OWL NEWS MONDAY INTRODUCTION Welcome I’m chitto.
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Transcript of OWL NEWS MONDAY INTRODUCTION Welcome I’m chitto.
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OWL NEWSMONDAY
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INTRODUCTION
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Welcome I’m chitto
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HINDI CHINI HINDI CHINI BHAI BHAIBHAI BHAI
HINDI CHINI HINDI CHINI BHAI BHAIBHAI BHAI
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SCOPESCOPE• PART I - GEO-POLITICAL/STRATEGIC
IMPORTANCE OF CHINA
• PART II -CHINESE ECONOMY
• PART III - CHINA’S ARMED FORCES
• PART IV - FOREIGN RELATIONS
• PART V - CHINA IN THE YEAR 2010
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PART I
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An ancient Chinese missionary student is supposed to have lamented
“Chinese
history
is rem
ote,
obscure
and monotonous, w
orst of
all, there
is too m
uch of it
”
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LOCATION AND SIZE
• CHINA LIES BETWEEN
– LONGITUDE 78º 08´ E AND 135º 05´ E
– LATITUDE 18º 09´ N AND 53º 34´ N
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LOCATION AND SIZE
• THE LANDMASS
– GENERALLY SLOPES FROM WEST TO EAST
– ELEVATION VARYING FROM 8000 M ABOVE SEA LEVEL TO 150 M BELOW SEA LEVEL
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LOCATION AND SIZE
• SIZE
– THIRD LARGEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD AFTER RUSSIA AND CANADA
– LARGEST IN ASIA, WITH AN AREA OF 9,562,904 SQUARE KM
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POPULATION
• MOST POPULOUS COUNTRY IN THE
WORLD
• APPROXIMATELY 1.2 BILLION
PEOPLE
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POPULATION
• 93.3% POPULATION IS HAN CHINESE
• BALANCE A MIX OF VARIOUS NATIONALITIES
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RELIGION AND LANGUAGE
• MOST IMPORTANT RELIGIONS ARE:-
– CONFUCIANISM
– TAOISM
– BUDDHISM
– MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS
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RELIGION AND LANGUAGE
• MAIN LANGUAGE IS MANDARIN
• LITERACY RATE 85 %
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DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERN
• DENSITY-107 PER SQUARE KM
• DISTRIBUTION IS UNEVEN
• POPULATION CROWDED INTO 45% OF THE LAND
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DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERN
• PROVINCES LIKE JIANG HAVE DENSITY OF 2000 PER SQUARE KM
• URBAN POPULATION IS 35% OF THE TOTAL
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CHINESE CIVILISATION
• ORIGINATED IN AREA OF YELLOW
RIVER
• CHANGS STARTED DYNASTIC RULE AND
CONTINUED TO RULE TILL AROUND 214
B C
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CHINESE CIVILISATION
• CHANGS OVERTHROWN BY ZHOU
DYNASTY
• ZHOU DYNASTY FOLLOWED BY QUIN
DYNASTY
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CHINESE CIVILISATION
• QUIN DYNASTY FOLLOWED BY HANS & SONGS
• FINALLY MONGOLS RULED FROM 1279 AD TO 1368 AD
• MING DYNASTY TOOK THE REINS IN 1368 AD
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CHINESE CIVILISATION
• OCCUPATION OF CHINA BY MANCHUS IN 1688
• MANCHU EMPIRE BEGAN TO CRUMBLE BY THE MIDDLE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
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DECLINE OF MANCHU RULE
• POLICY OF ISOLATION BEGAN TO BREAKDOWN
• CHINA LAGGED BEHIND
• SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY UNDERMINED RELIGIOUS UNITY
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DECLINE OF MANCHU RULE
• OPIUM WARS FROM 1839 - 42 AND 1856-60 LOST BY CHINESE
• FORFEITED HONG KONG TO BRITISH
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DECLINE OF MANCHU RULE
• COMPLETE COLONISATION AVERTED
• NUMBER OF PORTS OPENED
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DECLINE OF MANCHU RULE
• CHINESE SLIDE CONTINUED
• LOSSES IN WARS, WITH FRANCE AND BRITAIN, JAPAN, RUSSIA AND US
• MOUNTING DISSATISFACTION PRECIPITATED ANOTHER UPRISING IN 1900
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DECLINE OF MANCHU RULE
• REVOLUTIONISTS IN 1911 OVERTHREW THE CHING REGIME
• THIS MADE CHINA TECHNICALLY A REPUBLIC
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MODERN CHINA
• POLITICAL HISTORY OF REPUBLIC’S FIRST YEAR WAS TUMULTUOUS
• CIVIL WAR BROKE OUT IN 1917
• IN 1926, CHIANG-KAI-SHEK, OVERTHREW THE GOVERNMENT
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MODERN CHINA
• COMMUNISTS ENGINEERED A COUP AGAINST CHIANG-KAI-SHEK IN DECEMBER 1936
• IN JANUARY 1949 BEIJING TAKEN OVER BY COMMUNISTS
• CHIANG AND HIS NATIONALISTS FLED TO TAIWAN
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MODERN CHINA
• CHIANG PROCLAIMED TAIPEI AS THE TEMPORARY CAPITAL
• COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT CONSOLIDATED ON THE MAINLAND BY 1ST OCTOBER 1949
• RECOGNISED BY USSR, GREAT BRITAIN AND INDIA
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COMMUNIST RULE UNDER MAO
• CULTURAL REVOLUTION
• HUNDRED FLOWERS MOVEMENT
• GREAT LEAP FORWARD
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ERA OF DENG XIAO PING
• EMERGENCE FROM THE BAMBOO CURTAIN
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OWL NEWSMONDAY
