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American HistoryAmerican HistoryThe Progressive The Progressive

EraEra (1890–1920) (1890–1920)

All photographs courtesy of The Library of Congress & Lewis HineAll photographs courtesy of The Library of Congress & Lewis Hine

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The Origins of The Origins of ProgressivismProgressivism

•Rapid Rapid industrializatiindustrialization, on, immigration, immigration, and and urbanization urbanization in the late in the late 1800s led to 1800s led to ______________________________________________________________________.______.

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•The rapid growth also caused The rapid growth also caused ________ ________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.______________.

•Many Progressives believed Many Progressives believed that ______ _______________, not that ______ _______________, not private charities, were the private charities, were the methods to bring about methods to bring about progress in society.progress in society.

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•Historians call the period Historians call the period from about 1890–1920 the from about 1890–1920 the Progressive Era.Progressive Era.

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The Progressives: Their The Progressives: Their Goals and Goals and BeliefsBeliefs

Progressives were not a Progressives were not a single unified movement.single unified movement.

They fell into four They fell into four

categories: categories:

1.1.__________________________________2.2.__________________________________3.3.__________________________________4.4._________________ _________________

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Some common basic beliefs Some common basic beliefs were:were:

1.______________________________________________________________.

2.______________________________________________________________________.

3.Government should be given expanded powers so that it could become more active in improving the lives of its citizens.

4.Governments should become more efficient and less corrupt so that they could

competently handle an expanded role.

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Igniting Reform: Writers Igniting Reform: Writers and Their New Ideasand Their New Ideas

• The ideas of many writers and The ideas of many writers and journalists influenced journalists influenced __________________ about how to __________________ about how to reform society.reform society.

• Journalists investigated and Journalists investigated and publicized conditions publicized conditions _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.___________________.

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• Theodore Roosevelt called Theodore Roosevelt called the journalists the journalists

““______________________.” .” •Upton Sinclair, Upton Sinclair,

Lincoln Steffens, Lincoln Steffens,

and Ida Tarbell and Ida Tarbell

were respected were respected

writers and writers and

muckrakersmuckrakers..

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Progressive Reform Progressive Reform OrganizationsOrganizations

Employers discouraged union membership.Courts often issued injunctions, court orders prohibiting a certain activity, preventing workers from going on strike.______________________________________________________________________________.

The Labor Movement

The Progressive Era saw a rise in socialism.American socialists hoped to use the ballot box, not revolution, to end the capitalist system and distribute wealth more equally.

Socialists

The National Consumers’ League (NCL) investigated how goods were made and sold. They discouraged people from buying from shops that employed child labor.______________________________________________________________________________________________.

Women’s Groups

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An Expanded Role for An Expanded Role for GovernmentGovernment

• _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________._________________________________.

• Many of the earliest Progressive Many of the earliest Progressive reforms were made at the reforms were made at the municipalmunicipal, or city, level., or city, level.

• Some municipal reformers worked Some municipal reformers worked for for home rulehome rule, a system that gives , a system that gives cities a limited degree of self-rule.cities a limited degree of self-rule.

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•Municipal reformers opposed the Municipal reformers opposed the influence of influence of __________________________________.__________________________________.

•Reformers made efforts to take over Reformers made efforts to take over city utilities such as city utilities such as ____________________________.____________________________.

•Some reform mayors led Some reform mayors led movements for city-supported movements for city-supported welfare services such as public welfare services such as public baths, parks, work-relief programs, baths, parks, work-relief programs, playgrounds, kindergartens, and playgrounds, kindergartens, and lodging houses for the homeless.lodging houses for the homeless.

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Taft’s PresidencyTaft’s Presidency• Taft was endorsed by Taft was endorsed by

Roosevelt and pledged Roosevelt and pledged to carry on the to carry on the progressive program.progressive program.

• _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________._____________.

• He campaigned on a He campaigned on a platform to lower tariffs, platform to lower tariffs, but ended up signing a but ended up signing a bill that added some bill that added some highly protective tariff highly protective tariff increases.increases.

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• Taft also angered Taft also angered conservationistsconservationists on the issue of on the issue of ___________________________________. ___________________________________.

• Taft chose Richard A. Ballinger Taft chose Richard A. Ballinger for Secretary of the Interior. for Secretary of the Interior.

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• Ballinger opposed conservation Ballinger opposed conservation of public lands. of public lands.

• _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________.___________________________________.

• Taft angered Taft angered

many people many people

and his and his

presidency presidency

suffered.suffered.

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Turmoil in the Turmoil in the Republican PartyRepublican Party

•Angry Republican Progressives Angry Republican Progressives teamed up with Democrats teamed up with Democrats against the opponents of reform against the opponents of reform in the Republican Party. in the Republican Party.

• ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.____________________________.

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• Roosevelt called for:Roosevelt called for:1.1.________________________________________________________

2.2.welfare lawswelfare laws

3.3.________________________________________________________

4.4.________________________________________________________

5.5.________________________________________________________

6.6.inheritance taxesinheritance taxes

7.7.voting reform.voting reform.

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•He called this plan: the He called this plan: the ________________________..

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• Progressive Republicans left the Progressive Republicans left the Republican Party and formed the Republican Party and formed the Progressive Party, nicknamed the Progressive Party, nicknamed the ______ ______ __________________________________________________________________________. .

