Professor: Salvatore R. Maddi, Department of Psychology & Social BehaviorClass Meetings: 9:30 AM to 12:20PM, Wednesdays, in PSB 4105, SBS GatewayOffice Hour: 12:30PM –1:20PM, Wednesdays, in PSB 4302, SBS GatewayContact Information: 949-824-7045; srmaddi@uci.edu

P232 (Fall, 2013)

Hardiness as the Pathway to Resilience

Course DescriptionHardiness is a particular combination of attitudes and skills that extensive research around the world has shown enhances performance, conduct, morale, stamina, and health, despite stressful circumstances. The motivation, or courage to do the hard work of transforming stressful circumstances from potential disasters into growth opportunities, is contributed by the HardiAttitudes of commitment, control, and challenge. The HardiSkills that facilitate dealing effectively with the stresses are for transformational coping, socially supportive interactions, and self-care in the form of relaxation, nutrition, and physical activity. The research shows that this combination of attitudes and skills is especially likely to lead to resilience (surviving and thriving) as stresses mount. The emphasis of this course will be on helping graduate students learn about hardiness conceptualization, research, assessment and training, and on using what is learned not only to improve their own performance, conduct, morale, stamina, and health, but also to become Certified Hardiness Trainers.

RequirementsGraduate students are expected to attend class sessions, do the specified readings, and hand in the specified exercises. The exercises cover the HardiSkills, and the use of feedback from this to deepen the HardiAttitudes. Performance in the class will be evaluated by the quality with which the specified exercises are carried out, and by class participation.

This course is open to graduate students in the Department of Psychology and Social Behavior. Graduate students in other units of the School of Social Ecology, or other University schools will be admitted with agreement of the teacher.

Required Reading

Khoshaba, D.M., & Maddi, S.R. (2004). HardiTraining (4th Ed.). Newport Beach,

CA: Hardiness Institute.

Optional ReadingMaddi, S. R., & Khoshaba, D. M. (2005). Resilience at Work: How to Succeed No

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Matter What Life Throws at You. New York, NY: Amacom.

Additional readings

Various research and conceptual papers are assigned on a weekly basis.

Week 1: Resilience and the Pathways to It

Resilience is not only surviving, but also thriving, despite stressful circumstances. Research shows that some people experiencing stressful circumstances respond with greater resilience than do others. Needless to say, resilience is an important potentiality of individuals, especially if it can be enhanced. Various pathways to resilience that have been studied will be considered as to how they can be measured and trained.

Required Readings:

Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience. American Psychologist, 59,

20-28.

Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical

analysis and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543-562.

Maddi, S. R. (2005). On hardiness and other pathways to resilience. American

Psychologist, 60, 261-262.

Optional Readings:

Bonanno, G. A., Field, N. P., Kovacevic, A., & Kaltman, S. (2002). Self-enhancement as

a buffer against extreme adversity: Civil war in Bosnia and traumatic loss in theUnited States. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 184-196.

Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., Tweed, R. G., Haring, M., Sonnega, J.et al. (2002). Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from pre-loss to 18 months post-loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1150-1164.

Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors forposttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748-766.

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Kobasa, S.C., Maddi, S.R. & Kahn, S. (1982). Hardiness and health: A prospective study.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 168-177. Week 2: Hardiness Attitudes and Skills

One particular pathway to resilience—hardiness—will be emphasized as to its conceptualization and research validation in a variety of stressful contexts. Hardiness has emerged as the pattern of attitudes and skills that provides the courage, motivation, and strategies to turn stressful circumstances from potential disasters into growth opportunities.

Required Readings:

Khoshaba & Maddi, Chapter 1.

Maddi, S. R. (2002). The story of hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and

practice. Consulting Psychology Journal, 54, 173-185.

Khoshaba, D.M. & Maddi, S.R. (1999). Early experiences in hardiness development. Consulting Psychology Journal, 51, 106-116.

Optional Readings:

Bartone, P. T. (1999). Hardiness protects against war-related stress in army reserve Consulting Psychology Journal, 51, 72-82.

