/industry/sportshub.html

The Singapore Government is

looking forward to working withprivate sector partners to capitalise

on its full potential.


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Public-Private Partnership (PPP)

With PPP, the public sector will

move away from owning and

operating facilities, to purchasing

services directly from the private

sector (Ministry of Finance,

Singapore, 2004).

And many more types of PPP


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Public Administration < Governance

Governance consists of the traditions and

institutions by which authority in a country is

exercised. This includes the process by which

governments are selected, monitored andreplaced; the capacity of the government to

effectively formulate and implement sound

policies; and the respect of citizens and thestate for the institutions that govern economic

and social interactions among them.

Source: World Banks Governance Indicator Website athttp://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp


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3. PA is an art.

PA refers to those activities undertaken by

public administrators in a country to ensure the

attainment oforganizational goals.

(Quah, 1981)


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3. PA is an art.

A central concern is how to run

government efficiently or how to

manage daily government activities

within the legal framework.


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Mesopotamia

(ca. 35,00 BCE)

The Sumerians developed writing as a means of documenting governmental transactions (Faxio, Moffett, Wodehouse, 2009).The earliest writing was based on pictograms. Pictograms were used to communicate basic information about crops and taxes.(The British Museum, http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.html)
http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/homemain.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/homemain.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/homemain.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/homemain.htmlhttp://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/homemain.html


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2. PA is a (social) science.


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Logical Positivism

The goal of scientific

research is to identify

law-like regularities.


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Law-Like Regularities

Science concerns how independent variable (X)

determines the characteristic or occurrence of

another factor (the dependent variable = Y)

= {}


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Which one is the dependent variable?

Does bureaucracy improve government

efficiency?

Do meritocracy principles improve

administrative effectiveness?

Does public participation improve

accountability?

Does the degree of corruption depend on the

level of compensation for civil servants?


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Logical Positivism

Theoretical hypotheses

must be validated

experimentally.

Facts must be collectedby impartial observers

in an objective manner.


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Science must be systematic.

a method for seeking out and analyzing information

in a systematic and unbiased manner

-- Hellriegel, Slocum, and Woodman (1992).

= {, ? ? }


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Rationality in both types

Public administration as art(creative activity)

managers and administrators calculate the

means to maximize public (or their) goals.

Public administration as a study continuous

calculation of the means by which public

goals, e.g., efficiency, may be maximized.


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Can they get along?


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5. PA evolves.

Administration has been studied in every age and at every stage

of history, but with great variation in means, intensity, andawareness.

-- Dwight Waldo in The Study of Public Administration (1955)


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Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924)

Source: Wilson, W. (1887). Study of administration. Political Science Quarterly, 2(2), 197-222

The evolution of American PA.


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There is no republican way to build a road

a progressive reformer

Progressive Era(1890s-1920s)


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Scientific Movement

Taylors Principles of

Scientific Management

(1911)

Positivism gainedascendancy among

scientists (1870s-1900s.)

Development of statistical

software/approaches.

Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-

1915)


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Leonard D. White(1891 1958)

White wrote the first PA textbook (1926) from

the perspective of management.

The purpose of administration is to achieve

the most efficient utilization of human and

material resources.

It is important for the PA to become a science

(facts, no values); politics = values.


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Attack on Scientific Approach (1940s-)

Paul H. Appleby (1949)

the politics administrative

dichotomy is a self-imposed

myththe order of any decision is

always subject to political

determination

Paul Henson Appleby (1891-1963), with Indian Prime Minister Nehru in India in 1954.

Source: Maxwell School website: http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/alumni.aspx?id=277


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On politics-admin dichotomy

A great deal (but not all)

of the controversy over

whether public

administration is a scienceor an art stemmed from

failure to agree on which

public administration was

being discussed, thediscipline or the activity.




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PA is not a pure but applied science.

Pure science

A is followed by B

Appliedscience

If it is desired to achieve

X, then Y should be done.

carries values.questions logical

positivism.




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Minnowbrook Conference III in 2008

The Future of Public

Administration, Around

the World

Phase two -- 220 scholarsand practitioners from 13

different countries.

Photo from the Minnowbrook

Conference center website:

http://www.minnowbrook.org/


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What is PA?

1 PA is administration.

2 PA is public.

3 PA is an art (of practice)

4 PA is science.5 PA evolves over time.


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What is PA to us?


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Module Outline

Definition of Public Administration

Output, Outcome, and Performance

Bureaucracy

Decentralization

New Public Management

Accountability


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Module Outline

Ethics and Responsibility

Representation

Public Participation

Public Budgeting and Financial Management

Challenges and Politics of Administrative

Reform


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Readings

Do not rely on a single textbook.

Focus on definitions and concepts.

Avoid topics covered in other PA modules.

Introduce international cases to add

comparative perspectives.


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Please help me.

Your Name (underline first name)

Your country


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Assessment

CA Marks Tutorial Participation 20%

Term Paper 20%Final Examination 60%

**Feedbacks on my lectures are welcome!


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Term Paper

1. Briefly describe the structure of the government.

Example:

Japan is a unitary state; under the national government are localgovernments comprised of a total of 47 headed by governors: ametropolis (to, in Japanese), a circuit (do), two urban prefectures(hu), and 43 other prefectures (ken). Below these prefectures aremunicipalities.


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Term Paper

2. Identify a public administration challenge

faced by the country/government, and/or

3. Assesses the effectiveness of an ongoing

public administration reform there.

4. Make policy recommendations.


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Term Paper

The body of your paper eight pages.

Plus a cover page and a reference list.

Times New Roman font, double-spaced.

APA or MLA citation style.

Due at 5PM on March 28

One hard copy to your tutors mailbox.


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Suggested Materials

Peer-reviewed academic journals

PA Focus

Regional/Country Focus

Sector Focus

Official country reports

International organizations project

documents.


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International Organizations

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation

and Development

The World Bank

The Asian Development Bank

The United Nations Development Programme


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Final Exam

April 25, 2012, 17PM

closed-book

a combination of short answer (definitional)

and essay questions.


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Why study PA?


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1. To graduate from NUS.


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2. To be an informed citizen.


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3. To be a public administrator.


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4. To be a public administration /

governance specialist.organizational doctors


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Example 1

The Africa Poverty Reduction and Economic

Management Group is looking to recruit a

dynamic and problem-solving Lead Public

Sector/Governance Specialist and Cluster Leaderto be based in Abuja, Nigeria to lead the World

Banks governance and public sector

management program in the followingcountries: Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra

Leone. (Posted, 20-Jun-2011, World Bank)


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Example 2

The Fiscal Affairs Department (FAD) of the IMF isseeking highly-qualified experts to fill a RegionalPublic Financial Management (PFM) Advisorposition at the Center of Excellence in Finance (CEF)based in Ljubljana, Slovenia as part of a regionalprogram of technical assistance (TA) funded by theJapanese government. The Advisor's appointmentterm would be for an initial period of one yearstarting from May 2012, on a renewable basis,subject to satisfactory performance. (posted, 06-Jan-2012, IMF PFM Blog)

PA Lecture 1 (PPP)

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