• The Bull Moose platform included tariff The Bull Moose platform included tariff reduction, reduction, _____________________________________ _____________________________________

______________ ______________

___________, an ___________, an

eight-hour workday, eight-hour workday,

and direct election and direct election

of senators.of senators.

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The Election of 1912The Election of 1912

A Four-Way Election

____________________________________________________________________

William Howard Taft

____________________________________________________________________

Theodore Roosevelt

Made his third of five presidential runs for the Socialist Party

Eugene V. Debs

_________________________________________; with the Republican Party split between Taft and Roosevelt, Wilson won the election.

Woodrow Wilson

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Wilson’s Policies as Wilson’s Policies as PresidentPresident

•Wilson’s Wilson’s first first major major victory victory was tariff was tariff reductionreduction..

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•______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. ______________.

•This act strengthened the This act strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act of Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.1890.

•Wilson and Congress Wilson and Congress created the created the Federal Trade Federal Trade CommissionCommission to enforce the to enforce the Clayton Antitrust Act.Clayton Antitrust Act.

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• In 1913 Congress passed the In 1913 Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act and created Federal Reserve Act and created the the Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve System to to overhaul the American banking overhaul the American banking system. system.

• In 1916 Wilson tried to attract In 1916 Wilson tried to attract Progressive voters. Progressive voters.

• To this aim he nominated To this aim he nominated Progressive lawyer Louis D. Progressive lawyer Louis D. Brandeis to the Supreme Court.Brandeis to the Supreme Court.

• ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________.____________________________.

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The Limits of The Limits of ProgressivismProgressivism

• _______________________________________________________________________________________________________. _________________________________.

• ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.________________________________.

•Progressive Presidents took Progressive Presidents took little action to pursue social little action to pursue social justice reforms.justice reforms.

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• __________________________________________________________________________________________________________.__________________________________.

• At the 1912 Progressive Party At the 1912 Progressive Party convention, Roosevelt declined convention, Roosevelt declined to seat black delegates from to seat black delegates from the South for fear of alienating the South for fear of alienating white Southern Progressives.white Southern Progressives.

• ___________________________________. ___________________________________. • It was replaced by American It was replaced by American

concerns about ____ concerns about ____ ___________________________________.___________________________________.

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Suffrage at Last!Suffrage at Last!

•American women American women activists first activists first demanded the rightdemanded the rightto vote in 1848 at to vote in 1848 at the Seneca Falls the Seneca Falls Convention in Convention in New York.New York.

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• The movement eventually split The movement eventually split into two groups:into two groups:– ______________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.________________________.

– The American Woman Suffrage The American Woman Suffrage Association worked to win Association worked to win voting rights on the state voting rights on the state level.level.

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Preparing the Way for Preparing the Way for SuffrageSuffrage

• In 1890, Wyoming In 1890, Wyoming entered the union and entered the union and became the first state became the first state to grant women the to grant women the right to vote.right to vote.

• ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. _____________.

• She was arrested for She was arrested for this act.this act.

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Suffragist StrategiesSuffragist Strategies

Constitutional AmendmentConstitutional Amendment

• Winning suffrage by a constitutional Winning suffrage by a constitutional amendmentamendment

• _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________._____________________________.

• In 1878, suffragists introduced a new In 1878, suffragists introduced a new amendment.amendment.

• Stalled again, the bill was not debated again Stalled again, the bill was not debated again until 1887. until 1887.

• It was defeated by the Senate.It was defeated by the Senate.• The bill was not debated again until 1913.The bill was not debated again until 1913.

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Suffragist StrategiesSuffragist StrategiesIndividual State SuffrageIndividual State Suffrage

• Winning suffrage state by state.Winning suffrage state by state.• __________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________._____________________________________.• _____________________________________ of _____________________________________ of

men and women and encouraged a men and women and encouraged a greater sense of equality.greater sense of equality.

• Western states were more likely to Western states were more likely to allow women the right to vote.allow women the right to vote.

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A New GenerationA New Generation

• Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leaders of the suffrage Stanton, leaders of the suffrage movement, died without seeing the movement, died without seeing the victory of women’s suffrage.victory of women’s suffrage.

• At the turn of the century, Carrie At the turn of the century, Carrie Chapman Catt became the leader of the Chapman Catt became the leader of the National American Woman Suffrage National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)Association (NAWSA). .

• She led the movement from 1900 to She led the movement from 1900 to 1904 and again after 1915.1904 and again after 1915.

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• In March 1913 Alice Paul and In March 1913 Alice Paul and Lucy Barns organized a parade of Lucy Barns organized a parade of 5,000 women in Washington, D.C.5,000 women in Washington, D.C.

• ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________..

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A Split in the MovementA Split in the Movement

The Congressional Union (CU)The Congressional Union (CU)• __________________________________________

_________________________________________.

• Planned to bypass existing state suffrage organizations and set up new ones in each state.

• _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• They were arrested and went on hunger strikes in prison.

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A Split in the MovementA Split in the Movement

NAWSANAWSA• ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________.

• Expelled the CU from their organization.

• Backed the state suffrage campaigns.

• By 1917, NAWSA was the largest volunteer organization in the country.

• In 1917, NAWSA saw an important victory when New York voted for women’s suffrage.

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Victory for SuffrageVictory for Suffrage

• __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.__________________________________.

• After the amendment was proposed After the amendment was proposed the ratification battle began.the ratification battle began.

• __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.__________________________________.

• ___________________________________________, ___________________________________________, was the last major reform of the was the last major reform of the Progressive Era.Progressive Era.