POTENTIALS, APPLICATIONS & CHALLENGESCHALLENGES

OF GEOTHERMAL IN INDONESIA

by:y

eko agung bramantyoagungbram@pgeindonesia.com

Presented:

timbul h silitonga

PT PERTAMINA GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

timbul h. silitongathsilitonga@pgeindonesia.com

WHAT IS GEOTHERMAL ?

Geoscience & Reservoir

HOT WATER SYSTEMSurface A

Geothermal reservoir model

h (K

m)

BPointCurve

CAP A

CASTEAM

STEAM Dep

t

T (oC)100 200 300hot WATER

LiquidDIENG

AP

HOT WATERHEAT SOURCE

Km

)

BPointCurve

ACAP A

Surface A

B

C

Dep

th (K B

T (oC)100 200 300

Steam

KAMOJANGD

STEAM

PAVOUR SYSTEM

Reservoir dominasi airpanas ( T 260 – 280 C )Reser oir 2 phasa ( ap + airpanas) ( T 220 260 C)Reservoir 2-phasa (uap + airpanas) ( T 220 – 260 C)Reservoir dominasi uap ( T 200 – 240 C )

SUBSURFACE - GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SUBSURFACE - GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY

WELLS

RESERVOIR

WELLS

HEAT SOURCESource : GEOTHERMAL EDUCATION OFFICE

GEOTHERMAL POTENTIALSGEOTHERMAL POTENTIALS

Sumber gambar : GEOTHERMAL EDUCATION OFFICE - US

GEOTHERMAL AREA IN INDONESIA

TOTAL POTENTIAL 27 000 MWTOTAL POTENTIAL 27.000 MWUTILIZED 1194 MW (4,4%)

APPLICATION OF GEOTHERMALAPPLICATION OF GEOTHERMAL IN INDONESIA

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Eksploration Development Commenrcial

2 tahun 2-3 tahun 25-30 tahun

Wilayah Wilayah KerjaKerja PengusahaanPengusahaan Geothermal of Geothermal of PGE PGE

(C i A f PGE)(C i A f PGE)(Concession Area of PGE)(Concession Area of PGE)

7. Cibereum-Parabakti8. Pengalengan

1

2 14g g9. Kamojang-Darajat10. Karaha11. Dieng3

1415

11. Dieng12. Iyang-Argopuro13. Tabanan14 Lahendong

3

54

1. Sibayak-Sinabung2. Sibualbuali3. Sungaipenuh

14. Lahendong15. Kotamobagu6

78

10 11g p4. Hululais5. Lumut Balai6. Way Panas Ulubelu

8 9 1312

6. Way Panas Ulubelu

DIAGRAM “COST STRUCTURE”OF GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT CAPACITY 110 MW

Field Development = 0.8 M – 1 million US $/MW

POWER PLANT = 1 – 1.2 million US $/MW

Development Drilling

30%

Production Facilities

9%

( Prod. & reinject. Wells = 18 )( Prod. & reinject. Wells = 18 )

30%

Feasibility Study0% Power Plant

54%

Exploration Drilling

Exloration (Survey)1%

Drilling6%

Infrastructure of Field

(4 sumur eksplorsi)(4 sumur eksplorsi)))

1%Development, 2,38%

Direct use of Geothermal EnergyMushroom Plantation at Kamojang Cengkeh and Coconut Sugar Drying

at Lahendong

Plant Capacity• OWN OPERATION

– Kamojang• Unit-1 (30 MW), steam sales to IP• Unit-2 (55 MW), steam sales to IPUnit 2 (55 MW), steam sales to IP• Unit-3 (55 MW), steam sales to IP• Unit-4 (60 MW), steam sales to PLN

– Sibayak• Monoblok 2MW ex-Dieng, electrical sales to PLNMonoblok 2MW ex Dieng, electrical sales to PLN• Unit-1&2 (2x5 MW), electrical sales to Dizamatra

– Lahendong• Unit-1,2,3 (3x20 MW), steam sales to PLN

• KOB– Chevron Darajat

• Unit-1 (55 MW), steam sales to PLN• Unit-2 (70 MW), electrical sales to PLNUnit 2 (70 MW), electrical sales to PLN• Unit-3 (110 MW), electrical sales to PLN

