!Overview!of!Micro,Synchrophasors! in!Distribu8on!and ... ·...

Overview of Micro-‐Synchrophasors in Distribu8on and Smart Grids

Alexandra “Sascha” von Meier Co-‐Director, Electric Grid Research, California Ins8tute for

Energy and Environment (CIEE)

Adjunct Associate Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, UC Berkeley

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Acknowledgment: The informa5on, data, or work presented herein was funded in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency-‐Energy (ARPA-‐E), U.S. Department of Energy, under Award Number DE-‐AR0000340. Disclaimer: The informa8on, data, or work presented herein was funded in part by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any informa8on, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily cons8tute or imply its endorsement, recommenda8on, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

the small phase angle δ between different loca8ons on the grid drives a.c. power flow

δ = 0

δ

power flows from Unit 1 toward Unit 2

Synchrophasors compare voltage phase angle at different loca5ons

Synchrophasors compare voltage phase angle at different loca5ons

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30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Time - seconds

Vol

tage

- kV

John Day Malin Summer L Slatt McNary

Grizzly reactor #2

Grizzly reactor #3

Ashe reactor

Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)

synchronous data

useful real-‐5me informa5on for system operators

Transmission PMUs in North America

NASPI 2010

Transmission PMUs in North America

NASPI 2012

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µPMU concept

TRADITIONAL PMU NETWORK Transmission (Bulk) System

PROPOSED µPMU NETWORK Distribution System

Phase Angle

Substa8on

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What do we want?

• Be[er visibility and situa8onal awareness for operators • Support faster service restora8on

• Accommodate impacts of more ac8ve devices: •  reverse power flow •  greater variability and uncertainty •  dynamic interac8ons (oscilla8ons)

• Leverage opportuni8es to recruit distributed resources: •  volt-‐VAR op8miza8on •  real power control •  microgrids •  resilience

today

tomorrow

yesterday

When do we want it?

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Challenges for distribu5on synchrophasor measurements and their interpreta5on, compared to transmission

• smaller voltage angle differences

• more noise in measurements

• different X/R ra8os

• unbalanced three-‐phase systems

• few measuring points compared to network nodes

• need lower cost per PMU to make business case

P12 ≈V1V2Xsinδ

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Time scales in electric grid opera5on

µPMUs and power quality measurements: Time resolu5on in perspec5ve

512 samples per cycle

10-6 10-3 103 seconds

hour day

accuracy of GPS time stamp: differential absolute

clock accuracy

0.1o 1o 1 cycle 12 cycles µPMU data buffer and notifications

temperature, humidity

min/avgas/max recording

W, VAR, VA +/-/0 sequence

imbalance

voltage and current harmonics RMS sags, swells,

interruptions

impulse capture

angular resolution

frequency, dF/dt, angle meas.

interval

10-9 100 106

nanosecond microsecond millisecond second minute month

waveform changes proposed µPMU measurements

proposed device capabilities

reference magnitudes

Micro-‐Synchrophasors in Distribu8on and Smart Grids

ARPA-‐e Project Update

Alexandra “Sascha” von Meier Co-‐Director, Electric Grid Research, California Ins8tute for

Energy and Environment (CIEE)

Adjunct Associate Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, UC Berkeley

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Research Project Overview Three-‐year, $4.4 M project began in 2013

Research partners: CIEE, UC Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Na8onal Laboratory, Power Standards Lab

Prospec5ve u5lity and field site partners: Southern California Edison, Sacramento Municipal U8lity District, Southern Company, Na8onal Renewable Energy Laboratory, UC San Diego

Project Objec5ves •  develop a network of high-‐precision phasor measurement units

(µPMUs) to measure voltage phase angle to within < 0.05o

•  understand the value of voltage phase angle as a state variable on power distribu8on systems

•  explore applica8ons of µPMU data for distribu8on systems to improve opera8ons, increase reliability, and enable integra8on of renewables and other distributed resources

•  evaluate the requirements for µPMU data to support specific diagnos8c and control applica8ons

•  advance the adop8on of this technology and its successful applica8ons through technology transfer and outreach

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Key ac5vi5es in 2014

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Install 90+ µPMUs at field sites (about 10 per circuit) in collabora8on with research partners

Choosing field deployment sites where…

• the circuit has unique characteris8cs that the u8lity wishes to be[er understand (e.g., extremely high DG penetra8on, some unexpected behavior, etc.).

• the circuit presents a rich opportunity to study one or more diagnos8c applica8ons for distribu8on PMU data that the project is considering.

• the circuit has other monitoring equipment installed against which µPMU measurements can be compared and validated.