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CULTURAL AND SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
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CULTURE
• PROUD OF CULTURAL ANTECEDENTS
• CONSIDER CHINA CENTRE OF WORLD
• UNITY OF CHINA - AN ACHIEVEMENT
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MODERN CHINESE CULTURE
• RISE OF MAO TSE TUNG
• ABOLITION OF THE CLASS SYSTEM
• ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMUNISM
• THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION
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MODERN CHINESE CULTURE
• CHINESE TRADITIONAL THOUGHTS CENTRED AROUND TWO ANCIENT CUSTOMS
– TRANSFERENCE OF GODS INTO HUMAN BEINGS
– THE BELIEF THAT A PERSON LIVES THROUGH HIS DESCENDANTS
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CUSTOMS
• CONCUBINAGE AND POLYGAMY
• PATRIARCHIAL FAMILY SET UP
• HIERARCHICAL SOCIETY
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ART
• POETRY WAS PRODUCED EN-MASS
• PAINTINGS
• JADE ARTISTRY
• POTTERY
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OWL NEWSMONDAY
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GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE
• EURASIA HAS THE WORLD’S SIX
LARGEST ECONOMIES AND MILITARY
SPENDERS
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GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE
• CHINA, RUSSIA, INDIA AND SE ASIA ARE IN THIS REGION
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GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE
• THE REGION ACCOUNTS FOR
– 75% OF THE WORLD POPULATION
– 60% OF THE WORLD’S GNP
– 75% OF THE WORLD’S ENERGY RESOURCES
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OWL NEWSMONDAY
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ASSETS
• LARGE LANDMASS
• VAST MANPOWER RESOURCES AND CHEAP LABOUR
• ABUNDANT NATURAL RESOURCES
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ASSETS
• COASTAL FRONTIERS OF ABOUT 5800 KILOMETRES, FAVOURING OCEAN TRADE
• NATURAL FRONTIER OBSTACLES ON ALL SIDES
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ASSETS
• A HIGH LITERACY RATE OF 85%
• A WELL DEVELOPED COMMUNICATION SYSTEM OF INLAND WATER TRANSPORT, ROADS AND RAILWAYS
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LIABILITIES
• ONLY 11% OF THE TOTAL LAND IS ARABLE
• EXCESS POPULATION PRESSURE ON EAST AND SOUTH EAST CHINA
• DIFFICULT TERRAIN, WHICH IMPEDES DEVELOPMENT IN NORTH AND NORTH-EAST CHINA
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CHINESE SPHERE OF INFLUENCE
• CHINA WELL POISED TO BECOME A WORLD LEADER
• CAN EXERCISE DIRECT INFLUENCE ON
– THE SOUTH/EAST CHINA SEA
– BAY OF BENGAL
– THE ARABIAN SEA
– CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS
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RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBOURS
• ONLY COUNTRY TO HAVE 16 NEIGHBOURS
– MAINTAINS GOOD RELATIONS WITH SOME
– INDIFFERENT TO OTHERS
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• SINO – PAK ALLIANCE SURVIVED MANY UPHEAVALS
• SETTLING BORDER DISPUTES WITH HER NEIGHBOURS
• INDIA IS ONLY COUNTRY WITH UNRESOLVED BORDER DISPUTE
RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBOURS
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OWL NEWSMONDAY
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JOIN THE DSSCAT WELLINGTON
• FREE ! FREE ! FREE ! ONE YEAR OF HOLIDAY AND FUN.(THAT’S IF ONE CALLS THIS FUN )
• FREE HORSE RIDING, ANGLING, TREKKING ETC.
• BRING YOUR KIDS ALONG, BUT MAKE ARRANGEMENTS TO LOOK AFTER THEM.
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• THAT IS NOT ALL, FREE LESSONS IN PUBLIC SPEAKING AND CRITICISM.
• LADIES CAN KEEP BUSY DOING ITOW AND COMPUTER CLASSES.
• SPECIALLY ARRANGEGED DIPLOMAS ARE ALSO AVAILABLE.
• COME ONE COME ALL, JOIN THE DSSC.
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PART II
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ECONOMY
• CHINA IS CALLED AN AWAKENED DRAGON
• HAS A TRADE TURNOVER EXCEEDING $196 BILLION
• EXPECTED TO OVER TAKE THE ECONOMIES OF GERMANY AND JAPAN
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ECONOMY
• FAILED TO ENTER THE ERA OF MODERN ECONOMIC GROWTH UNTIL 1949
• INCREASED RAPIDLY AFTER 1949
• LIMITED RESOURCES FOR INVESTMENT PREVENTED CHINA FROM PRODUCING ADVANCED EQUIPMENT
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ECONOMY
• ERA OF ECONOMIC REFORM
• THE RESPONSIBILITY SYSTEM OF
PRODUCTION IN AGRICULTURE
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ECONOMY
• ROLE OF GOVERNMENT WAS
REDUCED IN MOST OTHER SECTORS
• EACH NEW POLICY PERIOD
RETAINED MOST OF THE EXISTING
ECONOMIC ORGANISATION
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ECONOMY
• BY 1956, 67.5 % OF ALL MODERN
INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES WERE
STATE OWNED
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ECONOMY
• BETWEEN 1952 AND 1957 INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTION INCREASED AT A RATE OF 19
%
• NATIONAL INCOME GREW AT A RATE OF
9 % A YEAR
• 'THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD'
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ECONOMY
• ECONOMIC STABILITY WAS RESTORED BETWEEN 1961-65
• BY 1966, PRODUCTION IN BOTH AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY SURPASSED THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD PERIOD
