P LEASE D O N OW Study for your NEWTON’S LAWS quiz at Level 0.
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Transcript of P LEASE D O N OW Study for your NEWTON’S LAWS quiz at Level 0.
PLEASE DO NOW
Study for your NEWTON’S LAWS quiz at Level 0.
IDENTIFYING VARIABLES&DESIGNING INVESTIGATIONSUNIT 2 DAY 5OCT. 10/11, 2012
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Relationship between two things when one thing makes something else happen
Scientists use an experiment to search for cause and effect relationships
Experiments are made so that changes to one item cause something else to vary or change in a predictable way
EXAMPLE Does eating a McDonald’s Big Mac everyday
cause people to be obese? What is the cause and effect relationship?
TESTABLE QUESTIONS
Turn cause and effect into something that can be tested They make a testable question
Testable Questions:1. Not based on opinion2. Must have clear cause and effect
relationship3. Must be measurable
DOES EATING A MCDONALD’S BIG MAC EVERYDAY CAUSE PEOPLE TO BE OBESE?
Let’s make it testable:
Does it have clear cause and effect? _________
Is it based on opinion? _________
Is it measurable? _______ How can we make it measureable?
______________________________________
NOT TESTABLE
YesNo
No
Explain what we will measure
TESTABLE QUESTION
What is the effect of eating a McDonald’s Big Mac every day on a person’s weight?
YOUR TURN
Write TQ next to each question that can be tested.
For the TQ’s circle the factor CAUSING something to change
And underline the EFFECT
For those that are not TQ’s, write why they are not testable
TQ OR NOT
1. Which type of music is better Hip Hop or Punk?
2. Does reading 30 minutes each night help your grades?
3. Will eating protein shakes increase my upper body strength?
4. Which brand of shoe is better for running, Nike or Adidas?
5. Does fertilizer help a plant grow taller?
EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES
Independent Variable – something that is changed by the scientistWhat is being testedWhat is manipulated/changedWhat we think may cause
something to happen
EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES
Dependent Variable – something that might be affected by the change in the independent variableWhat is observedWhat is measuredThe data collected during the investigation
CONSTANTS:
A constant is something that a scientist keeps the same in an experiment.
Most experiments have more than one constant.
FOR EXAMPLE:
STUDENTS OF DIFFERENT AGES WERE GIVEN THE SAME JIGSAW PUZZLE TO PUT TOGETHER. THEY WERE TIMED TO SEE HOW LONG IT TOOK TO FINISH THE PUZZLE.
IDENTIFY THE VARIABLES IN THIS INVESTIGATION.
WHAT WAS THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE?
Ages of the studentsDifferent ages were tested by the scientist
WHAT WAS THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE?
The time it took to put the puzzle togetherThe time was observed and measured by the scientist
WHAT WAS A CONSTANT?
Same puzzleAll of the participants were tested with the same puzzle.
It would not have been a fair test if some had an easy 30 piece puzzle and some had a harder 500 piece puzzle.
CONTROL GROUP VS. EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
CONTROL GROUP: Something that is used for comparison because it is normal. Nothing new happens to this group!
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP: Something that is unknown and compared against the control group. Something NEW happens to this group!
Something that is used for __________
because it is ________ .
Control Group =
Experimental Group =Something that is UNKNOWN and is
__________________________.
COMPARISON
NORMAL
COMPARED AGAINST THE CONTROL GROUP
EXAMPLE # 0: A new drug, called Slurp, claims it fights zits very well. You want to find out if it is true. You decide to give 10 friends Slurp and have 10 other friends just keep doing whatever they normally do to keep away zits. After a week, you have them report back to you.
The control group is : _______________________________.
The experimental group is _______________________________.
10 friends who do what they normally do to keep away zits.
10 friends who use Slurp
EXAMPLE #1:
Ms. Alanis wants to know how sunlight affects the height of the 2 identical plants in her office. So, she puts plant A in the sunlight for 3 hours and puts plant B in the sunlight for 8 hours. She gives each plant ½ cup of water each day and measures the height of each plant at 5 pm every day.
Constants? ____________________________ _____________________________________
Types of plants, time she measures height, type of soil plants are potted in, amount of water she gives them, their location.
EXAMPLE #2: Ms. Lulla likes to have hot coffee in the morning. However,
sometimes she is so busy welcoming all of the GCP scholars that she leaves her coffee on her desk and doesn’t get a chance to drink it for an hour. Ms. Lulla’s favorite mug only keeps her coffee warm for 30 minutes, so Ms. Lulla tries to find a coffee mug that will keep her coffee warm the longest. She buys 2 mugs: a thick-walled mug and a thin-walled mug. Ms. Lulla makes a container of coffee and pours equal amounts into all three mugs. She takes the temperature of both mugs every 5 minutes for an hour & records the temperature.
Control Group:_____________________________ Experimental Groups:_______________________ Constants: ____________________________
Favorite mugThick-walled mug AND thin-walled mug
Type of coffee, amount of coffee, starting temperature of coffee, time she records temperature, location of mugs
EXAMPLE #3: The new ad campaign for Wheaties says that eating Wheaties
for breakfast causes people to smile more in a given day. Because Ms. O’Neil is a scientist, she is skeptical of this claim by Wheaties. Therefore, she gathers a group of 15-year-old students, 10 male and 10 female, and performs “background” interviews with people close to them to see how much they smile on a given day. She then takes half of the males and half of the females and has them eat a bowl of Wheaties every morning for a month. The other half of the students eat their regular breakfasts. At the end of the month, she re-interviews the people close to the students in order to see if their smiling “habits” have changed or not.
Control Group:_____________________________ Experimental Group:_______________________ Constants: ________________________________
Students who eat regular breakfastsStudents who eat Wheaties
Age of students, time they eat breakfast, eat breakfast daily
EXAMPLE #4:
Mold has been shown to grow on bread that is left at room temperature (70 degrees). So, Mr. Jaml leaves a loaf of WonderBread on his countertop at different temperatures until he sees mold growing. The bread is kept at 40 degrees, 70 degrees, & 86 degrees.
Control Group:_____________________________ Experimental Groups:_________________ Constants: ______________________________
70 degrees
40 and 86 degrees
Type of bread, location of bread
EXAMPLE #5:
Students are always tired in Ms. O’Neil’s 1st period class, so she decides to give them coffee instead of the usual orange juice with their breakfast in the hope that caffeine will wake them up. Half of her 1st period class drinks coffee with their breakfast and the other half drinks the same amount of orange juice. During 1st period, she counts how many students fall asleep.
Control Group:_____________________________ Experimental Group:_______________________ Constants: ___________________________
Students who drink orange juiceStudents who drink coffee
Time she counts the # asleep, amount of liquid they drink.