Maddi, S.R. & Hess, M. (1992). Hardiness and success in basketball. International

Journal of Sports Psychology, 23, 360-368.

Maddi, S. R., & Hightower, M. (1999). Hardiness and optimism as expressed in copingpatterns. Consulting Psychology Journal, 51, 95-105.

Maddi, S. R., Brow, M., Khoshaba, D. M., & Vaitkus, M. (2006). The relationship ofhardiness and religiosity to depression and anger. Consulting PsychologyJournal, 58, 148-161.

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Week 3: Hardiness Assessment

Emphasis is on evaluating the tests for assessing hardiness. One test (the Personal Views Survey III-R) covers only the HardiAttitudes of commitment, control, and challenge, and their combination. The other test (the HardiSurvey III-R) includes not only the HardiAttitudes, but also HardiCoping, HardiSocialSupport, Stress, Strain, and Regressive Coping. This latter test generates a comprehensive report concerning stress vulnerability and stress resilience. (In addition to relevant readings and discussions, students take the HardiSurvey III-R, in order to have personal information relevant to evaluating the approach.)

Required Reading:

Maddi, S. R. (2002). The story of hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and practice.Consulting Psychology Journal, 54, 173-185.

Optional Readings:

Maddi, S. R., & Khoshaba, D. M. (2001). Personal Views Survey III-R: Test development and internet instruction manual. Irvine, CA: Hardiness Institute.

Maddi, S. R., & Khoshaba, D. M. (2001). HardiSurvey III-R: Test development andinternet instruction manual. Irvine, CA: Hardiness Institute.

Funk, S. C., & Houston, B. K. (1987). A critical analysis of the Hardiness Scale’s validity and utility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 572-578.

Hull, J. G., Van Treuren, R. R., & Virnelli, S. (1987). Hardiness and health: A critiqueand alternative approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 518-530.

Maddi, S. R. (1999). The personality construct of hardiness, I: Effect on experiencing,coping, and strain. Consulting Psychology Journal, 51, 83-94.

Maddi, S. R., Khoshaba, D. M., Harvey, R. H., Lu, J. L., & Persico, M. (2002). Thepersonality construct of hardiness, II: Relationships with measures ofpsychopathology and personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 72-85.

Maddi, S. R., Harvey, R. H., Khoshaba, D. M., Lu,J. L., Persico, M., & Brow, M. (2006).

The personality construct of hardiness, III: Relationships with repression, Innovativeness, authoritarianism, and performance. Journal of Personality, 74,575-598.

Maddi, S. R., Harvey, R. H., Resurreccion, R., Giatras, C. D., & Raganold, S. (2007).Hardiness as a performance enhancer in firefighters. International Journal of

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Fire Service Leadership and Managements, 1(2), 3-9.

Maddi, S.R., Harvey, R.H., Khoshaba, D.M., Fazel, M., & Resurreccion, N. (2011).The personality construct of hardiness, IV: Positive cognitions and emotionsconcerning oneself and developmentally-relevant activities. Journal ofHumanistic Psychology, 49, 295-305.

Maddi, S. R., Khoshaba, D.M., Harvey, R.H., Fazel, M., & Resurreccion, N. (2011).The personality construct of hardiness, V: Relationships with the constructionof existential meaning in life. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 51, 367-388.

Maddi, S.R., Harvey, R.H., Khoshaba, D.M., Fazel, M., & Resurreccion, N. (2011).The relationship of hardiness and other relevant variables to college performance.Journal of Humanistic Psychology, in press.

Maddi, S.R., Matthews, M.D., Kelly, D., Villarreal, B., & White, M. (2011). Hardiness as the pathway to resilience in a stressful military environment. Military Psychology, submitted.

Carmody, C., Maddi, S.R., & Taddeo, M. (2011). Hardiness and facebook addiction.Submitted.