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ECONOMY
• INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT 14 % IN 1977 AND 13 % IN 1978
• AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION WAS STIMULATED IN 1979 BY AN INCREASE OF OVER 22 % IN THE PROCUREMENT PRICES
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ECONOMY
• FOREIGN-TRADE PROCEDURES WERE
GREATLY EASED
• THE ROLE OF FREE MARKETS FOR
FARM PRODUCE WAS FURTHER
EXPANDED
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ECONOMY
• FARM INCOMES ROSE RAPIDLY
• FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS
$ 24.2 b IN THE FIRST HALF OF
1998
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ECONOMY
• BY 1987, THE ECONOMY MADE
MAJOR STRIDES TOWARDS
IMPROVING LIVING STANDARDS
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ECONOMY• THE EFFICIENCY AND
PRODUCTIVITY WAS GREATLY INCREASED BY
– REVIVAL OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
– OPENING OF THE ECONOMY TO BROADER TRADE
– THE EXPANDED USE OF THE MARKET TO VITALISE COMMERCE
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ECONOMY
• INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES DISPERSED
• GROWING POOL OF TECHNICIANS
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ECONOMIC REFORMS
• DENG XIAO PENG ERA
• FOUR POINT MODERNISATION PROGRAMME
• SHARPLY REDUCED AGRICULTURAL YIELDS IN 1950s AND 1960s
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ECONOMIC REFORMS
• DENG XIAO PENG ERA
– AFTER 1979, PEASANT HOUSEHOLDS
WERE ALLOCATED THEIR OWN PLOTS
OF LAND UNDER CONTRACT
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ECONOMIC REFORMS
• DENG XIAO PENG ERA
• ALLOWED TO SELL THE SURPLUS IN
THE MARKET
• THE AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH
RATE OF AGRICULTURAL ROSE TO
5.2 %
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ECONOMIC REFORMS
• BETWEEN LATE 70s AND 90s THE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION INCREASED AT A RATE OF 10.8%
• THE COAL OUTPUT HAS DOUBLED
• ELECTRICITY HAS INCREASED BY THREE TIMES
• STEEL PRODUCTION BY TWO AND HALF TIMES
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY REFORMS
• LOST SCIENTISTS AND TECHNICIANS DURING THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION
• CHINA TILL RECENTLY BELIEVED IN THE "COPY-BOOK" TECHNOLOGY (REVERSE ENGINEERING)
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY REFORMS
• THE THRUST WAS ON QUANTITY AND NOT QUALITY BEFORE REFORMS
• NOW THE THRUST IN CHINA IS FOCUSSING ON QUALITY
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY REFORMS• 5000 RESEARCH INSTITUTES
FUNDED BY BEIJING
• BY 1997 : 27 MILLION PROFESSIONALS AND TECHNICIANS
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY REFORMS
• SCIENTIFIC EXPENDITURE IN 1997
WAS $ 6.88 BILLION
• 33,000 KEY RESULTS, 62,000 PATENT
APPLICATIONS APPROVED
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY REFORMS
• 2.46 LAKH CONTRACTS OF TRANSFER
OF TECHNOLOGY
• THE VALUES OF TRANSACTIONS
WERE $2.53 BILLION
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PLA AND INDUSTRY
• CONVERSION OF MILITARY TECHNOLOGIES FOR PRODUCING CIVILIAN GOODS A BOOMING SUCCESS
• THE PLA HAS SOME 10,000 VENTURES, WHICH BRING IN AN ANNUAL PROFIT OF 5 TO 6 BILLION DOLLARS
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FOREIGN TRADE
• FOREIGN TRADE FOR 1992 HAD BEEN EQUAL TO THAT FOR THE PREVIOUS 13 YEARS
• FOREIGN TRADE IN 1993 WAS ITSELF TWICE AS THAT OF 1992
• SHOWN A SUSTAINED GROWTH RATE OF OVER 10% DURING THAT PERIOD
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FOREIGN TRADE
• HOWEVER THE YEARS AFTER 1992 IT HAS SHOWN A REDUCTION IN GROWTH RATE
• SEEMS POISED TO BECOME THE WORLD'S LARGEST ECONOMY BY 2010
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FOREIGN INVESTMENT
• CHOSEN TO ATTRACT FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
• MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES WERE ENCOURAGED BECAUSE OF TWO REASONS
– TO PRODUCE GOODS AND SERVICES AT HIGHLY COMPETITIVE RATES
– INFLOW SERVED AS A SHAKE UP TO THE STATE OWNED ENTERPRISES
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SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY
• IN 1993, ADOPTED 'CONSTRUCTION OF THE SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY’
• RECOGNITION OF THE COMPATIBILITY OF MARKET FORCES AND SOCIALIST IDEOLOGY
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SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY
• IMPRESSIVE GROWTH RATE OF THE GDP RECORDED BY THE CHINESE ECONOMY
• THE CAPITAL GOODS SEGMENT HAVE OUTPERFORMED THE GDP
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MARKET REFORMS
• REALISED THAT SUCCESS OF REFORMS DEPENDS ON THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
• CONCENTRATED ON DEVELOPING A SOUND INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE AGRICULTURAL
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MARKET REFORMS
• REFORMS INTRODUCED AS SMALL SCALE EXPERIMENTS ON REGIONAL BASIS
• THE EMPHASIS OF ALL THE REFORMS HAS BEEN OUTWARD LOOKING TO ATTRACT FDI
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OBSTACLES IN MARKET REFORMS
• SHORT TERM PROSPECTS PRESENT A VERY ROSY PICTURE
• A NEED TO SERIOUSLY ADDRESS LONG TERM MACRO ECONOMIC IMBALANCES
• MANY IDEOLOGICAL CONTRADICTIONS
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OBSTACLES IN MARKET REFORMS