– Chevron Gunung Salak• Unit-1,2,3 (3x50 MW), steam sales to IP• Unit-4,5,6 (3x50 MW), electrical sales to PLNUnit 4,5,6 (3x50 MW), electrical sales to PLN

– Star Energi Wayang Windu• Uniit 1,2 (2 x 110 MW), electrical sales to PLN

• PT GEODIPA ENERGI, JV (PT PERTAMINA dan PT PLN), ( )– Dieng

• Unit-1 (50 MW), electrical sales to PLN

UTILIZATION of GEOTHERMAL FOR ELECTRICITY

2500FUTURE

2000

1500

MW PGE

TOTAL1194 MW

1000

22.78%

0

500272 MW

0

YEAR

REGULATIONREGULATION

PERATURAN & PERUNDANGAN(Government Regulation)(Government Regulation)

• KEPPRES 22/1981 Pengusahaan Panasbumi di Indonesia oleh PertaminaKEPPRES 22/1981 Pengusahaan Panasbumi di Indonesia oleh Pertamina

• KEPPRES 45/1991 Pertamina dapat menjual listrik ke PLN/Bdan Usaha/koperasi

• KEPPRES 49/91 Setoran bagian Pemerintah (Pajak-pajak) sebesar 34%KEPPRES 49/91 Setoran bagian Pemerintah (Pajak pajak) sebesar 34%

• KEPPRES 76/2000 Pengusahaan Sumber Daya panasbumi untuk Pembangkitan Tenaga LIstrik

• KEPMEN ESDM 667/2002 Penugasan DitJen GSDM dan LPE dalam Pengusahaan Panasbumi untuk Pembangkitan Tenaga Listrik

• UU27/2003,Undang-undang Panasbumi

• Permen ESDM 14/2008 Harga Patokan Listrik Panasbumi

• Permen ESDM 02/2006 Harga Listrik Energi Terbarukan Skala Menengah

• PP 59/2007

• Permen ESDM 05/2009 Pedoman harga Pembelian Tenaga listrik oleh PT PLN oleh Koperasi atau Badan Usaha lainKoperasi atau Badan Usaha lain

BUSINESSBUSINESS

OPERATIONAL BUSINESS SCHEME

Develop and Operate

PERTAMINA OWNOR WITH ITS CONTRACTOR

Develop and Operate Steam Field PLN CONSUMERSS

TE

WITH ITS CONTRACTOR

OTHER COMPANY CONSUMERS

AM

Develop and Operate St Fi ld d

PERTAMINA OWNOR

Steam Field and Power Plant PLN CONSUMERSE

LECOR

WITH ITS CONTRACTOROTHER COMPANY CONSUMERS

CTRIC

TRANSACTION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY TYPE 1

STEAM FIELD POWER PLANT ELECTRICALTRANSMISSION

SELLING POINT

TYPE 1

TRANSMISSIONDeveloped and Operated by PGE (others)

Developed and Operated by PLN (others)

STEAM FIELD POWER PLANT ELECTRICALSELLING POINT

TYPE 2

STEAM FIELDTRANSMISSION

Developed and Operated by PGE (or and others)

Developed and Operated by PLN (others)

STEAM FIELD POWER PLANT ELECTRICAL

( )

SELLING POINTSELLING POINTTYPE 3

STEAM FIELD POWER PLANT ELECTRICALTRANSMISSION

Developed and Operated by PGE

Developed and Operated by other Developed and Operated by

PLNp ycompany PLN

Sumber Presentasi Dirut PLN, Bappenas Desember 2008

GEOTHERMAL AS A RENEWABLE ENERGY AND DIVERSIFICATION ENERGY FOR FOSIL ENERGYDIVERSIFICATION ENERGY FOR FOSIL ENERGY

SUBSTITUTION

OIL CONSUMPTION ENERGY TO OIL CONSUMPTION ENERGY TO GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION

OIL CONSUMPTION ENERGY TO OIL CONSUMPTION ENERGY TO GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION

COAL CONSUMPTION TO GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION

100 MWINSTALLED 4.250 100 MW 864INSTALLED CAPACITY

4.250 BOEPD OF OIL

INSTALLEDCAPACITY

864TONNE / DAY

OF COAL

ECONOMICSUBSITITUTION PRICE

TECHNOLOGYTREND OF PRICING DEPENDENCY RELATED TO INCREASING OIL AND GAS INTERNATIONAL MARKET (UNCERTAINTY)