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Compare µPMU measurements against circuit models for mutual valida8on

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Modeling and planning tool selec5on to address u5lity concerns

Issue Timeframe SoZware op5ons Opera5onal Op5ons FIDVR milliseconds, sub-‐cycle none Data input to

opera8ons

Dynamic Load Behavior similar to FIDVR CymDist, PSCAD, DEW, DigSilent

Data input to opera8ons

Dynamic Inverter Behavior

milliseconds, Seconds CymDist, PSCAD, DEW, DigSilent

Network model representa8on

Controllable inverter behavior (Volt/VAR)

seconds, minutes, hours

CymDist, DEW, DigSilent


Transient switching impacts (microgrids)

subcycle PSCAD, PSS/Sincal, DigSilent

Preven8ve in planning and protec8on analysis

Load flow – reverse power, voltage profiles etc

hours, minutes, steady state

CymDist, DEW, SynerGEE Electric


Protec8on in high penetra8on scenarios

milliseconds DEW, CymDist, SynerGEE Electric

Preven8ve in planning and protec8on analysis


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Work on algorithms for selected applica8ons

Experiment with networking, examine latencies

…but first: Get some actual measurements!

Study feasibility of instrumen8ng the secondary side, to view primary through distribu8on transformer

Compare µPMU measurements against circuit models for mutual valida8on

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Pilot site development at LBNL

•  Installing µPMU devices in 4 locations at LBNL from Grizzly substation to Building 90

•  Will measure high fidelity phase angle data, voltage and current to validate the LBNL CymDist Model

•  Challenges: communications, calibration, and commissioning

Grizzly Substa5on

feeds LBNL and UC Berkeley campus 115kV from PG&E 12.47kV distribu8on

© 2014 Power Sensors Ltd – All rights reserved 24

µPMU antennas, receivers

•  Calibrated GPS Receiver, and dual 4G modem antennas •  Magne8c mounts for all – no roof penetra8on


Installa5on “proof of concept”

•  Temporary power, measurement from extension cord •  Good signals, good phase lock •  Need to have further discussion about real signals



17 min on a Friday lunch8me

UCB Soda Hall Lab

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Very first µPMU network setup at UC Berkeley

Internet

Gateway

4G LTE

POE ethernet

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4G TE modem

Campus LAN

Cloud services

Primary archiver

Redundant archivers

Broker (MQTT)

SODA1

SODA2 GRIZZLY PEAK

4G TE modem

Ini5al data transfer

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Phase angle difference between Grizzly Sub and Soda Hall

10 min

0.2o

-‐ 0.2o

-‐ 0.4o

0o

The first four µPMU’s connected…

•  "Oakland” 37.830345,-‐122.256077

•  Two at “PSL-‐Alameda North” 37.785826,-‐122.273673

•  "Alameda South” 37.762047,-‐122.251099


Oakland – Alameda rela5onship



-‐20

-‐15

-‐10

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Angle in degrees

1 minute of data -‐ 7:32:00UTC 2/6/2014 (7200 points)

Alameda(South)-‐to-‐PSL(Alameda North) angle

1 min


-‐20

-‐15

-‐10

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Angle in degrees


Oakland-‐to-‐PSL(Alameda North) angle


-‐20

-‐15

-‐10

-‐5

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Angle in degrees


PSL-‐to-‐PSL angle

Should be approximately zero degrees – two µPMU’s connected to same signal


59.978

59.98

59.982

59.984

59.986

59.988

59.99

59.992

59.994

59.996

Freq

uency in Hz


Frequency, derived from angle progression

PSL1 freq

PSL2 freq

ALS freq

OAK freq

Illustra8on: Michael Sowa

Extra Slides

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Categories of applica5ons

• diagnos8c vs. control applica8ons

• (quasi-‐) real-‐8me vs. off-‐line

• based on observa8on of steady-‐state vs. dynamic behavior

Research objec5ve:

•  iden8fy benefits of explicit voltage angle measurements

•  es8mate data requirements to support various applica8ons

•  begin to develop algorithms

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Possible diagnos5c applica5ons supported by micro-‐synchrophasors

•  topology detec8on: switch status, uninten8onal islanding, phase iden8fica8on

•  state es8ma8on: voltage profile, reverse power flow

•  fault loca8on, high-‐impedance fault detec8on

•  oscilla8on detec8on •  characteriza8on of dynamic behavior: loads, distributed

generators, iner8a, FIDVR risk detec8on, unmasking loads behind net metered DG?

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Possible control applica5ons supported by micro-‐synchrophasors

•  protec8on: adap8ve relaying •  Volt-‐VAR op8miza8on

•  microgrid balancing: load, DG and storage control

•  ancillary services coordina8on •  inten8onal islanding

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Ini5al thoughts about data requirements

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Ini5al thoughts on the value of δ for various applica5ons

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Ini5al thoughts on the value of δ for various applica5ons

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