• 85% OF FDI CONFINED TO THE COASTAL REGIONS
• SUPPLY BOTTLENECKS IN ENERGY AND RAW MATERIALS
• DISPARITY BETWEEN REGIONS IN INCOME AND STANDARD OF LIVING
• MAY MANIFEST INTO STRIFE
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PROBLEM AREAS
• INCREASING BUDGET DEFICIT
• VAST STATE OWNED ENTERPRISES SECTOR
• BOTH ASPECTS CANNOT BE READILY CORRECTED
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PROBLEM AREAS
• THE VAST POPULATION OF CHINA HAS RESULTED EXCESSIVE ORGANISATION
• GROWING DISSATISFACTION OF PEASANTRY
• FOOD SHORTAGE AND GRADUAL WEAKENING OF CENTRAL FORCES
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PROBLEM AREAS
• THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE A SERIOUS BOTTLE NECK
• REFORMS INSEPARABLY LINKED WITH THE CONTINUITY OF SINGLE POLITICAL PARTY
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SINO - US ECONOMIC RELATIONS
• CAREFULLY CULTIVATED THE US BUSINESS COMMUNITY
• THEIR AMBASSADORS INFLUENCE US DECISION MAKING BODIES
• HAS REACH IN EVERY BRANCH OF THE US GOVERNMENT
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SINO - US ECONOMIC RELATIONS
• DESPITE DIVERGENT VIEWS, THE USA HAS BEEN REVIEWING & RENEWING THE MFN STATUS
• USA HAS DE-LINKED THE HUMAN RIGHTS PERFORMANCE FROM TRADE
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“Trade is not the most effective way to pressurise china to improve its human rights record”
• US SECRETARY OF COMMERCE
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SINO - US ECONOMIC RELATIONS
• ECONOMIC RECOVERY OF USA DEPENDS ON
– LEVELS OF EMPLOYMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY
– STABLE PATTERN OF EXPORT PERFORMANCE
– INVOLVES TARGETING NEW AND LARGE MARKETS
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SINO - US ECONOMIC RELATIONS
• IN THE ECONOMIC EQUATION USA IS A DISADVANTAGED PARTNER
• NOT RENEWING THE MFN STATUS WOULD AFFECT 10% OF CHINESE EXPORTS
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OWL NEWSMONDAY
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PARTS OF SPEECH
– NOUN– PRONOUN– ADJECTIVE– VERB– ADVERB– PREPOSITION– CONJUNCTION– INTERJECTION
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SORRY
SNaFU(Standard Naval F’ Up)
DEFINITION AS PER JSSD VOL III
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PARTS OF SPEECH
• World Trade Organisation• Sino-Indian Defence Strategy• 1962 War• Crystal Ball Gazing• Maritime Air Operations• ABC of World Economy• IMF Graph• Black Magic
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DS• BEFORE RELEGATION
DIRECTED STUFF
• AFTER RELEGATION
DIRECTING STAFF
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HINDI CHEENEE BYE BYE
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MAO
Delhi – HeldiKuthar – ThakurMahe – HemaChetak – Katcha
Shankush – Sushkhan MAO – O Ma
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% W
OR
LD
’S G
DP
YEAR2000
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ATTRACTIONS IN DECEMBER
• HRD CAPSULE
• PAK AND CHINA CONFIDENTIAL
• EMP OF STK CORPS
• MID TERM BREAK.
DON’T MISS THEM.
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THE PLA
THE PEOPLES LIBERATION ARMY
CONSISTS OF
– THE ARMY
– THE NAVY
– THE AIR FORCE
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DOCTRINE
• NO MAJOR WAR IS GOING TO BE FOUGHT IN THE NEAR FUTURE
• PROPELLED HER INTO A DOCTRINE CALLED ‘PEOPLES WAR UNDER MODERN CONDITIONS’
• CREATION OF THE RAPID REACTION FORCE
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•DOCTRINE
• THE PLA IN FUTURE CONFLICT IS
EXPECTED TO OCCUPY DISPUTED
AREAS WITH A HIGH-TECH ARMY
• THEREAFTER, LEAVE IT TO THE
POLITICAL LEADERS TO NEGOTIATE
FAVOURABLY
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ARMY
• WORLD’S LARGEST MILITARY
FORCE
• DEFENCE BUDGET $ 10 8 Bn
• PLA STRENGTH 3 MILLION
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ARMY
• ARMY 2 2 MILLION MEN (80% OF THE PLA’S TOTAL MANPOWER)
• CONSIDERED TO BE A DEFENSIVE FORCE
• LACKS LOGISTICS SUPPORT FOR PROTRACTED LARGE-SCALE OPERATIONS
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ROLES ASSIGNED TO THE PLA
• TO DEFEND THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE PRC
• TO DETER ATTACK BY ANY NATION
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ROLES ASSIGNED TO THE PLA
• TO ASSIST IN THE MAINTENANCE OF
INTERNAL SECURITY IN PRC
• TO SUPPORT THE FOREIGN POLICY
OBJECTIVES OF PRC
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ORGANISATION
• CHINA IS DIVIDED INTO 7 MILITARY REGIONS
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SHENYANG
JINAN
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ARMY
• THE ERSTWHILE 35 FIELD
ARMIES HAVE BEEN SEEN
REORGANISED INTO 21
INTEGRATED GROUP ARMIES
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ARMY• CONSCRIPTION IS COMPULSORY BUT
SELECTIVE
• ONLY SOME OF THE POTENTIAL RESERVIST ARE CALLED UP
• SERVICE IS THREE YEARS WITH THE ARMY, FOUR YEARS WITH THE AF AND NAVY
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COMPOSITION OF GP ARMIES
• 78 INF DIVS
• 10 ARMD
• 5 ARTY DIVS
• 15 ENGR REGTS
• PMF 1.2 MILLION
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TYPES OF GP ARMIES
• PLAINS
• MOUNTAINS
• FRONTIER/COASTAL
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ARMY EQPT HOLDINGS• MBT 8,800
• LT TANKS 1,200
• AFV/ICV 5,500
• TOWED ARTY 14,500