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Week 4: Hardy Coping for Performance and Health

HardiCoping is the process of treating stressful circumstances as problems that need to be solved, and taking the necessary steps to transform them from potential disasters into personal growth opportunities instead. This is in contrast to regressive coping, which emphasizes denial and avoidance, in hopes of preserving pleasure. Specifically, hardy coping involves, at the mental level, putting the stressful circumstance in perspective and deepening one’s understanding of it, and, at the action level, developing a relevant plan of action and carrying it out. Then, one uses the feedback obtained through this coping process to deepen one’s HardiAttitudes (the courage and motivation to continue the hard work of HardiCoping).

Required Readings:

Khoshaba & Maddi, Chapters 2 through 5.

Optional Readings:

Baum, A. (1990). Stress, intrusive imagery, and chronic distress. Health Psychology, 9, 653-675.

Kobasa, S.C., Maddi, S.R., Puccetti, M. & Zola, M. (1986). Relative effectiveness of

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hardiness, exercise, and social support as resources against illness. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29, 525-533.

Lazarus, R.S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Coping and adaptation. In W.D. Gentry (Ed.), Handbook of behavioral medicine. New York, NY: Guilford.

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Week 5: Hardy Social Support for Performance and Health

HardiSupport is the process of admitting conflicts that exist with significant others, and carrying through on the procedures that can decrease conflict and replace it with a pattern of giving and getting assistance and encouragement instead. Specifically, this process involves tracing the types of support and conflict in particular relationships, and, in trying to reduce the conflit, engaging in HardiCoping supplemented by enhanced techniques for communicating and listening. This leads to deepening the pattern of giving and getting assistance and encouragement through empathy and helpfulness.

Required Readings:

Khoshaba & Maddi, Chapters 6 through 9.

Optional Readings:

Cohen, S. & McKay, G. (1984). Social support, stress and the buffering hypothesis: A theoretical analysis. In A. Baum, S.E. Taylor & J.E. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of psychology and health. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Taylor, R.L., Lam, D.J., Roppel, C.E. & Barter, J.T. (1984). Friends can be good medicine: Excursion into mental health promotion. Community Mental Health Journal, 20, 294-303.

Taylor, S.E. (1979). Hospital patient behavior: Reactance, helplessness, or control? Journal of Social Issues, 35, 156-184.

--EXERCISE SET ON HARDY COPING IS DUE—_____________________________________________________________________________________

Week 6: Hardy Relaxation for Performance and Health

There is a positive relationship between strain (both mental and physical) and the number and magnitude of stressful circumstances that take place. Although the stressfulness of circumstances can be decreased through HardiCoping and HardiSupport, this process takes some time. In the short run, one’s strain level (mental and bodily

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arousal) can be stopped from becoming so high that it undermines efforts at HardiCoping and HardiSupport by engaging in HardiRelaxation. Adding relaxation to coping and support not only enhances behavior in the short run, but also protects health over time.

Required Readings:

Khoshaba & Maddi, Chapters 10 through 16.

Optional Readings:

Hoelscher, T.J., Lichstein, K.L. & Rosenthal, T.L. (1986). Home relaxation practice in hypertensive treatment: Objective assessment and compliance induction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 217-221.

--EXERCISE SET ON HARDY SOCIAL SUPPORT IS DUE--

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Week 7: Hardy Nutrition for Performance and Health

As strain mounts (as the result of stresses), one craves sweet and fatty foods. This is a natural concomitant of the “fight or flight” response, which we tend to suppress now that we are civilized. If one eats too much fatty and sweet foods, that tends not only to undermine energy and performance, but also can compromise health in the long run. In order to avoid this, one needs to engage in HardiNutrition, which is aimed at balance and moderation in food intake.

Required Readings:

Khoshaba & Maddi, Chapters 17 through 20.

Optional Readings:

Holroyd, K.A. & Penzien, D.B. (1985). Client variables and the behavioral treatment of recurrent tension headache: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 9, 515-536.

Holroyd, K.A., France, J.L., Cordingley, G.E., Rokicki, L.A., Kvaal, S.A., Lipchik, G.L. & McCool, H.R. (1995). Enhancing the effectiveness of relaxation-thermal

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biofeedback training with propranolol hydrochloride. Journal of Consulting and Clinical and Clinical Psychology, 63, 327-330.