THE INCREMENTAL OIL AND GAS INTERNATIONAL MARKET WHICH IS TRIGERRED TECHNOLOGY IN COAL/BIOFUEL PROCESSING

ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTALINTERNALIZED ENVIROMENTAL COST RELATED TO GAS EMMISION

Current State and Challenges

Is geothermal an expensive energy?If we consider the fuel export effect and the environmental cost, geothermal energy is notp , g gyexpensive energy for the society

Item Geothermal Hydro Coal Natural Gas

Oil (Diesel) Remarks

Selling Price (¢/kWh) 8 7 11 5 5 5 7 7 17 1 In case ofSelling Price (¢/kWh) 8.7 11.5 5.5 7.7 17.1 In case of IRR=18%

Loss of fuel export opportunity cost

(¢/kWh) - - 1.8 6.0 8.0 Oil 50$/BBL,Coal : 35 US $ /t35 US $ /ton, LNG 8.6U$/MMBTU

Environmental cost (¢/kWh) 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.9 1.6

(Sulfur dioxide) (¢/kWh) (0.01) (0.00) (0.33) (0.01) (0.38) from table below(Nitrongen oxide)(Carbon dioxide)

(¢/kWh)(¢/kWh)

(0.00)(0.02)

(0.00)(0.01)

(0.49)(0.98)

(0.34)(0.52)

(0.45)(0.74)

dittoditto

Total (¢/kWh) 8.7 11.5 9.1 14.6 26.7Total (¢/kWh) 8.7 11.5 9.1 14.6 26.7

Emission of Pollutants Geothermal Hydro Coal Natural Gas

Oil (Diesel)

Price of Emission

Sulfur dioxide (lb/MWh) (*1) 0.35 0.00 10.39 0.22 12.00 ‘@ 700$/ton (*4)

Nitrogen oxide (lb/MWh) (*2) 0.00 0.00 4.31 2.96 4.00 ‘@ 2,500$/ton (*4)

Carbon dioxide (kg/MWh) (*3) 15 11 975 519 742 ‘@ 10$/ton(Source)( )*1 A Guide to Geothermal and the Environmental: Geothermal Energy Association USA (2005) See Fig.1.6)*2 A Guide to Geothermal and the Environmental: Geothermal Energy Association USA (2005) See Fig.1.7)*3 Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan CRIEPI Review No. 45,2001 Nov) (See Fig 1.8)*4 US Emission Market 2006, April

(Source : JICA Geoth.Dev. Masterplan Team, Feb 2007

ENERGY REFORMATIONENERGY REFORMATION

Decreasing of Oil and gas ResourcesDependency of crude oil for energy Broker ActionDependency of crude oil for energyconsumptionCoordination Controling of EnergyConsumption

i i f i f d il

ExportImportTransportation/TankerInsurance

ENERGY CRISISENERGY CRISIS(Oil and Gas)(Oil and Gas)

Apreciation for using of non crude oilconsumption

FiscalBusiness

Insurance

Price DiparsitySensitive Smuggling

Non oil and gas Energy ResourcesSurroundingMarketNon oil and gas Energy Resources

CoalNuclearGEOTHERMAL

Market (consumer)Added Value

EconomicalAccupation

UtilizingUtilizingGEOTHERMAL

popportunityPartisipationTogetherness/ Justice

KEN (PP No. 3/2005; PP No. 5/2006) : UTILIZING OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY~ 5 % ENERGY MIX ON 2025

Geothermal Energy Vs Fuels + Coal

Geothermal, water, solar & windClean Energy – Environment

(renewable energy)

Crude oil, gas & Batubara (un-renewablet energy) geothermal

Perbandingan penggunaan energi :Perbandingan penggunaan energi : RENEWABLE Vs UNRENEWABLE source : GEOTHERMAL EDUCATION OFFICE

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY’S CONTRIBUTION

DIVERSIFICATION FUEL (CRUDE OIL) THRIFTY≈ 2 JUTA SBM PERTAHUN

DEMAND OF ELECTRICITYELECTRICITY

DEMAND OF ELECTRICITY BY INDUSTRY AND SOCIETY

DIRECT USE WATER HEATER(OFFICE & COMMUNITY)AGRI CULTUREMUSHROOM CULTIVATION, ETC

INFRA-STRUCTUREROAD, BRIDGETOURIST DESTINATIONEDUCATION

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