• HEPTRS 130
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OWL NEWSMONDAY
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NAVY(PLAN)
• THE END OF COLD WAR HAS LEFT A VACUUM IN EXTRA REGIONAL NAVAL PRESENCE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN
• CHINA CONSIDERS HER RIGHT TO BE THE SUCCESSOR TO THE USSR AND US FLEETS
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NAVY(PLAN)
• CHINESE MARITIME DEVELOPMENTS
STARTED IN 1960s
• SHIP YARD EXPANSION AND SHIP
BUILDING RECEIVED DUE
ATTENTION FROM THE BEGINNING
OF THIS DECADE
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NAVY(PLAN)
• THE PLA NAVY (PLAN) IS LARGE AND HAS INDEPENDENT AIR ARM
• MODERNISATION OF PLAN INCLUDES UPGRADING OF SHIPBOARD WEAPON SYSTEMS
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NAVY(PLAN)
• BUILDING LARGE DESTROYERS
EQUIPPED WITH WESTERN
TECHNOLOGY
• BUILDING LARGE BATTLESHIPS
FITTED WITH MISSILES AND
ADVANCED ELECTRONICS
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NAVY(PLAN)
• EXPECTED TO EITHER BUILD OR BUY SEVERAL LIGHT AIRCRAFT CARRIERS BY 2026
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ORGANIZATION OF PLAN
• THE PLAN IS ORGANISED IN
– NORTH SEA FLEET
– SOUTH SEA FLEET
– EAST SEA FLEET
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NORTH SEA FLEET
QINGDAO
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DONSHAN
SOUTH SEA FLEET
DONSHAN
ZHANJIANG
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EAST SEA FLEETLIANYUNGANG
SHANGHAI
DONGSHAN
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TOTAL ASSETS
• HAS 18 BASES WHICH CAN TAKE UP
TO ABOUT 1850 VESSELS
• THE CHINESE NAVY IS 2,60,000 MEN
STRONG
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TOTAL ASSETS
• 54 SURFACE WARSHIPS, 860 COASTAL
VESSELS AND 105 SUBMARINES
• OF THESE ONE IS ‘XIA’ CLASS SSBN
AND THREE ARE ‘HAN’ CLASS SSNS
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TOTAL ASSETS
• SUBMARINES 63
• DESTROYERS 18
• FRIGATES 35
• MISSILE CRAFT 163
• MINE LAYER 1
• MINE SWEEPERS 118
• LST 73
• COMBAT AC 541
• HEPTRS 25 (ARMED)
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OWL NEWSMONDAY
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SOVIET SUPPLIED AIRCRAFT
• MIG - 15, 17, 19 AND 21
• IL -28
• TU - 4
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PLAAF ORGANISATION
• BASED ON SOVIET PATTERN
• 12 AIRCRAFT PER SQN
• 03 SQN PER REGMENT
• 03 REGMENT PER AIR DIVISION
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ROLES ASSIGNED
• AIR DEFENCE
• GROUND ATTACK
• TACTICAL BOMBING
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PLA AF HOLDING
• FIGHTERS 4100 ( F-6,A-5,
F- 7,F-8,Q-5)
• BOMBERS 400
• TRANSPORT 400
• RECCE 290
• HEPTRS 210
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MODERNISATION• AIRCRAFT ACQUISITION ( SU-27, MIG 31)• AIR DEFENCE SYSTEMS• DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIROLE
AGILE AIRCRAFT • MOU WITH INDIA AND KOREA
FOR TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT
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MODERNISATION
• AVIONICS FOR SURVEILLANCE AND RECCONAISSANCE
• ASI-5 MULTIMODE FIRE CONTROL RADAR
• DAY/NIGHT IMAGING PODS
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DF-5 (CSS-4) ICBM/MIRV NUCLEAR 15000 KM
DF-4 (CSS-3) ICBM NUCLEAR 7000 KM
DF-5 (CSS-2) IRBM NUCLEAR 2700 KM
JL1 SLBM NUCLEAR 2200 -3000 KM
DF-31 ICBM NUCLEAR >8000 KM
STRATEGIC MISSILES
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LEGEND
AIRFIELD
ROAD
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OWL NEWSMONDAY
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CHINESE NUCLEAR CAPABILITY
“HOW MIGHT CHINA USE
THE ATOM BOMB?”
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OBJECTIVES OF NUCLEAR CAPABILITY
• NATIONAL SECURITY BY DETERRING
AN ATTACK BY A SUPER POWER
• ESTABLISH INTERNATIONAL
NEGOTIATING POSITION FROM A
POSITION OF STRENGTH
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OBJECTIVES OF NUCLEAR CAPABILITY
• TO BREAK THE NUCLEAR
MONOPOLY OF WORLD SUPER
POWERS
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NUCLEAR PROGRAMME
• BEGAN NUCLEAR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME WITH THE HELP OF ERSTWHILE SOVIET UNION IN 1950s
• DUE TO CONFLICTS WITH USSR DECIDED TO GO AHEAD ON HER OWN
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NUCLEAR PROGRAMME
• IT IS SUSPECTED THAT NUCLEAR
TECHNOLOGY WAS STOLEN FROM
THE USA BY CHINA
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NUCLEAR ARSENAL
• 400 WARHEADS
• SECOND ARTY CORPS RESPONSIBLE FOR DELIVERY
• DELIVERY BY FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
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CHINESE NUCLEAR STRATEGY
• AMBIGUOUS IN CONTRAST WITH
THAT OF RUSSIA AND THE USA
• FINAL AUTHORITY FOR THE USE
RESTS WITH THE PARTY
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CHINESE NUCLEAR STRATEGY
• BELIEVES IN ‘FLEXIBLE RESPONSE
STRATEGY’
• RETAIN THE OPTION OF SELECTIVE
DETERRENCE
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CHINESE NUCLEAR STRATEGY
• TO FORCE NUCLEAR INACTION BY
FRIGHTENING THE ADVERSARY
• PLEDGES NOT TO BE THE FIRST TO
USE NUCLEAR WEAPONS
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CHINESE NUCLEAR STRATEGY
• USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS WITHIN
OWN TERRITORY AGAINST AN
INVADING ARMY IS NOT A
