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Contents

Science Process Skills 6: Communicating

A Using multiple representations to present

information and ideas 1

1 Graphs 1a Line graph 2

Practice 6.1 Drawing a line graph

b Bar chart 4Practice 6.2 Drawing a bar chart

c Histogram 6Practice 6.3 Drawing a histogram

2 Biological drawings 8Practice 6.4 Drawing a specimen

3 Diagrams 10a Sectional diagram of laboratory apparatus 10

Practice 6.5 Drawing experimental set-ups

b Circuit diagram 16Practice 6.6 Drawing circuit diagrams

c Sankey diagram 18d Food chain 18e Force diagram 18

Practice 6.7 Drawing diagrams

4 Equations 20Practice 6.8 Chemical symbols and formulaePractice 6.9 Writing equations

5 Models 24Practice 6.10 Use of models

B Putting forward logical scientific argument 26

Science process skill 6 Communicating

When studying science, effective communication skills are important for us to share our findings and ideas with the others. The science process skill ‘Communicating’ involves the following:

Using multiple representations to present information and ideas

Putting forward logical scientific argument

Using multiple representations to present information and ideas

In addition to writing, there are many other ways of presenting information and ideas. Below are some examples.

1 GraphsDuring experiments, we often record data in tables. In some cases, we can present the data in the form of graphs so that we can see the distribution or the trend of the data more clearly. The skills of drawing line graphs (線形圖), bar charts (棒形圖) and histograms (直方圖) are discussed below.

New Mastering Science - 2 - Skill 6 Communicating (Trial)© Oxford University Press 2018

A

title

dependent variable

independent variable

Line graph

Bk 1A Unit 2, p. 77

A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. It is commonly used to show the changes of a variable over time.

Drawing a line graph1 Mark the independent variable on the horizontal axis and the dependent

variable on the vertical axis. Write down the units. Use a break symbol ( ) if part of the axis is omitted.

2 Choose a suitable scale which makes full use of the graph paper.

3 Draw a small cross to represent each data.

4 Connect the points with a straight line or a smooth curve.

5 Write a title for the graph.

EXAMPLE

The table below shows the

change in water temperature

when a beaker of water is

heated.

Time

(min)

Water

temperature

(°C)

0 25

2 36

4 47

6 58

Draw a line graph to show the

data.


Skill

a

Practice 6.1 Drawing a line graphThe table below shows the mean monthly temperatures in 2016 in Hong Kong.

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Mean temperature (C)

16.0 15.5 17.5 23.6 26.7 29.4 29.8 28.4 27.9 26.8 22.3 19.6

Draw a line graph to show the data.


title


dependent variable

Bar chart Bk 1B Unit 4, p. 64

We can draw a bar chart to show the distribution of data that falls into distinct categories.

Drawing a bar chart1 Mark the independent variable on the horizontal axis. Mark the dependent

variable on the vertical axis.

2 Choose a suitable scale and make full use of the graph paper.

3 Use rectangular bars of equal width to represent the data. Leave gaps between the bars.

4 Write a title for the bar chart.EXAMPLE

The table below shows the number of students having free earlobes and attached earlobes in a

class.

Free earlobes Attached earlobes

Number of students 16 24

Draw a bar chart to show the data.


b

Skill

Practice 6.2 Drawing a bar chartThe table below shows the grades that the students in a class get in a test.

Grade A B C D

Number of students 6 19 12 4

Draw a bar chart to show the data.


Histogram

Bk 1B Unit 4, p. 67

We can draw a histogram to show the distribution of data that covers a continuous range of values.

Drawing a histogram1 Mark the independent variable on the horizontal axis. Mark the dependent

variable on the vertical axis. Use a break symbol ( ) if part of the axis is omitted.

2 Choose a suitable scale and make full use of the graph paper.

3 Use rectangular bars of equal width to represent the data. Leave no gaps between the bars.

4 Write a title for the histogram.EXAMPLE

The table below shows the foot lengths (corrected to the nearest cm) in a group of adults.

Foot length (cm) 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Number of adults 9 22 30 41 49 39 28 19 12

Draw a histogram to show the data.


c

Skill

title

dependent variable


Practice 6.3 Drawing a histogramThe table below shows the time (corrected to the nearest hour) a group of teenagers spend on doing physical exercises each day.

Time (hour) 0 1 2 3 4 5

Number of teenagers

12 48 27 22 6 2

Draw a histogram to show the data.


2 Biological drawings Bk 1B Unit 4, p. 13

We can observe a specimen in detail with a microscope. We often make drawings of the specimen to show what we have observed.

Drawing a specimen Draw smooth lines with a sharp pencil. Do not shade your drawing. Make sure different parts are in proportion. Put labels on the sides using straight labelling lines. These lines must not cross one

another. Write a title for your drawing. This should include the name of the specimen and the

power of magnification.

Human cheek cells under the microscope (100)

Sample drawing of one of the cheek cells

Practice 6.4 Drawing a specimenDraw ONE of the cells in the photomicrographs below in the space provided.

1


Skill

Onion skin cells (200)

2

White blood cells (600)

3

Cells for controlling the size of air holes on a leaf (400)

4

Plant cells with many chloroplasts (600)


filter paper

filter funnel

3 DiagramsDrawing diagrams allow us to represent complicated set-ups or abstract ideas in a clear, simplified way. Below are some diagrams covered in the textbooks.

Sectional diagram of laboratory apparatus

Bk 1A Unit 1, p. 29

We draw sectional diagrams (切面圖) of the apparatus to show experimental set-ups. Below are some examples.

test tube beaker conical flask dropper

watch glass

Bunsen burner

watch glass

measuring cylinder water trough

crucible with lid condenser gas jar delivery tube


a

Skill

dropper

test tube

water

Drawing experimental set-ups

1 Use a sharp HB pencil.

2 Use a ruler to draw straight lines.

3 Do not shade the diagrams.

4 Keep all parts in proportion.

5 Label the apparatus.

Practice 6.5 Drawing experimental set-upsDraw a sectional diagram for each of the set-ups below.

1 Add drops of filtered water from a beaker onto a watch glass.


Note that the sectional diagrams of laboratory apparatus must be in two dimensions. However, there is no standard way of drawing the diagrams.

2 Heat some water in a conical flask with a Bunsen flame.

3 Cover a water plant with an inverted filter funnel in a large beaker of water.

4 Heat some blue solution in a boiling tube using a boiling water bath.


5 Filter some muddy water using filter paper.

6 Evaporate the water from the filterd muddy water using the apparatus below.


7 Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with marble to produce a gas. Pass the gas through a delivery tube to lime water for testing.

8 Heat some crude oil soaked in glass wool to separate the crude oil into different fractions.


water out

water in

condenser

9 Purify sea water by distillation using the apparatus below.



Answers to the above Practices and notes to the other communication skills are provided in the complete version.

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