Carmody, T.P., Fey, S.G., Pierce, D.K., Connor, W.E. & Matarazzo, J.D. (1982). Behavioral treatment of hyperlipidemia: Techniques, results, and future directions. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 5, 91-116.

Winikoff, B. (1983). Nutritional patterns, social choices, and health. In D. Mechanic (Ed.), Handbook of health, health care, and the health professions. New York, NY: Free Press.

--EXERCISE SET ON HARDY RELAXATION IS DUE--

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Week 8: Hardy Exercise for Performance and Health

Now that we are civilized, stressful circumstances may lead to mounting strain levels (mental and physical arousal) that can compromise performance and health by rendering HardiCoping and HardiSupport more difficult to pursue. In this context, HardiExercise is beneficial, not only in decreasing strain levels in socially acceptable ways, but also in enhancing overall health in the long run.

Required Readings:

Khoshaba & Maddi, Chapters 21 through 26.

Optional Readings:

Alpert, B., Field, T., Goldstein, S. & Perry, S. (1990). Aerobics enhances cardiovascular fitness and agility in preschoolers. Health Psychology, 9, 48-56.

Greenfield, D. (1985). Nutritional basis of health and disease. In N. Schneiderman & J.T. Tapp (Eds.), Behavioral medicine: The biopsychosocial approach. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Kobasa, S.C., Maddi, S.R. & Puccetti, M. (1982). Personality and exercise as buffers in the stress-illness relationship. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 391-404.

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Blair, S.N., Kohl, H.W., Gordon, N.F. & Paffenbarger, R.S. (1992). How much physical activity is good for health? In G.S. Omenn, J.E. Fielding & L.B. Lave (Eds.), Annual Review of Public Health (Vol. 13). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.

Lee, I.M., Hsieh, C. & Paffenbarger, R.S. (1995). Exercise intensity and longevity in men: The Harvard Alumni Health Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 1179-1184.

--EXERCISE SET ON HARDY NUTRITION IS DUE--_____________________________________________________________________________________

Week 9: Effectiveness of Hardiness Training

By now, there is much evidence that “naturally-occuring” HardiAttitude levels are factors in performance, leadership, conduct, stamina, and health. Research findings are also emerging to show these beneficial effects as the result of HardiTraining. Thus var, these results concern not only adults in work contexts, but also adolescents in college.

Required Readings:

Maddi, S. R. (1987). Hardiness training at Illinois Bell Telephone. In J. P. Opatz (Ed.),

Health promotion evaluation. Stephens Point, WI: National Wellness Institute.

Maddi, S. R., Khoshaba, D. M., Jensen, K., Carter, E., Lu, J., & Harvey, R. H. (2002).Hardiness training for high-risk undergraduates. NACADA Journal, 22, 45-55.

Maddi, S.R., Harvey, R. H., Khoshaba, D.M., Fazel, M., & Resurreccion, N. (2009).Hardiness training facilitates performance in college. Journal of PositivePsychology, 4. 566-577.

--EXERCISE SET ON HARDY EXERCISE IS DUE--_____________________________________________________________________________________

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Week 10: Resilience and Hardiness for the Century of Change

The 21st Century may well be remembered as the century of change, as such megatrends as rapid technological advance, globalization, minority rights, and terrorism mount. This means that the stresses on individuals (to say nothing of organizations and societies) will rise to a potentially debilitating level. Hence, resilience and hardiness have never been more important than now.

Required Readings:

Maddi, S.R., Khoshaba, D.M. & Pammenter, A. (1999). The hardy organization: Success by turning change to advantage. Consulting Psychology Journal, 51, 117-124.

Optional Readings:

Baer, J.S., Holt, C.S. & Lichtenstein, E. (1986). Self-efficacy and smoking reexamined: Construct validity and clinical utility. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 846-852.

Bartone, P. T. & Snook, A. (1999, May). Cognitive and personality factors predictleader development in U.S. Army cadets. Paper presented at 35th International Applied Military Psychology Symposium (IAMPS), Florence, Italy.

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