VIOLATION OF THE PLEDGE
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TRI-POLAR DETERRENCE
• TWO PRONGED STRATEGY TO DETER RUSSIA AND US
• CAN MATERIALLY INCREASE THE NUMBER OF TARGETS IT CAN ATTACK IN SHORT SPAN OF TIME
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OWL NEWSMONDAY
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CATEGORISATION OF CATEGORISATION OF THREATTHREAT
• INTERNAL
– MINORITIES
– LIBERALISATION
– CHANGING CULTURAL VALUES
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CATEGORISATION CATEGORISATION OF THREATOF THREAT
• EXTERNAL
– USA - OPEN ADVERSARY
– JAPAN - POWERFUL RESURGENT ADVERSARY
– VIETNAM - UNPREDICTABLE ACE HITMAN
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CATEGORISATION CATEGORISATION OF THREATOF THREAT
• EXTERNAL
– RUSSIA - POWERFUL THREATENING FORCE
– INDIA - NEO-NUCLEAR WITH ADVANCING MISSILE TECHNOLOGY
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CHINESE GEOPOLITICAL FACETS
• EXTREME POSSESSIVE ATTITUDE TO
HER TERRITORIES
• SENSITIVENESS TO SECESSIONERY
TENDENCIES
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SUPPORT TO SECESSIONIST MOVEMENT
• HAS LARGE ETHNIC POPULATION OF
– KAZAKHS
– KYRGHYS
– TAZIKS
– UIGHURS
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SUPPORT TO SECESSIONIST MOVEMENT
• MOSTLY MUSLIMS AND SHARE CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS LINKS WITH CARs
• RISE OF TALIBAN – ALARMED THESE STATES
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SUPPORT TO SECESSIONIST MOVEMENT
• LESS LIKELY TO SUPPORT THESE MINORITIES
• SHANGHAI TREATY – STOP SPONSORING THESE GROUPS
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TIBET
• CONQUERED BY MONGOLS IN 13TH CENTURY
• CAME UNDER “MANCHU” CONTROL IN 18TH CENTURY
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CRITICAL DEFICIENCIES IN MILITARY CAPABILITIES OF
CHINA
• EQUIPMENT IS 10-20 YEARS BEHIND THAT OF THE WEST
• MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT OUTDATED
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CRITICAL DEFICIENCIES IN MILITARY CAPABILITIES OF
CHINA
• LACKS INTEGRATED AIRBORNE WARNING AND CONTROL SYSTEM (AWACS) FORCE
• UAVs ARE UNDER DEVELOPMENT
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CRITICAL DEFICIENCIES IN MILITARY CAPABILITIES OF
CHINA
• SYSTEMS - INTEGRATION SKILLS ARE POOR
• INADEQUATE MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES AND NON-EXISTENT INTEGRATED LOGISTIC SUPPORT
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PROGRESS MADE
• SOME AREAS OF COMMAND AND CONTROL
• CRUISE MISSILE TECHNOLOGY
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CONTROL OF SLOC IN IOR REGION
• NAVAL CONFLICT IN BAY OF BENGAL LESS LIKELY
• SLOCs ARE IMPORTANT FOR US AND WESTERN POWERS IN THIS REGION
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LAND THREAT
• INTEGRATED WAR IN THREE DIMENSIONS – AIR LAND BATTLE
• USE OF AIR, HELIBORNE, AIRBORNE AND SPECIAL FORCES IN A SIMULTANEOUS DEEP BATTLE
• TRAINING IN NBC SCENARIOS, BOTH IN OFFENCE AND DEFENCE
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MARITIME THREAT
• REGARDS INDIA AS A POTENTIAL COMPETITOR FOR CONTROL IN SOUTH EAST ASIA AND AS THE PRINCIPLE ADVERSARY ACROSS MALACCA STRAITS
• HER INTERESTS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN ARE LONG-TERM AND STRATEGIC
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POLICY IN THE BAY OF BENGAL
• TO DEVELOP RELATIONS WITH MYANMAR - LAND BASED ACCESS IN BAY OF BENGAL
• TO DEVELOP A BLUE-WATER CAPABILITY
• TO LIMIT INDIAN NAVAL FORCE PROJECTION TO THE WEST OF SINGAPORE
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MILITARY COUNTER MEASURES
• INDIAN ARMED FORCES UNDER CONSTRAINTS OF BUDGETING
• UNLIKELY TO GROW IN SIZE
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MILITARY COUNTER MEASURES
• CHINA RECOGNISED THE NEED TO REDUCE MANPOWER
• PLA HAS LESS ECONOMIC LIMITATIONS
• INDIAN ARMED FORCES RESTRUCTURE ITSELF TO SUIT POLITICAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
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INDIAN RESPONSE TO CHINESE THREAT IN 21ST CENTURY
• RESTRUCTURING AND RESIZING THE ARMY
• DEVELOPMENT AND ADOPTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL FORCE MULTIPLIERS
– INTEGRATED STRATEGIC AND TACTICAL C4I2 SYSTEMS
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INDIAN RESPONSE TO CHINESE THREAT IN 21ST CENTURY
• DEVELOPMENT AND ADOPTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL FORCE MULTIPLIERS
– BETTER RADARS, SAMS, SSMS, UAVS,
– AIR-TO- AIR REFUELLING
– INTEGRATED LOGISTICS
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INDIAN RESPONSE TO CHINESE THREAT IN 21ST CENTURY
• DEVELOPMENT OF CREDIBLE RAPID DEPLOYMENT AND AMPHIBIOUS CAPABILITY OF A DIVISION EACH
• DOCTRINAL SHIFT TO ‘INFO-AGE WARFARE’
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OWL NEWSMONDAY
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SPOT WHAT’S WRONG CONTEST
• SPOT WHAT’S WRONG IN THE PHOTOGRAPH WE SHOW YOU.
• 100 EARLY BIRD PRIZES.
• FIRST TEN CORRECT ENTRIES. FREE TRIP TO PYKARA, ALL EXPENSES PAID.
• WINNER FREE MSC DEGREE
• ONE BUMPER PRIZE. PSC QUALIFICATION.
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CHINESE AIR FORCE
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SEND IN YOUR ENTRIES TO
CHINA STUDY CELL C/O AIR WING DSSC
WELLINGTON TAMILNADU.
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SINO RUSSIA
• SITUATION CHANGED WITH THE FORMATION OF THE CIS
• RUSSIA APPRECIATED THAT CHINA COULD BECOME AN IMPORTANT ALLY IN THIS NEW UNI-POLAR WORLD ORDER
• CHINA HAD MONEY POWER AND RUSSIA HAD THE TECHNOLOGY
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HISTORICAL AGREEMENT
• ALL CONTROVERSIES AND BORDER DISPUTES WERE TO BE SETTLED BY PEACEFUL MEANS
• CEDING OF TERRITORIES TO EACH OTHER AND REDUCTION OF TROOPS AT THE BORDERS
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HISTORICAL AGREEMENT
• MODEL TREATY FOR SETTLING
BORDER DISPUTES BETWEEN
VARIOUS NATIONS
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SINO - JAPAN
• HISTORICALLY JAPAN HAS BEEN A THREAT TO CHINA
• 1978 TREATY OF PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP
• 1996 JAPANESE RIGHT WING GROUP LANDED ON SENKAKU ISLAND
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STEPS TO NORMALIZE RELATIONS
• PRESIDENT HASHIMOTO MET PRESIDENT JIANG ZEMIN IN 1996
• IN 1997 JAPAN ANNOUNCED LIFTING OF THE FREEZE OF GRANTS IN AID
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STEPS TO NORMALISE RELATIONS
• UNDERSTANDING REACHED TO EXPAND CO-OPERATION IN THE AREAS OF
– HIGH TECHNOLOGY
– INFORMATION
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STEPS TO NORMALISE RELATIONS
• UNDERSTANDING REACHED TO EXPAND CO-OPERATION IN THE AREAS OF
– ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
– AGRICULTURE AND INFRASTRUCTURE
• PROMOTE SECURITY DIALOGUES
• 33 ITEM CO-OPERATION PLAN
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REASONS FOR TENSIONS
• VISIT TO CORNELL UNIVERSITY IN 1995 BY TAIWAN PRESIDENT LEE-TENG-HUI
• SHIFT FROM THE AGREEMENT SIGNED BY PRESIDENT RICHARD NIXON IN 1972
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TAIWAN’S REQUIREMENTS
• VOTERS ON THE ISLAND FOR INDEPENDENCE
• INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF ITS SOVEREIGN STATUS
• BECOME SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM CHINA
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RESULTS OF INTERNET SURVEY CARRIED OUT
FOR SOVEREIGNTY
– 70.17% SAID "YES"
– 20. 28 % SAID "NO”
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CLAIM OF JURISDICTION OVER TAIWAN
• EVERY SOVEREIGN STATE HAS THE RIGHT TO PROTECT ITS UNITY AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY
• TAIWAN HISTORICALLY BELONGS TO CHINA
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CLAIM OF JURISDICTION OVER TAIWAN
• THE PROCLAMATION ISSUED AT THE CAIRO CONFERENCE IN 1943 STATES THAT TAIWAN BE RETURNED TO CHINA
• TAIWAN IS CONSIDERED A PART OF CHINA BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
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WORLD POSITION ON TAIWAN
• NO PERMISSION REQUIRED FROM CHINA TO
– TRADE WITH TAIWAN
– TRANSIT PEOPLE, AIRCRAFT AND SHIPS TO AND FROM TAIWAN
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WORLD POSITION ON TAIWAN
• CHINA’S CLAIM OVER TAIWAN IS FACTUALLY WEAK
• NO IMMEDIATE ANSWER
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SINO-US RELATIONS
• DECISION OF THE US TO SUPPORT
CHIANG-KAI SHEK IN HIS STRUGGLE
AGAINST MAO
• KOREAN CONFLICT OF 1950
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SINO-US RELATIONS
• EISENHOWER'S THREAT TO USE
NUCLEAR WEAPON
• US SUPPLY OF ARMS AND
EQUIPMENT TO TAIWAN
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RELATIONS NOW
• RICHARD NIXON CONSIDERABLY
IMPROVED THEIR RELATIONS
• THE MILITARY TIES WERE
STRENGTHENED IN THE LATE 70s
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RELATIONS NOW
• CHINA CONSIDERS USA MORE AS A
FRIEND THAN AN ALLY
• USA ON THE OTHER HAND, SEES
CHINA AS AN EMERGING MARKET
FOR HER GOODS
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AMERICAN POLICY
• BASED ON 1979 TAIWAN RELATIONS ACT
• BEIJING OPPOSED INTERFERENCE IN DOMESTIC POLITICS
• LIKELY DANGER TO SINO-US RELATIONS
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CHINA -EU
• CHINA IS THE THIRD LARGEST NON-EUROPEAN TRADING PARTNER FOR THE EU
• THE EU BACKS CHINA'S TRANSITION TOWARDS AN OPEN SOCIETY BASED UPON THE RULE OF LAW
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AREAS OF MUTUAL CO-OPERATION
• REGIONAL CO-OPERATION
• ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• ARMS CONTROL AND NON-PROLIFERATION
• REDUCTION IN CROSS BORDER CRIMES
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FOREIGN POLICY
• ATTITUDE WAS DETERMINED BY THREE MAJOR FACTORS
– SRI LANKA'S CLOSE ASSOCIATION WITH UNITED KINGDOM
– DOMESTIC POLITICS
– SOVIET UNION’S VETO OF SRI LANKA'S ADMISSION TO THE UNITED NATIONS
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SRI LANKA’S VIEW
• INTENSE DISLIKE FOR COMMUNISM
• A NEW POWER PATTERN WITH INDIA AS THE DOMINANT POWER IN THE SUBCONTINENT
• WELCOMES COUNTER POISE TO INDIA'S POWER AND INFLUENCE
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CHINA'S POLICY • STAGES OF CHINA’S POLICY
– MYANMAR PRO-WEST
– ACCUSED U Nu AS STOOGE OF US
– THE WHITE FLAG COMMUNIST MOVEMENT
– CHINA'S MOVE TO RESTORE STATUS QUO
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MYANMAR’S RESPONSE• WITHDREW FROM THE NON-
ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT
• RECEPTIVE TO CHINA’S NEEDS TO WARD OFF THREATS OF REBELS
• CHINESE HAVE OBTAINED BASE FACILITIES FROM MYANMAR AT HANGYI ISLANDS AND COCO ISLAND
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BACKGROUND
• CHINA NEVER SUPPORTED THE BANGLA MOVEMENT FOR INDEPENDENCE
• RECOGNISED BANGLADESH AS LATE AS 1975
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PRESENT SITUATION
• CHINA IS MAJOR SUPPLIER OF ARMS
• ACTIVE CO-OPERATION BETWEEN CHINA AND BANGLADESH
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CHINA – NEPAL RELATIONS
• HISTORICAL LINKS
• GEO-CONTIGUOUS STATES
• LOFTY HIMALAYAS AS INSULATION
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CHINA – NEPAL RELATIONS
• LOCATION STRATEGIC
• NEPAL – A BUFFER STATE
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CHINA – PAKISTAN RELATIONS
• FIRST MUSLIM COUNTRY TO RECOGNISE PRC
• PAKISTAN GAVE AWAY 2050 SQ KM OF POK
• PIA FIRST AIRLINE OPERATING TO BEIJING
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CHINESE ROLE IN THE 1965 INDO-PAK WAR
• CHINA HELD INDIA SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR CONFLICT
• SUPPORTED KASHMIRI’S RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION
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CHINESE ROLE IN THE 1965 INDO-PAK WAR
• ACCUSED UN OF ACTING TO PAKISTAN'S DETRIMENT
• REACTED VIOLENTLY IN SIKKIM
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CHINA'S POLICY ON PAKISTAN
• AGGRESSIVE EXPANSION / DIPLOMATIC MANOEUVRING AIMED TO: -
– DOMINATE SOUTH ASIA
– INTEGRATE THE SOUTH ASIAN ECONOMY WITH HER OWN
– SUPPLICATE US INFLUENCE IN ASIA
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BENEFITS TO PAKISTAN
• DIPLOMATIC SUPPORT
• MILITARY EQUIPMENT IN LARGE AMOUNTS
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BENEFITS TO PAKISTAN
• ASSISTANCE IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND DEFENCE PRODUCTION
• TRANSFER OF INTERMEDIATE BALLISTIC MISSILES LIKE THE M-11 SRBMS ETC
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CHINA - INDIA• INDIA AND CHINA EMERGED AS
POLITICAL ENTITIES AT THE SAME TIME
• INDIA - PEACEFUL DEMOCRATIC NON - ALIGNED COUNTRY
• CHINA - MODERN COMMUNIST NATION
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RELATIONS
• NEVER FOLLOWED ANY UNIFORM PATTERN
• SINO-INDIAN RELATIONS BEST UNDERSTOOD BY DIVIDING IT INTO DIFFERENT PERIODS
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PERIOD FROM 1947-50
• PT JAWAHARLAL NEHRU DESCRIBED CHINA AS "A MIGHTY COUNTRY WITH A MIGHTY PAST"
• INDIA RECOGNISED THE PRC IN DEC 1949
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PERIOD FROM 1950-54
• CHANGES IN RELATIONS FROM IDEOLOGICAL DISTANCE TO STATE OF FRIENDSHIP DESPITE
– KOREAN WAR
– TAKE OVER OF TIBET BY THE PLA
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PERIOD OF HINDI-CHINI-BHAI-BHAI
• SOCIO-CULTURAL EXCHANGES
• CHINESE INCURSIONS IN NORTHERN FRONTIERS
• 1956 – 57 ROAD ACROSS AKSAI - CHIN
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PERIOD FROM 1959 - 62
• IN JAN 1959 CHOU EN LAI CHALLENGED ESTABLISHED BOUNDARY BETWEEN INDIA AND CHINA
• IN SEP 1959 CLAIMED 50,000 SQ MILES OF INDIAN TERRITORY
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PERIOD FROM 1959 - 62
• IN 1962 CHINA MOUNTED A FULL-FLEDGED ATTACK ON INDIA
• CHINA MOVED CLOSER TO PAKISTAN & SUPPORTED HER IN 1965, 71 WARS WITH INDIA
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PERIOD SINCE 1976
• IN 1976 DIPLOMATIC TIES RESUMED
• MODEST LINKS IN TRADE, BANKING AND SHIPPING RE-ESTABLISHED
• IN 1988 JOINT WORKING GROUP SET UP TO SOLVE THE BORDER DISPUTES
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HURDLES IN RELATIONS
• CHINA DOES NOT RECOGNISE MAC MAHON LINE
• SIKKIM AND ARUNACHAL ARE NOT RECOGNISED BY CHINA AS PARTS OF INDIA
• AKSAI CHIN STANDS IN THE WAY
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HURDLES IN RELATIONS
• OVERT AND COVERT SUPPORT BY CHINA TO PAKISTAN
• CHINA SEES INDIA AS A MAJOR RIVAL IN SE ASIA
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HURDLES IN RELATIONS
• JOINED HANDS WITH PAKISTAN TO INTERNATIONALISE THE KASHMIR ISSUE
• CHINA'S MILITARY BASES IN MYANMAR AND TIBET
• INDIA'S NUCLEAR TESTS NOT LIKED BY CHINA
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HURDLES IN RELATIONS
• INDIA MUST SIGN THE CTBT AND THE NPT UNCONDITIONALLY
• INDIA'S SUPPORT TO THE DALAI LAMA
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A first- rate theory predicts; a second- rate theory forbids; and a third- rate theory explains after the event.
Alexander Isaakovich Kitaigordskii
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PRO DEMOCRACY
ELECTIONS AT VILLAGE AND LOCAL LEVELS
KEEN INTEREST IN INDIAN DEMOCRACY
DEMOCRACY AN ACCEPTABLE FORM OF GOVERNMENT
TINNANMEN SQUARE INCIDENT AND COLLAPSE OF ERSTWHILE USSR
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ANTI DEMOCRACY
Communism more suited to manage large countries like China
Common man not interested in democracy
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POLITICAL SCENARIO
• EMERGING MULTI-POLAR WORLD
• INDIA SHOULD MAINTAIN EQUI-DISTANCE
• INDO-RUSSIAN-CHINA AXIS
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POLITICAL SCENARIO
• INDIA IS IN THE PERIPHERAL VISION OF CHINA
• SINO-INDIAN RELATIONSHIP--THE ‘POWER FOR ASIANS’ THEORY
• LIKELY ADMISSION IN G-8 AND THE WTO
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FUTURE
• DREAM OF GREATER CHINA
• GREAT MILITARY POWER
• BEFRIEND PAKISTAN
• CONFRONTATION WITH ASEAN
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The 17th century has been described as the age of reason; the 18th as of enlightenment; 19th as of progress and the 20th as one of anxiety and extremes My hunch is that 21st century would be a century of uncertainty
KR NARAYANAN
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